For the past 25 years, Korean semiconductor has experienced enormous growth to be the highest production country in the world. Semiconductor industry is very time sensitive and driven by technology and process, and requires 24-hour full operation. The environment includes many different types of equipment, utilities, different gases and toxic chemicals as well as high voltage electricity. We have performed a survey with 3-shift engineers and workers in one line. The content of the questionnaire was about the correlation between fatigue and performance shaping factor (work type and work ability), and as a result we were able to deduce the correlation, p-value and the pattern of scatter plot. The shape of the model was made of 4 blocks for fatigue, 5 blocks for work type and 5 blocks for work ability, i. e. 14 blocks in total. As a conclusion to this findings, there was a correlation between fatigue and work type and work ability specifically in semiconductor industry, and we need some effort to reduce this.

This study reports on an experimental study that investigates Korean EFL college students" acquisition of English verbs (such as break and change) that participate in the transitivity alternation. The experiment was devised specifically to examine how the distinction of the three types of transitivity alternation verbs - unaccusatives, middles, and passives (all with non-agent subject on the surface) - is revealed in the development of learners" interlanguage. A total of 80 college students were divided into two proficiency groups and asked to perform a production task and a grammatical judgment task on the target structures. The overall results show that the learners acquire passives earlier than unaccusatives and middles. The results also reveal that with increased proficiency, the learners perform better on all the target structures regardless of the task type. The results show, however, that even higher proficiency learners are not sensitive to lexico-syntactic properties associated with unaccusatives and middles. Another finding from the results is that the major type of the learners" interlanguage error is overpassivization of unaccusatives and middles, which confirms that Korean EFL learners, like learners with other L1 backgrounds, rely on a universal mechanism of subject―agent and object―patient/theme mapping.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of diurnal alternation of nutrient solution salinity on growth and fruit quality of tomatoes (Lycoperisicon esculentum cv. 'House momotaro') hydroponically grown in root intercept bag-NFT (RIB-NFT) system. Plant height was the lowest in the high concentration during daytime (6/1 dS m-1, day/night). Yield was very high in the concentration of 1/1 dS m-1, it decreased with increasing the concentration of nutrient Yield was higher at low concentration (4/1 dS m-1) at nighttime compared to the same concentration (4/4 dS m-1) at daytime and nighttime, and the reverse (1/4 dS m-1) was similar to the control (perlite culture). Yield was greatly reduced by higher concentration at daytime than nighttime, and the decrease was alleviated by lower concentration at nighttime. With increasing the concentration of nutrient solution during daytime, sugar content of tomato fruit was increased, but yield was decreased. In the other experiment, tomato plants were hydropoically cultured in NFT system diurnally alternated between Aichi's solution and Ca(NO3)2 solution. Ca(NO3)2 solution was supplied for 4 hours from 10:00 to 14:00 at daytime and from 22:00 to 2:00 at nighttime, respectively, and Aichi's solution was supplied for the time except the 4 hours. Ca content of leaves and sugar content of fruit were increased by supplying Ca(NO3)2 solution at daytime compared to nighttime, but plant growth was greatly suppressed by supplying Ca(NO3)2 solution with the concentration of 4 dS m-1(4/4Ca dS m-1) at nighttime.

Pasture composed of about 30% botanical composition of white clover (Trijolium repem L.) is desirable in its productivity and quality. To get information on maintaining its productivity in the pasture, the experiment was canied out to determine the effect

The cognitive attitude verb KNOW in most languages typically selects for a factive complement (Kiparsky and Kiparsky 1970). It is noted in the literature (Lee 1978, 1999; Kiefer 1978, Őzyildiz 2017, a.o.), however, that KNOW in some languages may take various forms of complements and that factivity varies depending on the complement types. An obvious generalization made is that nominalized complements tend to convey a factive reading, while non-nominal ones tend not to (Kastner 2015). This work makes it clear that for a clause selected by KNOW to have a factive reading, it not only bears a nominal feature but also carries a structural case. This paper additionally points out the following three issues and discusses their theoretical implications as to the syntax and semantics of attitudinal predicate constructions: (i) Cognitive attitude verbs may simultaneously take a nominalized clause and a predicational clause; (ii) The non-factive KNOW in the three languages commonly displays neg-raising and naturally anti-rogativity, siding with doxastic (belief) verbs; (iii) Lexically negated forms of these verbs select only for a nominalized (factive) clause.

