Cryptic marketing is a discreet communication strategy using crypted subculture symbols to avoid negative responses from other consumers. This has been used since marketing towards stigmatized subculture groups is challenging as there is a risk of losing consumers from the majority. Nevertheless, studies about the impact of cryptic marketing on prominent marketing variables are still scant. Thus, this study aims to determine the impact of cryptic marketing on brand attitude between LGBT group and heterosexual group in an unfriendly market (Indonesia) and a friendly market (the Netherlands). Using experiments, we tested the impact of three cryptic ads (low, medium, and high) which differ in the explicitness of LGBT symbols. The results revealed that the LGBT group (i.e., gays) in both markets have a more positive brand attitude towards the high cryptic ad. There were no differences in the brand attitude of heterosexuals, except for the gay-friendly participants in a friendly market which showed a preference for the low cryptic ad. This study contributes to the literature on covert marketing strategy as cryptic marketing is rarely discussed.

무한 경쟁이 날로 격화되고 있는 글로벌시대에서 기업과 조직은 경쟁력 제고를 통한 생존과 발전을 위해 지속적인 혁신을 추구하지 않을 수 없게 되었다. 오늘날 기업경영에서 널리 사용되어지고 있는 조직 혁신의 형태는 주로 ‘구조조정’, ‘인력감축’, ‘정리해고’, ‘사업매각’, ‘비용절감’ 등과 같은 것들이다. 이러한 혁신기법들은 모두 기업이 효율성과 경쟁력을 높이기 위해 채택한다는 점에서 공통점을 찾을 수는 있으나 실행조건이나 구체적인 방법에서는 다소 차이가 있다. 본 연구는 선행연구와 산업계의 동향을 검토하여 조직혁신의 수단으로 많이 사용되어지고 있는 Downsizing관리의 통합모형을 제시하고, 가설검증을 통하여 타당성을 분석하였다. 실증분석을 통해 나타난 연구의 결과를 요약해보면, 첫째, Downsizing에 대한 조직구성원들의 인식에 대한 관리단계별(선행관리단계, 과정관리단계, 사후관리단계) 긍정적인 영향관계를 확인하였다. 둘째, 선행관리단계에서는 Downsizing 공론화의 중요성이 제기되었다. 셋째, 과정 관리 단계에서는 Downsizing에 있어 공정성과 객관성의 유지가 필요함을 확인하였다. 넷째, 사후관리단 계에서는 생존자 지원프로그램의 활성화가 필요함을 확인하였다. 이러한 본 연구의 결과는 기업의 지속가능한 성장과 발전을 위한 경쟁력 제고나 혁신전략의 수립이나 조직 활성화에 많은 함축적 의미를 제공할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 특히 Downsizing을 통한 조직혁신 전략을 추진함에 있어 요구되는 많은 유의미한 정보와 자료들을 제공할 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

Despite the growing interest towards stakeholder marketing, research aimed at understanding how the marketing function may engage with the different company’s stakeholders (beyond the customers) for value creation is still scant. Therefore, new horizons need to be explored in search for research avenues and effective practices that may entrust a concrete role for stakeholders in marketing. Among the strategic assets that may be used to strengthen relationships with both internal and external stakeholders, corporate heritage emerges as potentially one of the most interesting. Indeed, scholars and practitioners have widely acknowledged the strategic value of heritage, a multifacets construct considered as a specific attribute of corporate identity able to connect past, present and future and inspiring solidity and credibility in different audiences. Thus, heritage has become the core of a specific marketing literature stream. However, the possibility of using corporate heritage (at strategic and operational level) to engage different stakeholders seems to have been little explored to date. This study aims at investigating corporate heritage as a vehicle of multi-stakeholder engagement, through an in-depth analysis of 20 long-lived Italian firms that stand out for the wise use of heritage marketing strategies. Specifically, we adopted an inductive approach to uncover the process of heritage marketing followed by the investigated companies. Thus, the study helps to interpret and deepen the role of corporate heritage as a platform for stakeholder engagement, according to an integrated, strategic and multi-stakeholder perspective that has been to a large extent neglected by previous literature; furthermore, it presents an ideal decomposition of the strategic process of heritage marketing in key stages, with a precise indication of the stakeholder engagement opportunities referred to each stage; finally, it presents a categorization of the main tools and activities that companies may use to convey their historical and cultural heritage to the different stakeholders, both in and out of the business domain.

This study aimed to examine the applicability of a portfolio approach to the ecosystem-based fisheries management targeting the large purse seine fishery. Most fisheries are targeting multispecies and species are biologically and technically interacted each other. It enables a portfolio approach to be applied to find optimal production of each species through expected returns and risk analyses. Under specific assumptions on the harvest quota by species, efficient risk-return frontiers were generated and they showed a combination of optimal production level. Comparisons between portfolio and actual production provided a useful information for targeting strategy and management. Results also showed the possibility of effective multispecies fisheries management by imposing constraints on each species such as total allowable catch quotas.

