월동기 논과 논두렁에서 서식하고 있는 다양한 절지동물의 발생밀도를 조사하여 생물다양성에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 동력흡충기를 이용하여 논과 논두렁에서 각각 5지점씩 50×50 cm 격자 내에 있는 지표면과 식물을 흡입하여 채집하였다. 논과 논두렁에서 채집한 총개체수는 41,197개체였으며, 대부분 Collembola, Hemiptera, Diptera가 많이 채집되었다. 영농형태별 유기농법 재배지와 관행농법 재배지에서의 절지동물 출현패턴은 거의 유사하였으나 채집된 개체수는 유기농법 재배지에서 더 많았다. 종다양성지수, 종풍부도지수, 종균일도 지수는 논보다는 논두렁에서 모두 높게 나타났고, 시기별로 큰 차이를 보였는데 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(P < 0.05).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the response of the soil mesofauna and ground-dwelling arthropods to vegetation structure and composition in a mountain pasture. The pasture mainly comprised five types of plant communities; Agrostis alba - Phleum pratense community, Poa pratensis community, Festuca ovina community, Rumex acetosella community, and the shrub assemblage comprised Spiraea miyabei-Spiraea salicifolia community. Soil chemical properties including the pH, EC and nutrient levels were influenced by plant communities. Plant-specific responses were observed for bacteria-feeding and plant-feeding soil nematodes. Collembola and Oribatida having the same feeding habit were influenced differently by plants. nMDS showed that the community of ground-dwelling arthropods were separated by vegetation types. Species numbers of arthropods were different among different plant communities. Our results indicate that vegetation structure and composition can influence both abundance of diversity of terrestrial fauna.

This studies was conducted to compare functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods in commercial apple orchards under conventional and organic practices. We collected terrestiral arthropods using pitfall traps in four conventional and seven organic apple orchards from April to October, 2012-2014. Sampled arthropods were identified at the species level and then classified three functional groups (detritivores, herbivores and beneficial arthropods included pollinators, parasitoids and predators). Biodiversity was analyzed with species richness, abundance and shannon index for each group and compared between conventional and organic orchards. In results, species richness of detritivores and benefical arthropods were higher in organic orchards than in conventional orchards (detritivores: t=-2.68, df=9, P=0.03; beneficial arthropods: t=-3.98, df=9, P=0.003). Organic orchards showed significant difference at abundance of beneficial arthropods (t=-3.33, df=9, P=0.008) and higher shannon index at detritivores (t=-2.36, df=9, P=0.04) than conventional orchards. However, all biodiversity indices of herbivores were not significantly different between conventional and organic orchards at 95% confidence level.

Various arthropods have directly and indirectly threatened human life by transmitting human pathogens such as malaria and Zika virus as well as by damaging crops such as direct feeding and transmission of plant pathogens. According to WHO, vector-borne diseases account for over 17% of all infectious diseases and there are over 1 million deaths from the diseases such as malaria, dengue, etc., globally. About 13% of total crop production is destroyed by agricultural pests during crop production and storage. To control medical or agricultural pests chemical pesticides have been used, but recently because of concerns about environmental pollution and human health the demands for eco-friendly control method are increasing. Insect pathogens are good alternative candidates instead of chemicals. Over 50 entomopathogens including viruses, bacteria, fungi and nematodes are now commercially used as microbial pesticides. Entomopathogenic fungi have also been evaluated as control agents for a diverse insect pests such as aphid, moth, thrip, whitefly, mosquitoes, tick, etc. We will discuss a development of microbial pesticides using, especially, entomopathogenic fungi to control noxious arthropods to agricultural crops and human.

Ground arthropods are abundant in urban ecosystem, but our understanding on their ecological traits is little. The aim of this study is to clarify the effect of urbanization on ground arthropod communities. Ground arthropods were monitored once a week from April to December 2005 in 6 sites: Yamato River riverbank (Site 1), Daisen Park (Site 2), Oizumi forest area (Site 3), Osaka Prefecture University campus (Site 4), Paddy field (Site 5), and Satoyama (Site 6). A total of 221,000 individuals of ground arthropods belonging to 19 orders were collected in 6 sites. Isopoda including Porcellionidae and Armadillidiidae was the 1st dominant and 195161 individuals were collected, representing 88.3% of the total. Mean density of ground arthropods in Site 1- 4, urbanized areas, was much higher than in paddy field and Satoyama. Pattern of ground arthropod community in riverbank did not differ with those of urban park, urban forest area, and campus. Our finding showed that ground arthropods in urban area tend to increase biomass and specific groups in area disturbed and urbanized by human activities.

