This study was conducted targeting 30 residents of Gwangyang industrial complex area from April to May 2017 to assess their level of exposure to VOCs and conduct a health risk assessment for individual exposure. The aim was to understand the difference in levels of indoor, outdoor and personal exposure to VOCs (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene) and a health risk assessment was conducted to determine whether there was any fatal cause from carcinogenic or non-carcinogenic elements from a respiratory disease patients. In the case of benzene in the air, the geometric levels of the group are indoor, outdoor and personal exposure; on the CTE, RME condition and Monte-Carlo analysis, all subjects were seen to exceed the carcinogenicity tolerance of 10−6 specified by the US EPA. In the case of toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene, p-xylene, o-xylene on the CTE, RME condition and Monte-Carlo analysis, the non-carcinogenic standard of 1 was not exceeded.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the concentration of airborne particulate matter and heavy metals in the houses of the respiratory tract disease patients and a control group of residents in the city of Gwangyang. The particulate matter was measured using a mini-volume air sampler and then weighed three times using a micro balance to calculate the weighted average value. The heavy metals in the particulate matter were extracted using a hot plate and analyzed using an inductively coupled plasma/mass spectrometer. The average concentration of particulate matter in the outdoor air (34.478 μm/m3) was higher than that in the indoor air (16.794 μm/m3), showing a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The average concentration of copper, manganese and chromium in the indoor and outdoor air were higher in the houses of those in the study group than those of the control group. In addition, there was a generally high correlation between particulate matter in the outdoor air and heavy metals in the indoor and outdoor air concentration (p<0.05).

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of PM10 and O3 concentration on the symptoms of allergic diseases. The questionnaire was used to determine whether or not symptoms of allergic diseases were present from September to October 2012. The air pollution concentration data used was the corresponding point CEM (continuous emission monitoring) data. The average concentration of PM10 was 56.09 μg/m3 in the control area, and the concentration in the exposed area was 40.44 μg/m3. In the two areas, concentration of O3 was 28.73 ppb and 28.74 ppb, respectively. The total average concentrations of PM10 and O3 were 45.66 μg/m3 and 28.73 ppb in the Gwangyang area. The rate of asthma diagnosis was higher in the control area (9.6%) than in the exposed area (4.1%), but the rate of allergy eye disease was higher in the exposed area (23.9%) than in the control area (16.5%). There was a significant difference in the symptoms of some allergic diseases when the relative concentration of PM10 and O3 were high and low.

In this study, the distribution of each facility group, the pollution level of local municipalities and the status of self-measurement were investigated and analyzed using data provided by the Ministry of Environment. It was found that most of the workplaces to be managed are facilities of sensitive class, indoor parking lots and largescale stores. The results of the survey on the total pollution level by facility group showed that the rate of contamination was the highest in the facilities where there are many sensitive users, including the subway station and the underground shopping malls. Through self-measurement, in the case of fine particle matter, it was found that it was present in amounts of 51.71 μg/m3, 50.72 μg/m3, 44.47 μg/m3 and 54.44 μg/m3 in medical institutions, day care centers, elderly care facilities and postnatal care centers, respectively. Also, there were facilities exceeding the standard in the medical institutions. However, most of the pollutants in the facilities surveyed by the municipality are higher than the self-measured concentrations, so it is necessary to examine the cause of such pollution.

탄산칼슘은 칼슘 보충제 및 식품 첨가물 등으로 식품산업에 널리 활용되고 있다. 산업 또는 환경 폐기물인 조개나 굴 껍데기인 개각과 산호 등은 천연 탄산칼슘 소재이므로 이를 식품, 의약 제품 등의 상품을 개발하는 것은 부가가치가 높은 산업적으로 의미가 큰 연구다. 하지만, 탄산칼슘은 물에 대한 낮은 용해도로 인해 생체 흡수성이 떨어지는 것이 문제점으로 알려져 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 소성 가공한 후, 구연산을 첨가하여 용해도를 향상시킨 식용 가능한 패각 유래 칼슘 보충제를 개발하고자 하였다. 굴패각 유래 가공 시료로는 구리 패각을 미분 가공 후 550~1000°C에서 산화 소성을 거쳐 마그네슘을 첨가 후 400~1000°C에서 환원 소성한 시료(CS1, CaO 30%)와 이에 구연산을 첨가한 시료 (CS2) 두 가지를 준비하였고, 이들의 물리화학적 특성을 나노 레벨의 섬유상 탄산칼슘(CS3, CaO 40%)과 시중에 판매되고 있는 산호 유래 시판 칼슘 보조제인 코랄 칼슘(CS4)과 비교 분석하였다. 용해도 측정은 시료를 20°C에서 증류수 50 mL에 시료 0.1 g을 넣고 흔들어 방치한 후, 2.5 μm paper filter로 필터링 한 시료 10 mL과 증류수 10 mL의 무게 차이로 측정하였으며, 이를 100°C에서 12시간 동안 건조 후 측량한 시료의 무게로 확인하였다. 준비된 시료 중 CS3의 용해도(0.72 mg/g)가 가장 높았고 CS2 (0.42 mg/g), CS1 (0.5 mg/g), CS4 (0.06 mg/g)의 순으로 물에 잘 용해되지 않았다. 수산화칼슘이나 산화칼슘이 물에 용해되면 강염기를 나타내는 것으로 알려져 있는데, 관찰된 시료별 용해도의 차이가 pH에 영향이 있는지 확인하기 위해 용해된 용액의 pH를 측정하였다. 그 결과 CS1(12.5) CS2(12.4) CS3(9.5) CS4(8.8)의 순으로 높은 pH를 나타내어 용해도 차이로 인해 pH의 차이가 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 수산화칼슘의 경우, 수용액상 강염기를 나타내기 때문에 항균 능력이 있는 것으로 알려져 있으므로 용해도에 따라 그 항균력의 차이가 나타날 것으로 생각되어 시료별 항균성 실험을 진행하였다. LB 배지에 액체배양한 대장 균을 20 μm분주하여 도말해주고 그 위에 다시 각각의 시료를 분주하여 도말해서 48시간 배양한 결과 CS1, CS3에서는 항균성이 나타났지만 CS2, CS4에서는 항균성이 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같은 현상이 산화칼슘이 용해되어 수산화칼슘이나 탄산칼슘으로 변화되고, 또 결정의 구조 변화에 기인한 것인지 알아보기 위해 XRD를 이용하여 그 구조를 분석하였다. 그 결과, CS1, CS2는 CaCO3-Rhombohedral, CaO Lime-Cubic, 그리고 Ca(OH)2-Hexagonal 세 가지로 구성되어 있고 수산화칼슘의 비중이 CS2 보다 CS1에서 더 높았다. CS3는 CaCO3-Rhombohedral과 Ca(OH)2-Hexagonal 두 가지로 구성되었으며 대부분이 탄산칼슘으로 되어있다. CS4는 CaCO3-Rhombohedral의 단일 성분으로 구성되었다.

