In the contemporary era, 3D printing technology has become widely utilized across diverse fields, including biomedicine, industrial design, manufacturing, food processing, aerospace, and construction engineering. The inherent advantages of automation, precision, and speed associated with 3D printing have progressively led to its incorporation into road engineering. Asphalt, a temperature-responsive material that softens at high temperatures and solidifies as it cools, presents distinctive challenges and opportunities in this context. For the effective implementation of 3D printing technology in road engineering, 3D printed asphalt (3DPA) must exhibit favorable performance and printability. This requires attributes such as good fluidity, extrudability, and buildability. Furthermore, materials utilizing 3DPA for crack repair should possess high viscosity, elasticity, toughness, superior high-temperature stability, and resistance to low-temperature cracking. These characteristics ultimately contribute to enhancing pavement longevity and ensuring worker safety.

PURPOSES : This study aims at evaluating the use of an electromagnetic density gauge (EDG) to measure the in situ density and air-void content of asphalt concrete (AC) pavement. METHODS : In situ AC pavement density and air-void readings were obtained from two sites (Daegu and Ulsan) using an EDG. Calibration of the EDG was conducted by first obtaining density values at three different positions, on each pavement where core samples were extracted afterward. The core samples were then tested to obtain laboratory density and air-void values. The density measured using the EDG was then subtracted from the laboratory values to obtain the offset calibration values, which were then adopted to calibrate the in situ measurements using the EDG. Moreover, to analyze the effect of moisture on the pavement surface, EDG measurements were conducted under dry and wet conditions to compare the in-situ readings. RESULTS : The in-situ density readings of AC tend to be higher in moist/wet conditions. By applying the calibration value to the EDG readings, the density error percentage was reduced from 0.61% to 0.096%, and 0.64% to 0.16% for Daegu and Ulsan sites, respectively. Consequently, the air-void content error percentage was reduced from 12.8% to 1.04%, and from 10.07% to 1.78% for Daegu and Ulsan sites, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : The electromagnetic density gauge (EDG) is an effective tool for the non-destructive measurement of in situ pavement density. By applying offset calibration values, the error in the field readings was reduced, and the accuracy of the EDG measurements was improved.

PURPOSES: This study evaluated the effect of fog seal treatment utilizing an agricultural oil-based asphalt concrete sealant (ABCS) on the long-term performance of an asphalt pavement. METHODS: Fog seal treatment using ABCS was applied on 800 m of the pavement section in the test section with a total length of 2,400 m; the remaining pavement section was not considered for this treatment. A series of laboratory and field tests were conducted on both sections, including a Marshall stability test, penetration test, viscosity test, skid resistance test, and pavement surface macrotexture test. In addition, the pavement condition index (PCI) was determined 8 years after the ABCS application to evaluate the effect of the ABCS treatment on the pavement’s long-term performance. RESULTS : The ABCS-treated section exhibited a PCI of 75, whereas the non-treated section exhibited a value of 64. Furthermore, a MicroPAVERTM‚ pavement management system determined that the pavement deterioration rates (i.e., drops in PCI) were 3.6 and 5.1 per year for the ABCS-treated and non-treated sections, respectively. CONCLUSIONS : The results of the series of laboratory and field tests revealed that the ABCS treatment increased the pavement performance life by approximately 3.5 years.

PURPOSES: This paper presents the noise reduction effect of asphalt concrete pavement using steel slag aggregate. METHODS: Steel slag aggregates induce various mechanical effects because of their high stiffness and specific gravity. It is also known that the noise reduction effect is due to its high specific gravity and porous nature. In this study, the noise reduction in a steel slag asphalt concrete pavement section was measured and analyzed. RESULTS : On average, an asphalt concrete pavement with steel slag reduces road traffic noise by about 2 dB(A). In addition, the analysis of sound pressure levels by frequency showed lower sound pressure levels in steel slag asphalt concrete pavement than general HMA in all frequency ranges (from low to high frequencies). An analysis of the benefits with regard to noise, by assuming a road-traffic noise reduction of 2 dB(A) with asphalt concrete pavement using steel slag, shows that the noise abatement cost approach can save 1.6 million won a year over soundproof wall costs. In addition, the noise damage cost approach results in cost savings (with regard to noise) of between 19 and 60 million won per year depending on the population density. CONCLUSIONS: The use of steel slag aggregate as an asphalt concrete mixture material not only improves the mechanical performance but also has a noise reduction effect. It is expected that the steel slag asphalt concrete pavement can reduce the environmental burden by utilizing resources and provide a safer and more comfortable pavement condition to the road users.

