The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors influencing consumers purchasing of domestic, imported and craft beer through AHP analysis and to provide implications for marketing for each beer market. In this study, theories and calculations related to AHP analysis were thoroughly examined and selection attributes were determined by referring to existing theories. A total of 164 consumers who have purchased beer were the target of the survey. The results were analyzed by AHP analysis and the differences were analyzed. It was confirmed that the domestic, imported, and craft beer had the highest weight in the taste in the first layer. At this time, we can confirm that imported, and craft beer has a relatively high weight on taste and domestic beer has a relatively high weight on brand image. We also found that design and advertising images do not have a significant impact on beer selection. Even though it is study on beer, we can find people have different preference between their orgin. In this study, it is possible to show what type of factors does the beer manufacturing and distribution company should concentrate on by analyzing factors that consumers consider, unlike other studies focusing on consumption status of existing beer.

In this study, the cooling and heating amount, temperature, flow rate of turbine type heat meter for water source heat-pump system were experimentally investigated at the standard operating conditions. The obtained cooling and heating capacity from the heat meter were deviated within 5.0%, 3.8% comparing with the precise values calculated from an accredited test facility. Even though the accumulated cooling and heating amount values of the heat meter had a small difference comparing with the precise values, the temperatures of heat meter showed greatly different values comparing with the precise temperature. Therefore, it is highly recommended to develop the heat meter which is appropriate for the water source heat pump systems.

In the international businesses human resource elements acquired in different countries might have different values in varied industries due to the different quality of education and experiences in the original countries. Using selection models to evaluate expected values in earnings equation of human resource elements such as education and experiences etc. acquired in sending countries, system equations are expanded to examine also the values of science and engineering degrees in technology jobs with selectivity bias correction. This paper used the US census survey data of 2015 on earnings, academic degrees, occupations etc. The US has long maintained the policy of accepting more STEM workers than any other countries and helped maintaining own technological leadership. Assuming per capita GDP gap between the sending country and the US downgrades immigrant human resource quality, it rarely affects occupational selection but depresses earnings on average by two or more years’ worth of education. Immigrant quality index in the sense of GDP gap appears to be a valid tool to assess the expected earnings of the worker with. Engineering degrees increase significantly the probability of selecting not only engineering jobs but also general management jobs, as well as increasing the expected earning additionally over nine years’worth of education. Getting a technology job is additionally worth about four years of education. Economics and business degrees are worth additionally almost six years of education but humanities degrees depress expected earnings. Since years after immigration does not very fast enhance earnings capacity, education level and English language ability might be more useful criteria to expect better future earnings by.

This papers focuses on remanufacturing processes in a closed loop supply chain. The remanufacturing processes is considered as one of the effective strategies for enterprises’ sustainability. For this reason, a lot of companies have attempted to apply remanufacturing related methods to their manufacturing processes. While many research studies focused on the return rate for remanufacturing parts as a control parameter, the relationship with demand certainties has been studied less comparatively. This paper considers a closed loop supply chain environment with remanufacturing processes, where highly fluctuating demands are embedded. While other research studies capture uncertainties using probability theories, highly fluctuating demands are modeled using a fuzzy logic based ambiguity based modeling framework. The previous studies on the remanufacturing have been limited in solving the actual supply chain management situation and issues by analyzing the various situations and variables constituting the supply chain model in a linear relationship. In order to overcome these limitations, this papers considers that the relationship between price and demand is nonlinear. In order to interpret the relationship between demand and price, a new price elasticity of demand is modeled using a fuzzy based nonlinear function and analyzed. This papers contributes to setup and to provide an effective price strategy reflecting highly demand uncertainties in the closed loop supply chain management with remanufacturing processes. Also, this papers present various procedures and analytical methods for constructing accurate parameter and membership functions that deal with extended uncertainty through fuzzy logic system based modeling rather than existing probability distribution based uncertainty modeling.