This paper explores central Asia's contextualization mission strategy focused on national approach to culture of homogeneity and heterogeneity. This article attempts Central Asian society's common character and differences from the historic origin and each people's cultural diversity in Central Asia. Central Asia and the entire region contextualization of this article suggesting strategies to derive basically the most basic issues of the specification that can be raised. This article explores examining particularly Central Asia’s historical-cultural common homogeneity and individuality. Chapter II examines Central Asia's history-culture and mission : mission strategy of common homogeneity. Chapter III reviews Central Asia’s mission strategy after independence : factor elements of commonality and individuality. Chapter IV analyzes Contextualization mission strategy focused on national origin and mutual confrontation. As Uzbekistan and Tajikistan develop a stronger sense of their own independence, each country is establishing a new concept of view in explaining their national origin of its own history, which is then inserted into the state ideology. Moreover, because the historical paths of the two states overlap, they interpret the same historical events, from a nationalist perspective, in diametrically opposite ways. Contemporary Uzbekistan and Tajikistan are the territories with the strongest historical links in Central Asia. Since the acquisition of independence they have been marked by similar features of state and nation building.The aim of this article is to present a general overview of the contextualization mission strategy in Central Asia in examining common character and heterogeneous features of the Central people's surroundings after independence and the different aspects of a nation's most basic historical, traditional, understanding including national origin and political system. In exploring Central Asia's mission strategy. it need to be conducted study not only common aspects and heterogeneous nature in Central Asia to identify the distinctive aspects of the Central Asia mission strategy. This article's specification of mission strategy lies in the individual culture and ethnic-based access to a variety of strategies to be drawn to emphasize that what was done. Central Asia is a mission target area.

The paper reviews properties of hypothesis decision approaches using rejection region and significance probability. The study also presents the guidelines for quality practioners to implement most useful hypothesis testing techniques such as RR(Rejection Region) approach and P-Value approach.

본 연구는 한국제조기업을 대상으로 주요부품 국제소싱전략의 실체와 성과를 분석함으로써 정책적 함의를 구하고, 소싱전략의 내부화와 관련된 기존이론의 설명력을 검증하기 위한 시도에서 이루어졌다. 이를 위하여 기존이론을 중심으로 소싱전략의 내부화정도와 제품성과 간의 관계를 조절하는 소싱관련변수를 도입하여 전략적 적합성에 근거한 상황모형을 설정한 후. 상황변수가 국제내부소싱전략과 제품성과간의 관계를 중재하는 중재변수로서의 역할을 하는지를 분석하였다. 분석의 결과, 소싱관련변수인 상황변수 중에서 공급자협상력의 지표인 교체비용요인과 공급자수가 국제내부소싱전략과 기업의 제품성과관계를 중재하는 변수로 나타났으며, 제품혁신성과 공정혁신성요인은 준중재변수로서의 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 결국, 한국제조기업의 경우, 기업의 내부적 환경요인보다는 외부적 환경요인(시장관련요인)이 국제내부소싱전략과 성과관계에 강한 중재역할을 하고 있다고 볼 수 있다.

Insecticide resistance is a serious is a serious threat to IPM, resulting in various adverse effects not to mention the loss of yield in agriculture. One approach to counter the problem is the disruption of resistance mechanisms. This can be achieved by (1) compounds which show a negative correlation with resistance at the site of action, (2) specific metabolic inhibitors which serve as synergists, or (3) a certain combination of two insecticides producing a joint action. This approach, however, requires certain precautions for the side effects may cause an increase in toxicity to mammals. Owing to the recent advances in theoretical studies on resistance management employing computer simulation and mathematical models, a few principles to reduce the risk of development of resistance have been clarified. They are helpful in designing operational strategies with regard to, for instance, insecticide doses to be applied, mode of application, and choice and nature of the insecticide(s) to be used. For restoration of insecticide susceptibility of a resistant population, reintroduction of susceptible individuals to the resistant population is feasible when certain conditions are met. Natural enemies which developed resistance to insecticides can be an important component of IPM as has been shown in the pest management in apple orchards. After all, the implementation of a successful resistance management program depends upon cooperation between different sigments of the agricutural community. Although resistance is a preadaptive phenomenon, in some cases spontaneous loss of resistance does occur without contamination by susceptible individuals. The instability of resistance in these insects implies the possible existence of a switch machanism controlling the expression of resistance gene(s). Elucidation of such a mechanism may eventually provide us with a new technical approach with which we can combat the problem of insecticide resistance.