There are some places such as bridges in the heavily industrialized area where the pavement should have a strong resistance against heavy axle loading and waterproof function. In those places, many polymer-modified asphalt (PMA) pavements were applied to protect premature cracking, severe rutting and water intrusion without success. Therefore, a much tougher pavement material with waterproofing function was developed for those places. This study evaluated important properties of the special type asphalt mixture which is highly condensed to be almost void-free condition. A high-quality PMA binder with PG82-34 grade was used for preparing the mixture and the optimum binder content was determined to allow near 0% air void in the mix design. The deformation strength(SD) by Kim Test and rut depth by wheel tracking test were measured at 60℃ as high temperature properties. The flexural strength and fracture toughness was measured at -10℃ as low temperature property. The void-free AC showed the higher performance in all four properties than any other asphalt concretes which were prepared for comparison. Therefore, it was shown that the normal concern about limiting air voids within 3-5% was just an apprehension. The void-free AC can be applied for heavy duty pavement on the bridge where the water-proofing function and higher rutting and cracking resistance are required.

Tram had been widely used in South Korea until 1960s; however, introduction of automobiles made the tram disappear. KRRI (Korea Railroad Research Institute) has developed wireless tram in order to enhance transporting capacity in large city. Continuously supported and embedded track system supports load from a wireless tram. The track system is composed of concrete slab or precast concrete and groove rail. Surface of the track is usually constructed by asphalt concrete. The asphalt concrete layer is about 5 cm in depth and constructed between rails of which width is 1435 mm. Adhesion between concrete slab and asphalt concrete layer and constructability, which affects performance, were investigated through actual construction and testing at test-bed. Four different types of mixtures and structures were used. After construction, adhesion tests were performed including basic material tests. Guss-asphalt with SMA showed the best adhesion and constructability.

PURPOSES : So far, aged cement concrete pavement on express highways has been rehabilitated mainly with asphalt concrete inlay. However, potholes were the major problem, and they shortened the life of the inlay mainly owing to the poor drainage of water once it infiltrated the interface of the concrete and asphalt. The purpose of this study is to compare the performance and economic efficiency of asphalt overlay and inlayMETHODS: Overlay and inlay were compared through accelerated pavement testing, and a life-cycle cost analysis was conducted in this study using the CA4PRS program.RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : It was found from accelerated pavement testing that the overlay exhibited reflective crack resistance that was more than twice as effective as that of inlay. The total cost (construction cost + user cost) within the analysis period (20 years) of the overlay was 37% lower than that of the inlay.

In a wide spectrum of pavement rehabilitation techniques, the application of thin asphalt overlay on existing concrete pavements have shown its ability to restore the functional capacity of the pavement system as well as maintain structural capacity. Although, prior researches stated that it does not add to the structural capacity of the existing pavement, the insulation generated by the asphalt overlay can affect the behavior of the discontinuities in the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) system by reducing the magnitude of its movement. The investigation of crack movement behaviors of the CRCP in Chungbu Expressway was conducted in 2-phases: without overlay and with overlay. Crackmeters were installed at selected crack locations and measurements were collected. In the second phase of the investigation, crackmeters were installed at the concrete layer of the CRCP before a 2-inch asphalt overlay was applied. Results have shown that the crack movements under a thin asphalt overlay have reduced by 80% which indicates an effective insulation of the CRCP.