Previous studies on the English conative alternation have resorted to semantic constraints like “attempt”, “motion”, and “contact” on verbs and have taken Levin’s (1993: 41-42) verb classification about the alternation for granted. This study, based on authentic corpus data extracted from BYU-BNC, shows that simple semantic-constraint-based approaches are insufficient and Levin’s (1993) classification is problematic. In particular, this study shows that the verb classes that participate in the conative alternation in English can be classified in terms of entailments about change, motion, and contact and that some classes and subclasses exhibit idiosyncratic properties which cannot be captured by the previous approaches and Levin’s (1993) classification.

This study considers the criteria of genitive alternation in English, i.e. the alternation between s- and of- genitive cases, in a unified approach under a single criterion. The factors that are believed to influence the choice between the two types of genitives include animacy, topicality, syntactic weight, a final sibilant in the possessor, etc. Those factors interact with each other complicatedly in the choice between the two types of genitive constructions, and some overlaps among them exist implicitly. This paper suggests that the overlapped factor is the ‘efficiency’ in the speaker’s information delivery in language use. We can get an economic result if the multiple allegedly working criteria for the choice between the genitive case constructions are replaced by the single factor ‘efficiency.’

This test was performed to verify the behavior of coupling beam using T-shaped steel for alternation of reinforcement details.

This test was performed to verify the failure mode of coupling beam using T-shaped steel for alternation of reinforcement details.

Coupling beam using L-shaped steel for alternation of reinforcement details was tested to evaluate energy dissipation capacity.

In recent year to improve the seismic behavior of conventional link beams, some efforts have been made by providing special reinforcement material, or using steel link beams as substitutes. In this study to facilitate the constructability and meanwhile ensure desirable seismic behavior, an innovative type of replaceable steel frame link beam was conceived and studied

This paper aims to develop a derivational approach to the syntactic alternation of English transitive phrasal verbs such as take out the rubbish and take the rubbish out. It is argued that these two alternative verb phrases (VP) are equally derived from their more primitive rule or construction. This construction is often called ‘complex verb (or predicate)’ and notated as [V V P]. The complex verb structure interacts with the standard VP-shell structure through the canonical verb movement to yield the two alternative forms. The paper also offers suggestions for other issues that arise from the suggested analysis.

This study takes another look at a moot problem in the analysis of Korean sub-compounds, where the second component nouns are y-initial nouns, with n/Ø alternation between two nouns. There have been two opposing approaches to this alternation: one for an /n/-insertion solution and the other for an /n/-deletion solution. However, each approach has left behind some data unaccounted for. Drawing on what is observed in Han (1994), we present another analysis to this n/⌽ alternation in a constraint-based framework of Optimality Theory. Our suggestion is that an underlying /n/ should be posited for some nouns, but not for all nouns uniformly. We argue that regardless of native Korean or Sino-Korean combinations, /n/-Insertion applies to y-initial components, only when the first components are prosodic stems. Some exceptions result from the weakening of a stem boundary, which is related with variables such as the number of syllables and the combining force or semantic relationship between the two components, and frequency effects of sub-compounds. The boundary status of the first components is shown to play a pivotal role in deciding that of the following components, backed by the condition that sisters in prosodic structure be of the same type.

Incheol Choi. 2011. English Causative Alternation and its acquisition by Korean learners. Studies in Modern Grammar 64, 183-210. This paper, building on the result of the corpus study in Choi (2010), reveals that Koran learners rarely overgeneralize the English causative alternation rule and it is mainly due to the lexical conservatism in the sense of Baker (1979). In addition, this paper suggests that Korean learners' acquisition process of the phenomenon is influenced by markedness relation coming from the universal semantic properties and Korean verbal morphological system. To support these conclusions, a grammaticality judgement test and a two-alternative forced choice test were carried out.

Chong, Song-Yun. 1999. The Alternation of Liquid Sounds and Syllable Structure. Studies in Modern Grammar 17, 1-14. The erratic alternation of liquid sounds in English sound production is one of the recalcitrant problems for Korean students. This problem is caused by the differences in phonemic distribution between Korean and English languages. I will argue that the differences in phonemic system(other than the range of its distribution) between these languages hardly explicate the reason why in one position the lateral([l]) is replaced by flapping([r]) and in certain other position the flapping is replaced by lateral. This fact, as I have observed, has nothing to do with phonemic inventory (or system) of both languages. This alternation can be recognizable by analyzing the differences of syllable structure along with the syllable constituents between Korean and English. Incidentally, the (re)syllabification setting up by Korean in English sound production is crucial to account for the erroneous substitution of [l] for [r] or vice versa. I am going to use, therefore, the binary branching syllable structure and justify that the erratic alternation can be normalized by relocating the lateral/flapping sounds in syllable constituents.