정읍 고사부리성은 백제 5방성 중 중방성으로 알려져 있으며, 그동안 9차례에 걸친 발굴 조사 결과와 문헌기록 등을 통해 중방성으로서의 역할이 확인된 바 있다. 그런데, 2021년 조사가 이루어진 9차 발굴조사에서 새로운 남문지가 확인됨에 따라 기 존에 알려진 남문지와의 관계 및 성격에 대해 재고해야 할 필요가 대두되었다. 본고에서는 기존 남문지에서 불과 90미터 떨어져 위치한 새로운 남문지에 대해 문지의 입지, 형태, 구조 등을 기존에 확인된 고사부리성 문지 및 백제 산성 문지와 비교를 통해 살펴보았다. 또한 문 헌기록과 발굴조사 결과를 비교하여 고사부리성 문지 운용에 대해서도 알아보았다. 기존에 확인된 남문지는 발굴조사 결과 조선시대에 사용된 흔적만이 확인될 뿐, 초축 당 시의 문지는 확인되지 않았다. 반면에 새롭게 확인된 남문지는 고사부리성 초축 외성벽과 동일한 방법(삭토법, 들여쌓기, 치석한 석재 사용)으로 축조된 문지 측벽이 확인되었으며, 입지양상 및 형태 역시도 백제 산성 문지에서 보여지는 것과 동일한 양상을 보인다. 이렇듯 새로운 남문지는 고사부리성 초축 당시부터 운용되어 오다 통일신라시대 이후로 2차례 개축된 것으로 판단되며, 고려시대까지 사용되다 조선시대에 들어서면서 문지폐쇄와 함께 성벽으로 개축되었다. 이후 폐쇄된 남문지는 서쪽으로 약 90m 가량 이동하여 기존에 알려진 남문지를 개축하여 이용한 것으로 보인다. 새롭게 확인된 남문지는 고사부리성 4개의 성문 중 성 내부로의 진입이 가장 용이하고, 성 내의 주요시설과도 멀지 않음에 따라 고사부리성의 초축 당시의 정문 역할을 했던 것으 로 판단된다.

본 논문은 중국 정치체제의 특성과 관련하여 전통적인 황제-관료체제가 오늘날 중 국공산당에 의한 ‘당국가 관료체제’ 형태로 지속되고 있음을 강조한다. 제국의 해체 와 국민국가로 재탄생한 현대 중국은 서구적 성격과 가치를 지향하는 근대국가가 아 닌 전통 체제를 계승한 ‘구체제’의 산물이며, 중국의 근대화는 자신의 역사적 경로를 체제 내로 계승하는 ‘경로의존적’ 과정이었다. 따라서 중국 체제의 전환은 근대화론 에 의한 민주주의 체제로의 전환 과정이 아닌 ‘관료제화’ 형태로 진행되고 있다.

Recently, advanced countries assessment the risk of fire to prevent large-scale damage to high-rise buildings, In addition, performance-Based design, which is a fire risk assessment, is being conducted in Korea to prevent massive damage to high-rise buildings. However, unlike advanced countries, fire risk assessment in Korea is subject to fire risk assessment only for objects subject to consent from fire-fighting facilities such as building permits, When building engineers and fire-fighting engineers assessment the risk of fire, It has always been discussed because the results vary depending on which part of the evaluation is focused between economic feasibility and safety. Therefore, in this study, we would like to propose a fire risk assessment process suitable for domestic conditions by comparing the process of performance-based design, which is a domestic fire risk assessment, and the process of Iso/TC 16732 which is an overseas fire risk assessment.