Cracking is an inevitable fact of asphalt concrete pavements and plays a major role in pavement deterioration. Pavement cracking is one of the main factors determining the frequency and method of repair. Cracks can be treated with a number of preventative maintenance actions, including overlay surface treatments such as slurry sealing, crack sealing, or crack filling. Pavement cracks can show up as one or all of the following types: transverse, longitudinal, fatigue, block, reflective, edge, and slippage. Crack sealing is a frequently used pavement maintenance treatment because it significantly extends the pavement service life. However, crack sealant often fails prematurely due to a loss of adhesion. Because current test methods are mostly empirical and only provide a qualitative measure of the bond strength, they cannot accurately predict the adhesive failure of the sealant. This study introduces a laboratory test aimed at assessing the bonding of hot-poured crack sealant to the walls of pavement cracks. A pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) was adopted to measure the bonding strength of the hot-poured crack sealant as a function of the curing time and temperature. Based on a limited number of test results, the hot-poured crack sealants have very different bonding performances. Therefore, this test method can be proposed as part of a newly developed performancebased standard specification for hot-poured crack sealants for use in the future. PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the adhesion and failure performance of a crack sealant as a function of its curing time and curing temperature. METHODS: A pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) was adopted to measure the adhesion performance of a crack sealant as a function of the curing time and curing temperature. RESULTS: With changes in the curing time, curing temperature, and sealant type, the bond strengths were found to be significantly different. Also, higher bond strengths were measured at lower temperatures. Different sealant types produced completely different bond strengths and failure behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The bonding strength of an evaluated crack sealant was shown to differ depending on various factors. Two sealant types, which were composed of different raw materials, were shown to perform differently. The newly proposed test offers the possibility of evaluating anddifferentiatingbetweendifferentcracksealants.Basedonalimitednumberoftestresults,this test method can be proposed as part of a newly developed performance-based standard specification for crack sealants or as part of a guideline for the selection of hot-poured crack sealant in the future.

PURPOSES : Recently, attempts have been made to evaluate tire-pavement noise based on a measure of Mean Profile Depth (MPD). However, equivalent values of MPD appear to correspond to different levels of tire-pavement noise, which indicates that other factors such as texture wavelength need to be included to improve the accuracy of noise prediction. A single index to represent texture wavelength is proposed in this study. A consistent relationship between tire-pavement noise and texture wavelength on asphalt concrete pavement is observed. METHODS: Profile data and tire-pavement noise data were collected from a number of expressway sections in Korea. In addition, texture wavelength was defined by a Peak Number (PN), which was calculated using profile data. Statistical analysis was performed to find the relationship between the PN and tire-pavement noise. RESULTS: As a result of this study, a linear relationship between PN and tire-pavement noise is observed on asphalt concrete pavement. CONCLUSIONS: Tire-pavement noise on asphalt concrete pavement can be predicted from PN information.

PURPOSES: The objective of this study is to evaluate the tack-coating material’s properties using the bitumen bond strength(BBS) test and damping test as function of changed curing times. In this study, bonding strength tests were performed according to the curing time of tack coating materials. METHODS : In order to investigate bonding characteristic of tack coating materials, the Pneumatic Adhesion tensile Testing Instrument(PATTI) device is used to measure the bond strength between the tack coating materials and aggregate substrate based on the AASHTO TP-91. Also, damping test as in situ test was used to determine an appropriate traffic openting time for construction vehicle. Four different tack-coating materials were used in this study. The BBS tests were performed a one hour curing and testing temperatures of 5℃, 15℃, and 25℃. Damping test was conducted at 30min, 60min, 90min, and 120 min of curing times with temperatures of 20℃ and 30℃. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : The BBS test results show various bond strength as function of tack coat materials. At the same testing condition, A tack coat material shows almost two times higher than D tack coat materials although both materials are satisfied the criteria of material’s physical properties. Also, Dampting test results shows similar trend with BBS test result. The damping test result was significantly changed as function of tack coat materials. Based on this study, the tack coating material’s curing time is very important. Therefore, both curing time and the bond strength’s characteristic has to be considered in standard specification.

