본고의 연구대상은 서예의 이론적 개념이지만 연구방법은 창작과정의 경험을 바탕으로 노봉(露鋒), 장봉(藏鋒), 과봉(裹 鋒)의 운필(運筆)에 대한 분석을 집중적으로 했다. 노봉은 이왕(二王) 위주의 전통적인 ‘첩파(帖派)’에서 주로 사 용했는데, 이는 위진(魏晋)시기에 시작해 지금까지 이어져 오고 있다. 장봉과 과봉은 모두 장봉에 속하지만 두 가지 측면에서 차이 가 있다. 첫째, 여기에 말하는 장봉은 필봉을 드러내지 않고 붓 을 대어 쓰는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 안진경으로 대표되는 전 주(篆籀) 필의가 이러한 용례이다. 그러나 과봉은 글씨를 쓰기 전에 필봉을 거꾸로 감싸서 글씨를 쓸 때 필봉의 마찰력을 증 가시키기 위한 방법이다. 따라서 장봉과 과봉은 붓을 다루는 동작과 목적에서 모두 큰 차이를 보인다. 둘째, 시간적으로도 차이가 있다. 장봉은 주로 장욱과 안진경 이후에 유행했으며, 중국서예사에서 여전히 ‘첩파’의 서풍에 속한다. 그러나 과봉은 청나라 ‘비파(碑派)’에서 주로 유행했으며, 과봉은 ‘비파’의 주요 한 용필법이라고 할 수 있다. 대부분의 선행연구에서 비파와 첩파의 심미기준이 대립되어 양쪽이 경쟁한다고 생각하지만 필자는 비파의 심미기준과 품평 언어는 이전의 첩파 심미안을 토대로 보완하여 확장했다고 주 장한다. 서예의 발전은 기존에 형성된 최고의 기준을 계속해서 변형하고 재성장하는 과정이기 때문이다.

Around the 1980s, with government’s promotion and dissemination policies for FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) of the government as a main material of fishing boats, approximately 97% of the entire fishing boats in Korea have utilized FRP until now. Nevertheless, diverse social and environmental issues have emerged due to the susceptibility to fire and the generation of substances detrimental to human health during the construction process of FRP fishing vessels. Especially, the high disposal cost and the limitation of recycling technology in the disposal process of FRP fishing boats have elicited attention to circular economy. This research intended to grasp the management status and problems of disposed FRP fishing boats in Korea, and to assess the level of competitive advantage of FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats based on VRIO (Value, Rarity, Imitability, Organization) analysis through domestic and foreign management policies and related recycling examples. According to the survey of 161 respondents, including the industry, stakeholders and experts related to the collection, treatment and recycling of fisheries wastes, it was revealed that FRP fishing boats’ recycling technologies of FRP fishing boats are at the level of ‘unused competitive advantage’ that satisfied the level of value, rarity and imitability, but not the level of organization.

This paper reviews presents the advantages and disadvantages of mediation in Chinese commercial arbitration process to resolve disputes. Mediation can be considered as a principal means for resolution of commercial disputes, both domestically and internationally. Simply, to mediate means to act as a peacemaker between dispute parties. Basically, mediation is an informal mechanism in which the disputants are assisted by a neutral third party toward settlement. The mediators are appointed in a voluntary base to help disputants manage the resolution process. They should have no direct interest in the conflict and its outcome, and no power to render a decision, but just can control the process. Meanwhile, parties are entitled to accept or reject the outcome. Mediation shares the advantages of confidentiality, flexibility, and simplicity. Dispute of disadvantages still remaining, China’s mediation system has century’s history so far. Currently, China has used mediation method in arbitral proceedings so as to improve the efficiency of dispute resolution.

We present the AKARI far-infrared (FIR) all-sky maps and describe its characteristics, calibration accuracy and scientic capabilities. The AKARI FIR survey has covered 97% of the whole sky in four photometric bands, which cover continuously 50{180 micron with band central wavelengths of 65, 90, 140, and 160 microns. The data have been publicly released in 2014 (Doi et al., 2015) with improved data quality that have been achieved since the last internal data release (Doi et al., 2012). The accuracy of the absolute intensity is  10% for the brighter regions. Quantitative analysis of the relative intensity accuracy and its dependence upon spatial scan numbers has been carried out. The data for the rst time reveal the whole sky distribution of interstellar matter with arcminute- scale spatial resolutions at the peak of dust continuum emission, enabling us to investigate large-scale distribution of interstellar medium in great detail. The lamentary structure covering the whole sky is well traced by the all-sky maps. We describe advantages of the AKARI FIR all-sky maps for the study of interstellar matter comparing to other observational data.