In this study, we analyzed the concentration of cadmium and mercury in urine and lead in blood from 668 residents in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang-si and Yeosu-si, from July 2013 to December 2015. According to the lifestyle (past smoking, current smoking, passive smoking, drinking and exercise), the concentration of cadmium in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. However, the concentration of cadmium in urine according to the lifestyle except drinking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking and current smoking, the concentration of mercury in urine was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang, but the passive smoking, drinking and exercise showed similar concentration levels both in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang. The concentration of mercury in urine according to the past smoking and current smoking was higher in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu, but the concentration of mercury in urine according to the drinking and exercise was lower in the exposed areas than in the compared areas in Yeosu. According to the past smoking, the concentration of lead in blood showed similar concentration levels in the exposed and compared areas in Gwangyang, but regarding current and passive smoking, it was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Gwangyang. Especially, the concentration of lead in blood according to the drinking in Gwangyang showed statistically significant difference (p<0.05). The concentration of lead in blood according to the lifestyle was higher in the compared areas than in the exposed areas in Yeosu.

This study measured and analyzed the heavy metal (Cd, As) content of fine dust in the city of Gwangyang, Jeonnam from September 19 to September 22, 2016. For cadmium, the arithmetic average was 0.21 ng/m3 (0.12~0.49 ng/ m3), which did not exceed the WHO's recommended level. The average of arsenic was 2.41 ng/m3 (0.30~142.08 ng/ m3) and the geometric mean was 11.18 ng/m3, which exceeded the WHO's recommended standard in 16 out of 24 measurements. In the case of cadmium, the CTE of male was 9.22 × 10−8 RME 1.91 × 10−7 and the female CTE was 9.44 × 10−8 RME 1.92 × 10−7, which did not exceed the EPA limit of CTE 2.18 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 for men and CTE 2.23 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 For women, CTE 2.23 × 10−5 RME 1.51 × 10−4 results were obtained, which exceeded the EPA's recommended limit and also exceeded the maximum allowable limit of 10-4.

We measured VOCs and NO2 in the indoor and outdoor air at 125 houses in Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangnamdo, from March 2007 to January 2008. The concentration of benzene measured in the Gwangyang survey group was higher than in Yeosu and Hadong, and showed a statistically significant difference from Yeosu (p<0.05). The concentration of toluene in outdoor air was highest in the Gwangyang survey group. The concentration of NO2 measured in the Yeosu survey group was higher than in Gwangyang and Hadong, and showed a statistically significant difference from Hadong (p<0.01). According to the results of a correlation analysis, VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene) exposure of individuals showed a significant correlation with the residential indoor air (p<0.01). Also, VOCs of residential indoor and outdoor air showed a significant correlation (p<0.01). The concentration of NO2 exposure of individuals measured in the Yeosu comparison group showed a high correlation with the residential indoor air.

The concentration of VOCs, NO2 was measured both inside and outside residential homes surrounding an industrial complex. Measurements were performed in the area of the industrial complexes and around 10 km away from the industrial complex area. Benzene did not exceed the air quality standard value. Toluene exhibited a high value of concentration in outdoor Yeosu investigated group. The concentration of NO2 is higher than outside concentrations of houses in both inside housing research group compared with the group of Gwangyang and Yeosu. Benzene and toluene showed high correlation (p<0.001) in the housing interior in Gwangyang, It showed a high correlation (p<0.01) in the housing interior in the comparison group. In Yeosu there was a high correlation (p<0.001) between the inside and outside of the housing in the survey group. In the control group there was only high correlation (p<0.05) in the inside of the housing.

This study was conducted to monitor and evaluate microbial contamination during manufacturing process in 6 red pepper powder factories. Red pepper powder samples were taken from manufacturing facilitates, working area and workers’ hands to determine sanitary indicator bacteria (SIB) such as aerobic bacteria and coliform group as well as pathogenic indicator bacteria (PIB) such as Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus cereus. The results indicated that SIB in primary materials was detected as low as 3 log units and E.coil and Staphylococcus aureus of PIB were detected. After grinding process, aerobic bacteria, fungi, and coliform group increased 52% and 108%, respectively. In final products, PIB was not detected except for one found Staphylococcus aureus by which workers’ hands were contaminated. Moreover, UV detectors in all the manufacturers were not able to reduce bacteria. Thus, this data suggest that a stringent safety management be needed to prevent cross contamination, and also reconsider effectiveness of facility.