Entomopathogenic fungi infect some arthropod pest and have been used for biological control. Some entomopathogenic fungi have high potential in insect pest management worldwide, and most of researches were given to Hypocreales order of Ascomycota, but little in Zygomycota, such as Entomophthorales in our country. We have identified some species belonging to Entomophthorales and investigated cultural features and ecology of Entomophaga aulicae. E. aulicae in sweet potato fields, where Aedia leucomelas was a dominant pest, had caused epizootics from 2002–2005. E. aulicae-infected A. leucomelas larva were mostly found from August to October and its occurrence was significantly related to the precipitation. E. aulicae were mainly observed in dead A. leucomelas larval populations (infection rate = 41.3% in 2002), rather than other lepidopteran pests. E. aulicae was morphologically and genetically identified and its virulence was characterized in laboratory conditions. Additionally, pest infection by Zoophthora radicans, Neozygites floridana and some Entomophthorales have been identified. On the basis with this information, we need research to predict the prevalence and to develop biological control agent using Entomophthorales including E. aulicae that contribute to regulation of host populations.

Selecting surrogated species is the first step for environmental risk assessment of GM crop on non-target arthropods. To select surrogated species considering the domestic environment, we surveyed the arthropod fauna in five main localities (Changnyeong-gun in Gyeongsangnam-do, Goesan-gun in Chungcheongbuk-do, Gokseong-gun in Jeollanam-do, Hongcheon-gun in Gangwon-do and Hwaseong-si in Gyeonggi-do) in which maize was cultivated with large scale. Maize is one of the main imported GM crop in Korea. Arthropods were surveyed with yellow sticky traps and pitfall traps from May to August with a week interval considering the crop growing season in 2012 and 2013. A total of 135 species of 51 families in 13 orders were identified from the 17,470 arthropods. Six orders (Coleoptera, Araneae, Hemiptera, Diptera, Hymenoptera and Lepidoptera) were dominant in species richness and three orders (Collembola, Thysanoptera and Diptera) in abundance, representing 84% and 86% of the total, respectively. In the composition of fuctional guilds, herbivore group was the most dominant followed by predator group occupying 40% and 37% of the total abundance.