This study was conducted to analyze the reasons for and advantages and disadvantages of implementing the HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system on animal farms in Korea. The study was carried out by randomly selecting 45 swine and 24 dairy farms where HACCP has been implemented. The results were as follows: 24% of the swine farmers responded that extension of their business was the major reason for implementing HACCP; the second (21%) was financial support from local or national government. Dairy farmers had similar responses. The top advantage of adopting HACCP was improvement of the welfare of employees in both swine (21%) and dairy (22%) farms. The first-ranked disadvantages of HACCP implementation were HACCP education (23%, swine farm) and high turnover of employees (24%, dairy farm). On farms, HACCP may increase the sanitation and safety levels of domestic livestock products. However, the Korean government should address the disadvantages of HACCP to encourage its adoption at the animal production stage.

다국적기업의 해외 연구개발 활동은 현지 국가에 최신 기술⋅지식 이전, 고급일자리 창출 등의 긍정적 효과를 가져다주는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이에 각국 정부는 해외 다국적기업의 연구개발 투자를 유치하기 위한 많은 노력을 진행해 왔으며, 한국 정부 역시 관련 대책을 마련해 왔다. 그러나 국내에 진출한 외투기업의 연구개발 투자 비율은 여전히 미미하고, 이들 기업의 연구개발 투자 관련 연구 역시 부족한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국내 외투기업의 연구개발 투자에 대한 이해를 높이기 위해, Dunning의 절충이론에 기반하여한국 내 외국자본 국적별로 외투기업 연구개발 규모에 대한 OLI 우위의 영향성을 선형회귀모형 및 Tobit 회귀모형으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 한국의 산업 기술력 수준과 지분율은 국적 별 공통적으로 연구개발 규모에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났고, 나머지 우위 요소 관련 가설은 부분 채택 되어 국내에 진출한 외투기업 별 다양성이 존재하는 것으로 분석 되었다. 즉외투기업들은 L 우위(입지우위)가 있는 분야에서 연구개발을 수행하는데, O 우위(소유자 우위) 및 I 우위(내부화 우위) 고려 여부는 기업 및 국적별로 다르다는 것을 의미한다. 이러한연구 결과는 해외 다국적기업의 국내 연구개발 투자 유치 및 외투기업의 연구개발 투자 확대관련 정책을 위한 시사점을 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

제올라이트 분리막은 알루미나 등 다공성 지지체 표면에 3차원적으로 서로 연결된 주기적인 미세기공을 갖는 제올라이트 층을 치밀하게 코팅한 복합 소재이다. 현재 LTA, FAU, CHA 제올라이트 분리막이 투과증발 분야에서 상업화되었고 이는 PVA 판형 막에 비하여 현저한 물 투과도와 물/알코올 선택도를 갖기 때문이다. 국내의 경우도 ㈜파인텍에서 LTA 제올라이트 분리막과 시스템이 사업화되었다. 최근 제올라이트 분리막을 이산화탄소 포집, 수소 회수 등 기체분 리에 이용하려는 연구가 시도되고 있다. 제올라이트 분리막은 고분자 분리막에 비하여 가격이 비싸다고 알려져 있으나 원자재 측면에서 보면 오히려 저렴할 수 있다. 대량 생산, 생산 공정 개선 등이 이루어진다면 폴리머 분리막과 대등 한 가격경쟁력을 가질 것이 예상된다.

Our study aims to investigate the mechanisms leading to focal firm’s innovation performance through the coopetitive relationships. Specifically, we argue focal firm’s two capabilities, coopetition capability and NPD capability, play a crucial role as a mediator of interfirm coopetition and its innovation performance. In order to provide new evidence on this subject, we contribute to this stream by developing a conceptual model. We argue that coopetitive behaviors of partners will influence the focal firm’s coopetition capability, which will then influence the focal firm’s NPD capability, although we assume NPD capability will have an impact on coopetition capability as well. We also argue NPD capability will not only lead to new product advantages, NPD process advantages as well, as a result of them, financial performance at the end. This paper reports the development of this model.