주택은 삶의 형태는 물론 인생의 철학이나 가치를 반영한 것이다. 또한 한 나라의 문화를 이해하려면 다른 나라의 문화도 이해 해야 한다. 이러한 점에서 한 중 일 아파트 평면의 비교는 큰 의미가 있다. 한국 , 중국 , 일본의 현대적 주거 특성을 비교하여 상대적인 정체성을 도출할 필요가 있는 것이다. 한국과 중국 그리고 일본의 경우 공통점을 공유하면서도 역사적으로 서로 다른 발전 과정을 거치면서 독자적인 주택형태를 발전시켜 왔다. 근대화 과정을 거치면서 급속한 인구증가에 따라 한국과 중국 일본이 함께 아파트가 대표적인 주거유형으로 자리 잡아 가고 있는 상황이다. 한국 중국 일본의 전통적인 공간의 개념으로 현대 사회의 아파트의 평면을 살펴 보았을 때 공통점과 차이점을 발견하고 공간을 구획함에 있어 이러한 환경이 모두 영향을 끼친다고 가정한다면 한국 중국 일본의 아파트 평면을 비교하려는 시도는 중요하다. 이번 연구에서도 전통 공간에 대한 이해방식의 하나의 사례를 선택하여 특성을 살펴 보았기 때문에 분석 결과를 일반화 하는데에는 한계가 있고, 특히 영토가 넓은 중국의 경우 다양한 아파트 평면이 나타나고 있음을 감안해 볼때 이와 같은 비교 작업의 경우는 의미가 약화될 수도 있지만,본 연구에 결과가 시사하는 바는 평면 특성의 일반화를 모색하기 보다는 앞으로 각국의 특성을 반영한 평면의 개발을 모색할 수 있는 출발점 내지 계기를 마련한다는 점에 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

Hazardous air pollutants such as NO2, VOCs and PM10 were measured Daegu, Korea in major micro-environments,where housewives spend the most of their time, and personal exposure times were estimated by using time activitypatterns and exposure scenarios. The major microenvironments of housewives were selected using the ‘Time-UseSurvey’ conducted by the National Statistical Office in Korea in 2009. A total of 4,514 (weekdays) and 3,063(weekends) housewives were recruited for the ‘Time-Use Survey.’ It seems that housewives are spending about80% of their time in the house, and about 5% of their time outdoors during weekdays and weekends. The indoor/outdoor ratio of the average concentration of NO2 was more than 1, which indicated that the source was indoors.Toluene was shown to have higher concentrations indoors than outdoors. Ethylbenzene and xylene displayedsimilar characteristics to toluene, and the concentration ratio for indoor/outdoor was shown to be 1.29 ± 0.76 and1.04 ± 0.45, respectively, higher concentrations indoors. Based on the results of the time activity patterns ofparticipants, 3 kinds of exposure scenarios were formulated. The spent time and air concentration in eachenvironment were assumed as normal and lognormal distribution, respectively. And then the Monte-Carlosimulation was conducted. According to the result of the simulation, the exposures to hazardous air pollutantsrevealed an increasing pattern as housewives visits other indoor environments such as supermarkets.

This development is non-destructive machine using X-Ray source about detecting outline faults of small-middle products. This machine is supplement of previous X-Ray equipment. This machine is satisfaction of needs for customers using X-Ray machine of a line detector for weakness. This research is for design and manufacturing of X-Ray apparatus. This machine is measuring below a meter. This research is a major ripple effect for other industries except car-industry.

This study develops a dynamic scheduling model for parallel machine scheduling problem based on genetic algorithm (GA). GA combined with discrete event simulation to minimize the makespan and verifies the effectiveness of the developed model. This research consists of two stages. In the first stage, work sequence will be generated using GA, and the second stage developed work schedule applied to a real work area to verify that it could be executed in real work environment and remove the overlapping work, which causes bottleneck and long lead time. If not, go back to the first stage and develop another schedule until satisfied. Small size problem was experimented and suggested a reasonable schedule within limited resources. As a result of this research, work efficiency is increased, cycle time is decreased, and due date is satisfied within existed resources.