토양 서식 절지동물은 토양 생물상의 핵심 구성요소로서 개체수가 풍부하며, 토양의 형성이나 변화에 대한 역할이 잘 알려져 있기 때문에 토양의 상태를 나타내는 좋은 지표 로 여겨지고 있다. 최근 이탈리아에서는 토양에 서식하는 절지동동물을 대상으로, 분류군별로 토양에서의 역할 정도 에 따라 고유의 지수를 할당하고, 이 지수들을 이용하여 토 양의 상태 판정에 활용하는 기법(QBS, Biological Quality of Soil)을 개발하여 토양생태계 관리에 적극 활용하고 있으 며(Parisi, 2005) 우리나라에서도 이 기법을 도입하여 토양 의 질을 판정하는 시도가 있었다. QBS에서는 토양환경에 적응한 절지동물들의 적응 수준을 평가하고, 토양에서의 역 할과 적응 정도에 따라 분류군별로 목 수준에서 생태ㆍ형태 학적 지수(EMI, Eco-morphologic index)를 부여하기 때문 에, 토양에 서식하는 동물들을 종수준에서 동정하는 어려움 을 극복하고자 개발된 것이다. 예를 들면 토양에 서식하는 미소절지동물들은 토양 환경에 대한 적응을 나타내는 형태 학적 특징들을 잘 보여주는데, 체색이나 시각기구의 감소나 퇴화, 부속지(털, 더듬이, 다리)들이 감소하거나 빽빽한 형 태로 된 유선형의 체형, 비행능력이 퇴화하거나 없고 도약 이나 달리는 것의 적응, 그리고 큐티클 층이 얇고 바깥쪽 표면에 소수성 화합물이 부족해서 수분보유능이 감소한 것 등이다. QBS에서는 이런 토양환경과 관련된 특징들의 존 재 유무만 집중하여 조사하고 토양에 사는 절지동물을 복잡 하고 까다롭게 종 수준에서 동정할 필요가 없기 때문에 토 양서식 절지동물 동정에 비전문가인 사람들도 손쉽게 시스 템을 이용할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 조사지역 토양의 상태를 나타내는 QBS 값을 구하는 순서는 이탈리아에서 사용된 것과 동일하게 먼저 대상지역의 토양을 채취하고 미소절지 동물을 분리한 후 주로 목 수준에서 동정하고 최종적으로 분류군과 맞는 EMI를 계산하여 결정하게 된다. 본 연구에 서는 일반적으로 통용되는 기준에 따라, 토양 심층에 서식 하는 분류군(eu-edaphic)의 지수는 20, 중층서식 분류군 (hemi-edaphic)은 적응 정도에 따라 보통 5∼20, 표층에 서 식하는 분류군(epi-edaphic)은 1을 부여하였다. 낫발이목이 나 좀붙이목처럼 토양에 적응한 정도가 유사한 종들로 구성 된 분류군들은 단일 EMI를 갖는데, 이들은 심충에 서식하 기 때문에 여기에 속하는 종들은 모두 20을 갖게 된다. 그렇 지만 톡토기목이나 딱정벌레목처럼 토양에 적응한 정도가 다른 종들로 구성된 경우에는 종의 특성에 따라 다른 EMI 를 갖게 된다. 만약 동일한 장소에서 동일한 분류군에 속하 는 다른 EMI를 갖는 생태ㆍ형태형이 존재하면 최종 점수는 높은 EMI를 갖는 분류군으로 결정하였다. 즉 최고로 토양 에 잘 적응한 분류군이 그 전체 분류군의 대표적인 EMI를 결정하는 것이다. 최종 QBS 점수는 모든 조사된 분류군들 의 EMI를 합산하여 산출 하였다. 본 연구에서는 제주도의 4개 지역을 대상으로 토양 절지동물상을 조사하고 한국형 QBS시스템을 적용하여 토양의 상태를 파악하고자 하였다 (서, 2012). 제주도 내 토양 무척추동믈 채집은 4곳(St.1∼4)에서 진 행되었다. St.1은 제주도 서귀포시 남원읍 신례리로서 한라 산 자락의 해발 664m지역으로 자연이 잘 보존된 지역으로 서어나무, 조릿대가 우점하였다. St.2는 제주도 제주시 오등 동 지역으로 한라생태숲 내의 관리사가 있는 지역으로 인간 의 간섭이 일부 존재 했던 곳이며 서어나무, 쥐똥나무, 억새 가 우점하였다. St.3는 제주시 월평동 지역으로 한라산 국립 공원의 관음사 인근지역이다. 숲이 잘 보존된 지역이다. St.4는 조사지역 중 표고가 가장 낮은 103m였고, 곶자왈이 잘 보존된 동백동산 내의 폐원된 밀감과원 지역으로 종가시 나무, 사스레피나무, 감귤나무 등이 많이 분포하였다. 조사 지에서 토양 절지동물의 채집과 분리는 다음과 같이 진행하 였다. 먼저 조사지점에 토양 샘플러(10×10×30㎝, 스테인레 스 소재)를 설치하고 고무망치를 이용하여 깊이 10㎝로 박 은 다음에 토양 샘플러를 조심스럽게 회수하고 안에 있는 1,000㎖ 분량의 토양을 지퍼백에 보관하여 실험실로 가급 적 빨리 운반한 후 Tullgren 장치에 넣어 토양 절지동물들을 분리하였다. 분리된 토양동물은 75% 에타놀에 액침표본으 로 보관 한 후 동정하였다. 동정은 토양동물학(최, 1996)과 일본산 토양동물도감(Aoki, 1996)의 검색표를 이용하여 QBS 분석에 필요한 목 또는 강 수준까지 진행하였다. 조사지점의 QBS 결과는 다음과 같다. St.1에서는 노린재 목, 딱정벌레목, 벌목, 파리목 유충, 진드기목, 거미목, 순각 강, 배각강이 조사되었고 각 분류군별 EMI를 활용하여 환 산된 QBS 점수는 총 110으로 상태가 양호한 2등급 토양을 나타냈다. St.2에서는 톡토기목, 노린재목, 딱정벌레목, 벌 목, 파리목 유충, 진드기목, 거미목, 의갈목, 순각강, 배각강 이 조사되었고 각 분류군별 EMI를 활용하여 환산된 QBS 점수는 총 150으로 상태가 양호한 2등급 토양을 나타냈다. St.3에서는 톡토기목, 노린재목, 딱정벌레목, 벌목, 파리목 유충, 완전변태 곤충 유충, 진드기목, 거미목, 순각강이 조사 되었고 각 분류군별 EMI를 활용하여 환산된 QBS 점수는 총 120으로 상태가 양호한 2등급 토양을 나타냈다. St.4에 서는 좀붙이목, 톡토기목, 집게벌레목, 노린재목, 딱정벌레 목, 벌목, 파리목 유충, 완전변태 곤충 유충, 불완전변태 곤 충 유충, 진드기목, 거미목, 의갈목, 등각목, 순각강, 배각강 이 조사되었고 각 분류군별 EMI를 활용하여 환산된 QBS 점수는 총 192로 상태가 양호한 2등급 토양을 나타냈다. 조사된 4개 지역의 토양 상태는 QBS가 나눈 토양의 7개 등급 중 전부 2등급으로서 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과 는 조사된 지역들이 생태계가 잘 보존된 한라산 국립공원 인근지역이거나 한라생태숲 지역, 곶자왈 지역이기 때문에 당연한 것으로 여겨지며, QBS가 한국의 토양 상태를 평가 하는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있다는 것을 다시 한번 확인 할 수 있었다.