미국의 실리콘밸리와 대만의 신주공업단지는 종종 첨단 산업집적단지의 성공적 모델로 불리어진다. 이들 두 지역의 성공 및 경쟁력에 대한 지배적 설명은 전통적으로 경제활동의 공간적 집적이 가져다주는 경제적 이익을 제시하기 위해 사용된 “외부규모의 경제”에 이론적 기반을 두고 있다. 그러나, 외부경제란 개념만으로 이들 지역의 역동적 발전과 모방하기 힘든 경쟁력을 설명하기에는 부족함이 많았다. 본 논문은 이들 지역에서 역사적으로 전개되어진 기업과 외부 경제주체들과의 관계를 사회적 자본, 네트워크 기반 산업시스템분석, 자원기반이론 등을 토대로 분석하여 이들 두 지역이 첨단집적단지로서의 성공요인과 경쟁우위에 대해서 살펴보고자 했다. 아울러 본 논문은 이들 두 지역에 있어서 발전적 협력관계를 분석함으로서 국내에서 이러한 첨단산업단지를 개발하고 발전시키기 위해 필요한 것이 무엇인지를 검토하고 이에 필요한 정책적 시사점을 몇 가지 제시했다.

We consider some alternative management models(IEC300, NASA AHB 5300.1, IEC1508) based on dependability, especially reliability and safety, including resources on world- wide leading standard- bodies and informations.

The importance of the telecommunication industry is well recognized. However, few studies provide a systematic approach to measuring the competitiveness of this industry. In this paper, competitiveness and globalization indices are developed within the framework of the generalized double diamond model. These measures are calculated from the survey data of the evaluation of Korea`s telecommunication industry by foreign investors in Korea. Policy makers will find these two indices useful in formulating effective policies to enhance the competitiveness of the telecommunication industry.

본고는 세계시장에서 도전자적 위치에 있는 한국기업의 해외직접투자전략이 선도적 위치에 있는 선진국기업의 모델과는 다를 수밖에 없다는 전제위에서 $quot;한국기업의 해외직접투자 모델은 기업특유의 독점적우위(O. A)를 형성하기 위한 학습메카니즘이다$quot;라는 총론적 가설을 내세웠다. 이는 기업특유의 경쟁우위가 있어야 해외직접투자를 할 수 있다는 기존의 이론과는 역으로 해외직접투자를 함으로써 기업특유의 경쟁우위(O. A)를 개발하고 축적할수 도 있다는 논리를 전개한 것이다. 그러나 본고에서 내세우는 가설은 기존의 해외직접투자이론을 전면적으로 부정하려는 것이 아니라 기존의 이론이 무시하고 있는 지식탐구적 측면이 글로벌화 도상에 있는 한국기업의 해외직접투자에 있어서는 특히 중요하다는 입장에서 설정한 것이다. 또 변화와 혁신을 통해 적어도 자신의 분야에서는 세계적 선도기업이 되고자 하는 한국기업이라면 선진국기업보다는 더 도전적인 전략을 모색해야 한다는 전제위에서 위와 같은 가설을 수립하고 그에 따른 연구과제들을 찾아본 것이다. 그리고 한 예시적 연구로서 한국기업의 투자지역선도전략을 실증적으로 분석하였다.

In 1949, consolidating their previous efforts, Shannon and Weaver published The Mathematical Theory of Communication (i.e. Information Theory), which is, in short, a theory of measuring how effectively a message is transmitted from sender to receiver in a unit of time. Although the theory itself originates in communication engineering, it is also useful in the realm of music, especially in analysis, in twentieth-century composition, and in recent developments in aesthetics and psychology. The term "information," used in information theory, is to be understood not as used in ordinary usage, but as a technical term indicating the measured quantity of a message. Precisely speaking, the word "information" in communication theory rather refers to "the measured amount of information" or "a mathematical abstraction of information content" The notion of "entropy" was also introduced by Shannon and Weaver as a measurement of potential information contained in a message. By definition, the less predictable the communication system is (i.e. the more even the distribution of possible outcomes is), the higher entropy will be. In pitch class analysis, therefore, when the distribution is rectaguar (when all twelve pitch classes are evenly used), one can expect the maximum entropy (3.585). From 1956, many theorists have investigated musical works of various historical periods. Among them, R. Strauss' Lieder turn out to contain the most information, and nursary tunes yield the least information. In general, however, the results could be divided into several categories. That is, stylistic differences of music-historical periods in terms of the use of pitch-classes readily emerged. Although infromation theory is thus useful and even advantageous in music analysis, several questions can be raised with regard to the reliability of the data, the perceptual and cognitive validity of statistical results, and the contextual aspects of music which are totally ignored from the perspectives of statistics. Many scholars have attempted to overcome the technical and philosophical limatations and problems of information theory; as a result, recent research regarding music as a medium of communication has developed in both scope and quantity.