본 연구의 목적은 제자리딛기 템포와 돌려차기 유형이 응답시간에 미치는 영향을 비교 분석하는데 있다. 본 연구에는 태권도 4단이며 10년 이상 수련한 남자 15명이 참여하였다. 실험 과제는 메트로놈의 템포에 맞춰 제자리딛기를 하다가 불빛 자극이 제시되면 최대한 빠르게 돌려차기를 하는 것이다. 5가지 의 제자리딛기 템포(100, 120, 140, 160, 180 bpm)와 4가지의 돌려차기 유형(앞발 몸통 돌려차기, 앞발 얼굴 돌려차기, 뒷발 몸통 돌려차기, 뒷발 얼굴 돌려차기)에서 3회씩 총 60회를 실시하였다. 통계분석은 반복 측정 이원분산분석을 실시하였으며, 주효과의 대응별 비교는 Bonferroni를 실시하였다. 제자리딛기 템포와 돌려차기 유형의 상호작용효과가 나타났으며, 제자리딛기 템포와 돌려차기 유형에 따른 주효과도 나타났다. 160 bpm의 제자리딛기 템포에서 돌려차기의 응답시간이 제일 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 140과 160 bpm의 제자리딛기 템포에서 돌려차기 응답시간은 거의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 앞발 몸통 돌려차기의 응답시간이 빨랐다. 그리고 제자리딛기 템포와 돌려차기 유형에 따라 140 bpm의 제자리딛기 템포에서 앞발 몸통 돌려차기의 응답시간이 가장 빠른 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 돌려차기의 응답시간은 140과 160 bpm의 제자리딛기 템포에서 효과적이며, 뒷발보다는 앞발, 얼굴보다는 몸통 돌려차기가 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구를 통해 도출된 결과는 수행 향상에 유용한 정보를 제공할 것이며, 태권도 경기를 위한 전략에 도움이 될 것이다.

In this study, 102 residents in Gwangyang and Yeosu were evaluated for exposure to levels of urethral arsenic from April 2017 to June 2018. The geometric mean concentration of the urinary arsenic in the total studied was 154.30 μg/L, with the figure for the Gwangyang area being 201.18 μg/L and the figure for the Yeosu area being 200.21 μg/L, which signifies that there was no real difference between the two regions. The figures for males and females were 173.81 μg/L and 136.98 μg/L, respectively, indicating higher levels for males. In the case of males, the risk assessment of arsenic (As) showed that 0.54 does not exceed 1 and approximately 11.3% exceeded the reference value. For women, the number of hazardous materials did not exceed 1.41 and approximately 5.1% exceeded the reference value of the total arsenic exposure survey.

In this study, 40 residents of the Gwangyang and Yeosu areas were assessed for their level of exposure to heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni) from April 2017 to June 2018. The aim was to understand the differences in levels of indoor exposure to heavy metals (As, Cd, Ni), and a health risk assessment was conducted to determine whether there was any fatal cause from carcinogenic elements. The mean concentrations of PM10 particles indoors were As 0.24 μg/m3, Cd 0.07 μg/m3, and Ni 0.89 μg/m3. The health risk assessment for the arsenic, cadmium, and nickel in indoor air confirmed that the mean values exceeded the cancer risk tolerances specified by the U.S. EPA, for As (males 3.07 × 10−4, females 3.35 × 10−4), Cd (males 3.83 × 10−5, females 4.18 × 10−5), and Ni (males 6.36 × 10−5, females 6.95 × 10−5).

This study aims to analyze the effects of 4 directions of wind, wind speed, year of construction of slate roofs, installation area and other factors on the concentration and size distribution of airborne fiber particles in farmhouses with a slate roof containing asbestos. Airborne fiber particle samples were collected from the air in six houses with a slate roof containing asbestos using a high flow rate pump (10 L/min) for 2 hours, three times a day with a different condition, 72 times in total. The airborne fiber particle concentrations were measured using a phase contrast microscope, and the size of fiber particles of 72 samples in total was estimated using the mean value of those in each sample measured at 100 with a field of view. The total average concentration of fiber particles collected from in the air in four directions of the targeted farmhouses was 2.83 fiber/L, and its maximum concentration was 5.75 fiber/L, which means that among all samples there was no place that exceeded 10 fiber/L, a recommended indoor air quality standard. The average size of the fiber particles was 11.55 μm, and the maximum size was 40 μm. A multiple regression analysis of factors affecting the concentration and size of fiber particles in the air collected from the farmhouses with a slate roof containing asbestos found that the closer to the main wind direction (p<0.001) and the faster the average wind speed (p<0.05), the fiber particles concentration became significantly higher. In this case, the coefficient of determination was 52.8%. It was also found that the wider the total area of the slate roof (p<0.001) and the slower the average wind speed (p<0.05), the longer the fiber particles; the coefficient of determination for this finding was 19.6%. The concentration of fiber particles in the air of farmhouses with a slate roof appeared to be the highest under the main wind direction, and became significantly higher as the wind speed became faster. This proved that fiber particles were leaked from the slate roof. The size of the fiber particles became significantly longer as the area of the slate roof became wider and the wind speed became slower.

Pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) has attracted much attention as potential technology to reduce the overall energy consumption for reverse osmosis(RO) desalination. The RO/PRO hybrid process is considered as the most logical next step for future desalination. The PRO process aims to harness the osmotic energy difference of two aqueous solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. By using the concentrated water(RO brine) discharged from existing RO plants, the PRO process can effectively exploit a greater salinity gradient to reduce the energy cost of processing concentrated water. However, in order to use RO brine as the draw solution, PRO membrane must have high water flux and enough mechanical strength to withstand the high operational pressure. This study investigates the development of a thin film composite PRO membrane and spiral wound module for high power density. Also, the influence of membrane backing layer on the overall power density was studied using the characteristic factors of PRO membranes. Finally, the performance test of an 8-inch spiral wound module was carried out under various operating conditions(i.e. hydraulic pressure, flow rate, temperature). As the flow rate and temperature increased under the same hydraulic pressure, the PRO performance increased due to the growth of water permeability coefficient and osmotic pressure. For a high performance PRO system, in order to optimize the operating conditions, it is highly recommended that the flow pressure be minimized while the flow rate is maintained at a high level.

PURPOSES :This study was initiated to estimate the utilities of usage attributes of BRT and Bimodal Trams using a conjoint analysis method in order to identify the important features pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams.METHODS :For this purpose, important attributes and those level in the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Next, a profile questionnaire pertaining to BRT and Bimodal Trams was designed for the conjoint analysis, and a survey was conducted in the city of Sejong. Using SPSS software, conjoint analysis was performed to identify the important attributes vis｀-a-vis the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong. Finally, the utilities for individual attributes were calculated based on the models estimated by the conjoint analysis.RESULTS :The results of the conjoint analysis were used to identify the important attributes. With regard to the usage of BRT, users indicated that fare was the most important attribute with the highest utility. In the case of Bimodal Trams, the users indicated that the number of seats and internal environment were the most important attributes with the highest utilities.CONCLUSIONS :Based on the results of the conjoint analysis, the important attributes pertaining to the use of BRT and Bimodal Trams in the city of Sejong were identified. Our study indicates that BRT in the city of Sejong needs to be upgraded to improve the utilities of the important attributes. Currently, Bimodal Trams has not been introduced completely in the city of Sejong. However, in the future, when the introduction of Bimodal Trams is completed, the important attributes should be emphasized in order to improve the quality of its service.

In this study, the distribution of each facility group, the pollution level of local municipalities and the status of self-measurement were investigated and analyzed using data provided by the Ministry of Environment. It was found that most of the workplaces to be managed are facilities of sensitive class, indoor parking lots and largescale stores. The results of the survey on the total pollution level by facility group showed that the rate of contamination was the highest in the facilities where there are many sensitive users, including the subway station and the underground shopping malls. Through self-measurement, in the case of fine particle matter, it was found that it was present in amounts of 51.71 μg/m3, 50.72 μg/m3, 44.47 μg/m3 and 54.44 μg/m3 in medical institutions, day care centers, elderly care facilities and postnatal care centers, respectively. Also, there were facilities exceeding the standard in the medical institutions. However, most of the pollutants in the facilities surveyed by the municipality are higher than the self-measured concentrations, so it is necessary to examine the cause of such pollution.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the concentration of airborne asbestos fiber in the indoor and outdoor environment of a slate roofing house, and performed a health risk assessment of residents living in houses with slate roofs. Sampling was conducted at ten houses with slate roofs on 3 different days under different weather conditions. A high flow rate pump was used for sampling. The specimen was assessed using a phase-contrast microscope. The degree of risk of exposure to asbestos was assessed using EPA’s carcinogen risk assessment method. Asbestos fiber concentrations for slate roofing houses were 2.43 fiber/L inside and 2.46 fiber/L outside, respectively. The correlation between the indoor and outdoor asbestos fiber concentration was 0.486. But on both sides, the asbestos fiber concentrations did not exceed the standard (10 fiber/L) for ambient air in Korea. The factors affecting the concentration of asbestos fiber were year of construction (p<0.05), total roof area (p<0.05) and average wind velocity (p<0.01). According to EPA’s ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) on air pollution substances, a level of 1.0E-04~1.0E-06 should be maintained. However, the ELCR level of 6 out of 10 houses was over 1.0E-04. Therefore, a risk management plan for residents of slate roofing houses must be prepared immediately.