Food web of main arthorpods in 3 differently managed rice fields (low input, duck, apple snail farming) was investigated in Hongseong area, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. Main arthropods were selected by their abundance during the rice growing season in 2010. Food web was analyzed with stable isotope, δ15N and δ13C according to rice growth satges (seedling, tillering, booting, blooming/heading, and ripening stage). Rates of δ15N and δ13C in soil (F=5.72; df=2, 6; P=0.0407, F=40.86; df=2, 6; P=0.0003, respectively) and δ13C in rice (F=6.46; df=2, 6; P=0.0319) were statistically different. Rate of δ13C in Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus (F=9.50; df=2, 6; P=0.0138), Pirata subpiraticus (F=11.00; df=2, 6; P=0.0098), and Pachygnatha clercki (F=6.33; df=2, 6; P=0.0333) were statistically different among farming methods. Stable isotope structures in food web were slightly different among 3 farming methods seasonally. Rates of δ15N and δ13C of rice pests such as Nephotettix cincticeps, Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Sogatella furcifera were related to rice plant. Those of Tomoceridae sp. and Chironomidae sp., however, were not related to rice plant. Spiders as main natural enemy group were ranked on the top of food web and were thought to have life cycle based on the rice field from stable isotope structure.

To assess effects of Bt rice expressing a synthetic Cry1Ac1 gene for control Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), we conducted laboratory tests to evaluate the potential impacts of Bt rice on non-target herbivore, non-target pollen-feeder and non-target predator. Also we investigated the community structure of arthropods in Bt and non-Bt rice fields during the rice-growing season in 2007 and 2008. There were no significant differences in development, survival and emergence of non-target herbivores, non-target pollen-feeder and non-target predators between Bt and non-Bt rice although tibia length of non-target predators with BPH feeding on Bt rice showed significantly longer than in non-Bt rice. In 2-year field study, a total of 43 familes in 10 orders were identified from 64,099 collected insects and a total of 29 species in 23 genera and 9 families were identified from 4,937 collected spiders. Abundance, Shannon’s index and family richness in insects and species richness in spiders were very similar between Bt and non-Bt rice for 2 years and there was no significant difference. The results indicated that the transgenic Cry1Ac rice tested in this study had no adverse effects on the rice insect and spider community structure in field condition and on the development, survival, emergence and adult fitness parameter of non-target arthropods in the laboratory conditions.

The use of aquatic species in ecotoxicity research is well established in developed countries. However there are limitations of using the species that are not native to Korea, and the toxicity data produced by domestic test species are significantly needed to reflect the domestic situation. In this study, the applicability of 3 kinds of native species, Chironomus yoshimatsui Martin et Sublette, Ephemera orientalis McLachlan and Heterocypris incongruens Ramdohr, as aquatic toxicity test species was studied. Also, the integration method of each species response to various industrial effluent and surface water was developed. In ecotoxicological researches using macro invertebrates, temperature is one of the most important toxicity-modifying factors, and temperature effect is species specific. Besides temperature effect, there are other physico-chemical factors that can affect test organisms, such as pH, water hardness and dissolved organic matter. The ideal test species for freshwater quality assessment is very sensitive to various pollutant but resistant to wide ranges of physico-chemical properties of environmental media. Behaviour is the cumulative interaction of a variety of biotic and abiotic factors that represents the animal′s response to internal and external factors and relates one organism to another. So, it is a major mechanism by which animals adapt to changes in their environment, including exposure to contaminants. Despite the importance of behavioral ecotoxicological test, there are few researches to assess the quality of freshwater and its sediment, in part due to the difficulties to obtain detailed quantitative data. This study shows the potentiality of behavioral test for water quality assessment using burrowing behavior of midge species exposed to several heavy metals. Finally, we propose a method which integrates each test into one concise and useful index and can be applied to various field water.