At present, the payment system in Thailand changes from a paper-based system to a cashless payment system. A coin has its two sides, so the cashless payment has its advantages and disadvantages. This article describes the general advantages and disadvantages of a cashless society in Thailand in the COVID-19 situation. The cashless payment in Thailand consists of credit cards, automated teller machines, direct debit, mobile/Internet banking, e-Wallet, PromptPay, and QR code. The cashless payment is able to assist the government for tax collection accuracy and facilitates users to make financial transactions more transparent and efficient. In addition, the cashless system provides benefits to businesses in which they are able to increase sales and expand business by providing convenient, safe and faster services to customers in making payment for goods/services. It assists businesses to save time and cost of cash management and reduce the paperwork. The cashless payment made the life of students, housewives, and elderly people very easy to carry out financial transactions and there is no need to meet the financial institution staff. This payment system needs advanced technology system skills, a smartphone, and a technology facility. Finally, the cashless payment can reduce the spreading of COVID-19.

목적: 본 연구는 주변시를 통한 시각정보의 이용가능성이 주의초점효과에 미치는 영향을 규명하는 것이다. 방법: 골프 경험이 없는 남/여 대학생 36명을 대상으로 하였으며, 내적주의초점, 외적주의초점, 주변시가 통제된 내적주 의초점, 주변시가 통제된 외적주의초점집단에 무작위로 9명씩 배정되었다. 실험과제는 2m, 3m, 5m 지점에서 최대한 정확하게 목표지점으로 퍼팅을 수행하는 것이다. 결과: 내적주의초점집단에서 퍼팅수행의 정확성 및 일관성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 주변시 통제에 따른 주의초점조건에서는 수행의 차이가 나타나지 않았으며, 독립 변인 간 상호작용 또한 나타나지 않았다. 결론: 초보자들의 골프퍼팅과제에서는 학습초기에 외적주의초점보다 내 적주의초점형태로 제시되는 주의지침이 동작을 제어하는데 더 적합할 수 있으며 과제거리가 무작위로 제시되는 복잡한 과제에서도 내적주의초점이 보다 효율적인 주의초점형태인 것으로 사료된다.

Purpose – Market orientation is a key factor for business performance in today’s fluctuating conditions. This study investigates whether the employment of innovation can improve the innovative capability and increase the performance by gaining competitive advantages or not. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of market orientation on the performance of small and medium size distributer enterprises (SMDEs) in Iran. Research design, data, and methodology – Customer orientation, Competitor orientation, and Inter-functional coordination have been regarded as market orientation indices to determine the effects of these indices on marketing innovation, gaining competitive advantages, and companies’ performance as well. Data were collected from managers and experts in SMDEs in Iran. The structural equations modeling are used for analysis. Results – The results indicated that marketing innovation has been improved in competitive companies that enjoyed a high level of Inter-functional coordination among the various units. Besides, marketing innovation resulted in gaining competitive advantages regarding cost management, concentration, and differentiation in these companies. In addition, it was observed that SMDEs that obtain competitive advantages are equipped to reap superior performance. Conclusions – With cost management, differentiation and concentration are more likely to enhance the enterprise efficiency and effectiveness than other companies. Additionally, competitiveness, inter-functional coordination, and marketing innovation in SMDEs have a positive impact on marketing innovation.

The use of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in cell-based therapy has attracted extensive interest in the field of regenerative medicine, and it shows applications to numerous incurable diseases. hMSCs show several superior properties for therapeutic use compared to other types of stem cells. Different cell types are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages, with focus on the characteristics of hMSCs. hMSCs can proliferate readily and produce differentiated cells that can substitute for the targeted affected tissue. To maximize the therapeutic effects of hMSCs, a substantial number of these cells are essential, requiring extensive ex vivo cell expansion. However, hMSCs have a limited lifespan in an in vitro culture condition. The senescence of hMSCs is a double-edged sword from the viewpoint of clinical applications. Although their limited cell proliferation potency protects them from malignant transformation after transplantation, senescence can alter various cell functions including proliferation, differentiation, and migration, that are essential for their therapeutic efficacy. Numerous trials to overcome the limited lifespan of mesenchymal stem cells are discussed.

Sub-region cooperation is necessary based on the condition that China-Japan-Korea free trade area has not been established. Shandong has common interests with Koreain economic and trade cooperation and it has been equipped with prominent external environment and industrial advantages in sub-region cooperation. The article discusses the advantages, the specific patterns, the cooperation contents and the matched government measures of sub-region cooperation between Shandong and Korea, with the purpose of modifying the relevant policies launched by government.