There has been increasing global interest in the environmental pollution problems produced by fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. In order to tackle these issues, new renewable energy such as solar, wind, bio gas, fuel cell and pressure retarded osmosis(PRO) have been developed extensively. Among these energy sources, PRO is one of the salinity gradient power generation methods. In PRO, energy is obtained by the osmotic pressure generated from the concentration difference between high and low concentration solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. The development for high power density PRO membranes is imperative with the purpose of commercialization. This study investigates development of thin film composite PRO membrane and spiral wound module for high power density. Also, the influence of membrane backing layer on power density was identified, and the characteristic factors of PRO membranes was determined. Different backing layers were used to improve power density. As expected, the PRO membrane with more porous backing layer showed higher power density.

In this paper which was performed to bring public attention to the need for developing an photoelectric smoke detector that detects smokes emitted from diverse fire sources, it was confirmed that the photoelectric smoke detector may not respond to certain smoke types depending on the size and color of smoke particles. The test was performed on a photoelectric smoke detector which is being used generally for specific fire targets specified in UL268, including paper fire, wood fire and flammable liquid fire, while the actual response performance of the fire detector, as well as respective smoke particles collected from different fire source which were photographed with a SEM(Scanning electron microscope) were analyzed in the test for this study.

The concentration of VOCs, NO2 was measured both inside and outside residential homes surrounding an industrial complex. Measurements were performed in the area of the industrial complexes and around 10 km away from the industrial complex area. Benzene did not exceed the air quality standard value. Toluene exhibited a high value of concentration in outdoor Yeosu investigated group. The concentration of NO2 is higher than outside concentrations of houses in both inside housing research group compared with the group of Gwangyang and Yeosu. Benzene and toluene showed high correlation (p<0.001) in the housing interior in Gwangyang, It showed a high correlation (p<0.01) in the housing interior in the comparison group. In Yeosu there was a high correlation (p<0.001) between the inside and outside of the housing in the survey group. In the control group there was only high correlation (p<0.05) in the inside of the housing.

비행청소년은 내적갈등으로 인해 내적 사회적응 속에서 감정조절의 실패와 충동성과 공격성의 표출로 범죄를 자행할 우려가 많다. 따라서 교정교화관점에서 심리적 문제를 겪고 있는 청소년들이 내재된 심리문제를 최면힐링을 통해 단기간에 효과적으로 치유할 수 있는지 여부를 연구하고자 한다. 24세 이하의 청소년들로 구성된 군대의 대다수 병사들은 일반사회의 연령, 학교 선ᆞ후배 등이 중시되는 서열문화에서 계급만이 모든 것을 우선하는 계급병영문화로 인한 문화적 충격으로 심리적 문제를 겪고 있는 것이다. 특히 관심병사들은 군 입대 전에 가지고 있던 가족문제ᆞ친구문제ᆞ과거 트라우마 등이나, 군 입대 후 계급사회로 인해 생기는 심리문제가 개인의 무의식을 자극하면서 자살이나 대형 사고를 야기 시키고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 비행청소년들처럼 심리장애를 겪고 있는 관심병사들을 대상으로 분노치유ᆞ자아탐색ᆞ미래비전 등을 주된 교육내용으로 단기간에 치유효과가 있는 것으로 판단되는 최면힐링프로그램을 수도권 군부대 협조를 받아 7회 걸쳐 총 14시간 교육하였다. 그 결과 충동성과 공격성의 완화에 통계적으로 유의한 변화가 있었으며 군부대 적응에서도 많은 개선을 보여주었다. 연구결과로 보아 최면힐링프로그램이 비행청소년같이 심리장애를 겪고 있는 관심병사에게 긍정적인 심리변화와 함께 군부대적응에도 도움이 됨에 따라 비행 및 범죄청소년의 심리치유를 위한 교정교화에도 최면힐링프로그램이 효과가 있을 것으로 판단된다.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.