This snag-dwelling arthropod community study was conducted for the ecological evaluation of dead woods at Korean fir stand in Mt. Woonak in Pocheon-si, Gyeonggi-do, from April 2010 to August 2011. We put a windows trap and an emergence trap on the trunk of each snag, and we selected the six snags during the study periods. We collected 3930 individuals (5 class, 21order, 52 families) but we didn’t include the number of unidentified larva. We separated those individuals into the three functional groups and we found out the proportion and number of each functional group from the total individuals: herbivores (27.6%, 1083) predators (10.9%, 430), detritivores (61.4%, 2413), etc(0.1%, 4). We found out the proportion and number of each taxon group for herbivores, Armadillidae (0.15%, 6), Acarina (2.57%, 101), Psocoptera (0.25%, 10), Hemiptera (0.46%, 18), Mecoptera (0.05%, 2), Hymenoptera (not ant) (5.14%, 202), Aphididae (3.82%, 150), Cicadellidae (0.4%, 16), Curculionidae (3.61%, 142), Chrysomelidae (0.23%, 9), Elateridae (3.36%, 132), Erotylidae (3.16%, 124), Nitidulidae (2.6%, 102), Pyrochoroidae (0.08%, 3), Scarabaeidae (0.31%, 12), and Cetoniidae (0.13%, 5). Predators were consisted of the following taxa groups: Araneae (2.9%,114), Chilopoda (0.31%, 12), Formicidae (4.25%, 167), Carabidae (0.08%, 3), Staphylinidae (1.09%, 43), Cleridae (0.05%, 2), Pselaphidae (0.1%, 4), Colydiidae (0.38%, 15), Harpalidae (0.1%, 4), Histeridae (0.36%, 14), and Dermestidae (0.8%, 31). Detritivores were consisted of the following taxa groups: Millipedes (0.92%, 36), Archaeognatha(1.6%, 63), Diptera (7.81%, 307), Collembola (35.47%, 1394), Protura (0.03%, 1), Dermaptera (0.1%, 4), Tettigoniidae (0.08%, 4), Raphiidophoridae (0.03%, 1), Ipidae (14.12%, 555), Silphidae (0.15%, 6), Cuculidae (0.15%, 6), Cerambycidae (0.38%, 15), Oedeeridae (0.03%, 1), Lucamnidae (0.03%, 1), Stenotrachelidae (0.05%, 2), Buprestidae (0.13%, 5), Tenebrionidae (0.23%, 9), and Mordellidae (0.1%, 4), etc. Conclusively, the snag plays an important roll as the diverse arthropods’ habitats in the Korean fir forest ecosystem.

Bee venom contains a variety of peptides and enzymes, including serine proteases. While the presence of serine proteases in bee venom has been demonstrated, the role of these proteins in bee venom has not been elucidated. Furthermore, there is currently no information available regarding the melanization response or the fibrin(ogen)olytic activity of bee venom serine protease, and the molecular mechanism of its action remains unknown. Here we show that bee venom serine protease (Bi-VSP) is a multifunctional enzyme. In insects, Bi-VSP acts as an arthropod prophenoloxidase (proPO)-activating factor (PPAF), thereby triggering the phenoloxidase (PO) cascade. Bi-VSP injected through the stinger induces a lethal melanization response in target insects by modulating the innate immune response. In mammals, Bi-VSP acts similarly to snake venom serine protease, which exhibits fibrin(ogen)olytic activity. Bi-VSP activates prothrombin and directly degrades fibrinogen into fibrin degradation products, defining roles forBi-VSP as a prothrombin activator, a thrombin-like protease, and a plasmin-like protease. These findings provide a novel view of the mechanism of bee venom in which the bee venom serine protease kills target insects via a melanization strategy and exhibits fibrin(ogen)olytic activity.