PURPOSES: The performance of tack coat, commonly used for layer interface bonding, is affected by application rate and curing time. In this study, bonding strength tests were performed according to the application rate and curing time of asphalt emulsion. Based on finding from this study, optimum application rates and curing times are proposed. METHODS: In order to investigate bonding characteristic of asphalt emulsion, tests were performed on both asphalt concrete pavement and portland concrete pavement. Also, asphalt emulsions were tested at the application rate of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8l/m2 and at the curing time of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, and 24 hours. Pull-off test and shear bonding strength test, which commonly used for bonding strength measurement of asphalt emulsion, were adopted for this study. To assess field performance under different testing condition, asphalt emulsions were applied to in-service pavement. Throughout coefficient of determination analysis between material index properties from asphalt emulsion and mechanical response from bonding strength tests, performance correlativity was analyzed. RESULTS: Test results show that optimum application rate for asphalt overlay on asphalt concrete pavement (AOA) and asphalt overlay on concrete pavement (AOC) was 0.4~0.5l/m2 and 0.3~0.5l/m2, respectively. According to the curing time increment, tensile strength and shear strength of AOC were increased to 22~44% and 20~39%, respectively. AOA case also show strength increment in tensile strength (42%) and shear strength (9%). We tested the applicability of tack coat materials at the field sites, and our findings demonstrated that the bonding (for D and E) and rapid curing (for B, C, and D, E) performances were superior than others. Among material index properties, there was a high correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength test result. CONCLUSIONS : Result show that interlayer bonding strength was affected by asphalt emulsion type, application rate and curing time. AOC required slightly higher application (0.1l/m2) than AOA. Both AOA and AOC cases show higher strength at longer curing time. Up to 2hours of curing, rapid strength increments were observed, but strength increment ratio was decreased after 2hours of curing. From the observed correlation between penetration ratio and bonding strength, it is expected that penetration ratio can be used as one of important factors affecting bonding strength analysis.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the disintegration mechanism of concrete due to the infiltration of the moisture to the milling overlay pavement and to come up with a method to minimize the disintegration as well as verifying the effectiveness of the edge sealing and Fogseal method. METHODS : This study investigated the distress mechanism due to the infiltrated moisture remaining in the milling overlay pavement through chloride freezing test and verified the effectiveness of the sealing of the milling edge and fog seal methods, which have been devised to minimize the moisture infiltration, through laboratory water permeability test. Additionally, long-term pavement performance was compared for the effectiveness of the proposed method through under loading test, and field water permeability test was carried out to verify the field applicability of the proposed method. RESULTS: The result of the research confirmed that chloride deteriorates the concrete surface through disintegration and lowers its strength and that the laboratory moisture infiltration test verified the effectiveness of the milling edge sealing and fog seal methods in the deterrence of moisture infiltration to the overlay pavement with excellent long-term performance of the pavement treated with the proposed method. Although the field water permeability test revealed some deterrence of moisture infiltration of the milling edge sealing and fog seal methods to a certain extent, the difference was a little. CONCLUSIONS: The milling edge sealing and fog seal methods are limited in their effectiveness for the cases of improvident compaction management or mixture with large void, and it is believed that installation of subsurface drainage is more effective in these cases.

PURPOSES : This study is to construct the regression models of drainage asphalt concrete specimens and to provide the appropriate coefficients of hydraulic conductivity prediction models. METHODS: In terms of easy calculation of the hydraulic conductivity from porosity of asphalt concrete pavement, the estimation model of hydraulic conductivity was proposed using regression analysis. 10 specimens of drainage asphalt concrete pavement were made for measurement of the hydraulic conductivity. Hydraulic conductivity model proposed in this study was calculated by empirical model based on porosity and the grain size. In this study, it shows the compared results from permeability measured test and empirical equation, and the suitability of proposed model, using regression analysis. RESULTS: As the result of the regression analysis, the hydraulic conductivity calculated from the proposal model was similar to that resulted from permeability measured test. Also result of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) analysis, a proposed regression model is resulted in more accurate model. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed model can be used in case of estimating the hydraulic conductivity at drainage asphalt concrete pavements in fields.

PURPOSES : The PMS(Pavement Management System) has been utilized in order to efficiently allocate the limited budget for the maintenance of national highway system. In the PMS of national highway, surface pavement condition is evaluated by using the VI (Visual Index). However, the VI is determined only by considering the cracking rate (%) and rut depth (mm), which is not reflecting the IRI (International Roughness Index) that is known as an important factor of pavement performance. In this study, the NHPCI (National Highway Pavement Condition Index) which includes the cracking rate (%), rut depth (mm), and IRI (m/km) is suggested for determining the rehabilitation methods group. METHODS : First, the rehabilitation methods performed between 2008 and 2010 on the national highway is classified and then, NHPCI is determined for each rehabilitation method. Next, the NHPCI for each rehabilitation method is grouped through the interval estimation of the population mean and T-test analysis. RESULTS : According to NHPCI range, the rehabilitation methods are divided into four categories: Not Required, Preventive Maintenance, Overlay Treatment (with or without cutting), and Full-scale Treatment (i.e., reconstruction). CONCLUSIONS : Based on this study, it is recommended that the appropriate NHPCI range should be determined through the combination of the rehabilitation categories and Decision Procedure of Pavement Distress Condition Visual Index.