목적: 본 연구의 목적은 대학 여자축구선수들이 재활과정에서 느끼는 심리적 변화를 탐색하고 이를 극복할 수 있 는 전략을 살펴보는 데 있다. 방법: 참가자는 2018년 대학 여자축구연맹에 등록되어 있고, 부상으로 인한 재활경 험이 있는 7명의 선수이다. 이들을 대상으로 개인 면담과 집단면담을 시행하여 수집된 자료를 구성주의 근거이론 (Constructing Grounded Theory) 접근방법을 통해 분석하였다. 결과: 선수들은 재활 과정 초기에서 부정적인 생각 을 하게 되는 동시에 긍정적으로 생각하려는 노력이 순환적으로 반복되는 심리적인 양상을 겪으며, 선수 생활에 대한 양가감정을 느끼는 것으로 나타났다. 재활 과정 중기의 심리적 변화에서는 재활상황 자체에 대한 초조함과 불안함, 심리적 압박감을 느끼면서도 점차 회복하는 신체에 자신감을 얻고 복귀를 위한 노력에 집중하는 것으로 나타났다. 재활 과정 후기에서는 복귀에 대한 설렘을 가지면서도 재발 불안감 등으로 부담과 압박을 느끼는 복귀 에 대한 양가감정이 드러났다. 선수들의 경험을 바탕으로 구성한 극복전략은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 자신감 향상전 략, 긍정적 사고의 전환 등의 심리적 극복, 둘째, 복귀를 위한 훈련을 포함한 신체적 극복, 셋째, 여자선수들을 위 한 전문적 프로그램 필요의 환경적 지원, 넷째, 주요타자지원과 같은 사회적 지원이다. 결론: 대학 여자축구선수 들은 재활과정에서 여러 가지 복합적인 심리적 변화를 겪으며, 선수로서의 삶을 진지하게 고민해보는 양가감정의 갈등이 함께 나타나는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이렇게 드러난 양가감정의 폭을 줄이거나 해결하는 심리적 과정은 선 수로서의 정체성을 재확립하는 계기가 될 수 있다. 이를 위해서는 이에 기반하는 내용을 포함한 전문적인 스포츠 심리상담과 체계적인 지원이 재활과정의 선수들에게 필요할 것이다.

This study discusses the role of Board Monitoring Effectiveness (BME) on managers’ decisions regarding the business strategies that fit the external business environmental conditions by using a contingency analysis approach. Furthermore, this study will examine how fit strategies affect Sustainability Reporting (SR) of listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2014 to 2017. This study uses Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) technique. This CMP method is claimed to be more efficient in analyzing the TSL models. This study found that in highly uncertain conditions, BME had a positive influence on the probability of managers to choose prospector and defender strategies rather than analyzers. These results indicate that BME shows positive impact on the contingency fit between business strategies and environmental uncertainty. In addition, the study documents that only prospectors have a positive impact on SR, however this study failed to document that defenders have positive impact on SR. Meanwhile the unexpected result is analyzers have a significantly positive effect on SR. This study is the first study to investigate the role of BME in contingency fit between business strategies and environmental uncertainties and how it produces effects up to the level of SR.

The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategy use. 283 Chinese college EFL students participated in this study. They answered a questionnaire with 65 items that measured the three constructs of reading motivation, reading strategy use and their self-perceived reading proficiency. Confirmatory factor analyses were applied to check the validity of each construct. Based on their motivation scores, the subjects were divided into different clusters; 22.6% of the subjects to the most highly motivated cluster; 34.4% to the moderately motivated cluster; 43.1% to the least motivated cluster. Discriminant analysis showed that such variables as advanced comprehension strategies, repetition and comprehension enhancing strategies were statistically significant variables that distinguished the three groups from each other. These results imply that EFL learners may be instructed to be aware of the importance of L2 reading motivation and L2 reading strategies for improving their L2 reading proficiency.

본 연구는 토익중심의 영어 읽기 수업에서 상호적 읽기 (reciprocal reading) 방법이 학습자의 읽기전략 상위인지 자각 (metacognitive awareness of reading strategies: MARS) 변화, 읽기이 해 및 어휘 학습에 미치는 효과를 해석 위주의 읽기 (translation-based reading) 방법과 비교하 였다. 연구 참여자는 공인 토익 읽기점수 중급 정도 수준의 (495점 만점에 220-280) 54명의 학습 자들로, 상호적 읽기 방법과 해석위주의 읽기 방법, 두 그룹으로 나뉘어 연구에 참여하였다. 읽기 전략 상위인지자각과 전략 사용 변화를 알기 위해 고안된 MARS 목록 질문지를 사용하여 사전 및 사후 반응을, 읽기이해 성과는 읽기 활동 바로 후, 내용의 의미와 관련된 사지 선다형 문제에 대한 이해점수를, 그리고 어휘 학습에 대한 효과는 사전 테스트를 통해 얻어진 14개의 목표어를 읽기 활동 후 즉각적인 사후테스트와 1주 후의 지연된 테스트를 통한 점수를 비교하였다. 결과 분석에 의하면 해석위주의 읽기 방법과는 달리, 상호적 읽기 방법이 읽기 전략 상위인지자각 및 전략사용, 읽기이해, 그리고 단기 및 장기 어휘기억에 현저한 효과를 나타냈다. 이는 상호적 읽기 에 포함되는 네 가지 활동, 즉 내용 추리하기 (predicting), 명확히 하기 (clarifying), 질문하기 (questioning), 그리고 요약하기 (summarizing), 등을 통하여 그룹안의 보다 능숙한 동료들 및 선 생님과의 상호 작용과 피드백을 얻으며 효과적인 읽기전략, 내용이해 및 어휘 학습을 위한 스케 폴딩 (scaffolding)이 형성된 것으로 보인다.