당사의 사업확장을 위한 공장이전과 사업다각화를 위한 신기술 개발 및 선진기업구조를 갖추기 위한 표준화된 업무프로세스 구축 및 조직운영관리방안이 필요하여 생산 효율성 향상과 낭비요소제거를 통한 업무프로세스 개선을 통한 경영효율화 컨설팅을 진행함을 목적으로 하였다. 인터뷰와 현행 프로세스의 자료 및 수행영역을 설정하여 생산설비현황 분석, 생산현장기능 분석 등 부문별 문제점을 파악 후 추진과제를 정립하였고, 단계별 실행계획을 수립하였으며, To-Be Modeling은 부문별 추진과제를 선정하여 부문별 혁신방안을 마련하고, 기대효과를 추정하는 단계를 정립하였다. 생산설비배치현황 분석, 주요생산설비 사용현황, 생산현장 작업동선 분석, 생산현장 낭비요소 분석을 통한 현황파악으로 문제점을 분석 및 도출하였으며, 신규 Layout을 통한 시뮬레이션과 3정5S 인식정도 파악으로 추진과제를 선정하였고, 최적화 Layout 도출 및 3정5S 정신을 확립하여 기대효과를 추정하여 단계별 실행계획을 수립하여 해결책을 제시하였다.

In this study, we estimated nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) concentrations in microenvironments where residential indoor, residential outdoor, other indoors, and transportation using measured personal exposure and multiple linear regression analysis of time-weighted average model, and compared with measured NO₂ concentration in microenvironments. Measured residential indoor, outdoor and other indoor NO₂ concentration was 22.22±9.59 ppb, 23.64±9.62 ppb, and 22.07±13.90 ppb, respectively. NO₂ concentrations in residential indoor and outdoor, total outdoor, other indoor, and transportation by multiple regression analysis were significantly estimated as 20.48 ppb, 32.79 ppb, 24.35 ppb, and 28.82 ppb, respectively (p= 0.000). Measured and estimated NO₂ concentration were similar with each other, therefore NO₂ concentrations in each microenvironment were able to be estimated using time-weighted average model and personal exposure with multiple regression analysis.

This study presents residential indoor and outdoor exposure concentrations distributions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs, benzene, toluene, xylene) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in industrial area (case) and agricultural area (control) during 5 days. Concentrations of VOCs and NO₂ were measured with passive samplers in residential indoor and outdoor. Most of benzene, toluene and NO₂ mean concentrations in case area were higher than those in control area. Considering the indoor and outdoor ratios (I/O) were higher than 1, the residence might be have the sources of indoor air pollutants such as smoking and using of gas range. Residential indoor concentrations of benzene, toluene, and NO₂ with indoor smokers were higher than those and without indoor smokers. In conclusion, it is suggested that personal exposures to air pollutants might be affected by indoor sources as well as outdoor pollutants emitted from industrial complex, and indoor air quality and outdoor air quality should be simultaneously considered to reduce the personal exposure to air pollutants.

Indoor, outdoor, and personal nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) exposures were studied in a population of housewives. Daily Indoor and outdoor NO₂ concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 17 housewives for 7 consecutive days in 17 houses. In this study, indoor and outdoor NO₂ samples at home were collected only while the housewives were at home samples. Time activity patterns and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since housewives spent their times in indoor houses with mean of 78.3%, their NO₂ exposures were associated with indoor houses NO₂ levels (r= 0.89) rather than outdoor NO₂ level (r= 0.85). Contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration on personal exposure was estimated by 70.77% by using of mass balance model. The close association between measured indoor NO₂ concentrations and measured personal exposure and contribution of indoor NO₂ concentration suggests that measuring indoor concentrations of NO₂ in the home is sufficient to estimate personal exposure accurately.

The information about time spent in microenvironments plays a critical role for an exposure assessment of the person concerned, considering the personal exposure relies on the characterization of activity patterns of the population at risk and human activities impact the timing, location, and level of personal pollutant exposure. The purposes of this paper were to present indoor time activity patterns of Korean from a population-based study and to determine individual factors of time spent in microenvironments. The population based study collected time activity pattern of about 32,000 Korean for two consecutive days. The mean times spent at home, other indoors, outdoors, and transportation in related to the whole sample of 19.025 people are 14.23hrs(59.3%), 6.80hrs(28.3%), 1.26hrs(5.2%), and 1.75hrs(7.3%) in weekday, respectively. Database provides information on how the proportion of persons in different locations changes by time of day in weekday. Here, we see that over 90% of respondents were in a residence from about 11 PM to 5 AM, and the largest proportions of respondents in offices, factories, schools and public buildings occur between 8 AM and 5 PM.