Background: At present time, smartphones have become very popular and powerful devices, and smartphone applications with the good validity have been designed to assess human balance ability. Objects: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of smartphone acceleration in the assessment of postural control ability for six different conditions. Methods: Twenty healthy college-aged individuals volunteered. Static balance ability was measured twice with one-day interval using smartphone application and 3D motion capture system under the six different conditions. Results: Dominant frequencies for each test condition did not show significant differences except for two conditions. The intra-rater correlation coefficient between the first and second tests showed high correlations in six conditions(r>.70, p<.05). Smartphone acceleration and the acceleration calculated from the 3D marker position data showed high correlation coefficient(r>.80, p<.001). Conclusion: Acceleration recorded from a smartphone could be useful assessment variables for balance test in the clinical field.

Background: Assessments of Sit-to-Stand (STS) and gait functions are essential procedures in evaluating level of independence for the patients after stroke. In a previous study, we developed the software to analyze center of pressure (COP) in standing position on Wii Balance Board (WBB). Objects: This purpose of this study is to measure test-retest reliability of ground reaction forces, COP and time using WBB on STS and gait in healthy adults. Methods: Fifteen healthy participants performed three trials of STS and gait on WBB. The time (s), vertical peak (%) and COP path-length (㎝) were measured on both tasks. Additionally, counter (%), different peak (%), symmetry ratio, COP x-range and COP y-range were analyzed on STS, 1st peak (%), 2nd peak (%) of weight were analyzed on gait. Intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error measurement (SEM) and smallest real difference (SRD) were analyzed for test-retest reliability. Results: ICC of all variables except COP path-length appeared to .676∼.946 on STS, and to .723∼.901 on gait. SEM and SRD of all variables excepting COP path-length appeared .227∼8.886, .033∼24.575 on STS. SEM and SRD excepting COP path-length appeared about .019∼3.933, .054∼11.879 on gait. Conclusion: WBB is not only cheaper than force plate, but also easier to use clinically. WBB is considered as an adequate equipment for measuring changes of weight bearing during balance, STS and gait test which are normally used for functional assessment in patients with neurological problems and elderly. The further study is needed concurrent validity on neurological patients, elderly patients using force plate and WBB.

One of the most important elements in games is 'fun'. According to the Flow theory, when the proper ability and challenge are combined at the optimum shape, game users can reach the stage of 'fun' with being fully absorbed. MMORPG satisfy the users making them have fun, using tools such as vicarious satisfaction by various role performances of various occupational clusters, self-display and diversity of the story through many quests. This study investigates the composition and characteristics of MMORPG, provide a model which calculates game balance according to the occupations and roles of the game characters and verify the validity by applying this model into the actual game. MMORPG is basically based on human behaviors. That is to say, it is possible to make balance evaluation model because the abilities needed for battle and adventure are within our imagination. For example, in the battle, 'power' is needed basically, 'speed' is also needed for quick movement and skillful technique, 'intelligence' and 'wisdom' are needed for more difficult techniques, 'strength' is needed to live on and 'charisma' is needed to make relationships. Thus, general six abilities are available, and based on these, by itemizing the contents composing the battle, the study attempted to provide the final battle balance evaluation model. Therefore, in order to make balance among these offenses and defenses and to compare the figures by unified ones, ICF (Integrated Comparative Figures) is hereby defined.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of the Stroke Rehabilitation Assessment of Movement (STREAM), the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) in the acute stroke care setting. Twenty patients with their first stroke were evaluated using STREAM, BBS, and MBI initially and at 4 weeks. The data was analyzed using the independent t-test, paired t-test, and the Pearson product moment correlation analysis. The scores on the STREAM were strongly associated with the scores on both the BBS and MBI (with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from .88 to .95), and there was significant improvement between the initial scores and those obtained four weeks later for STREAM, BBS, and MBI (p=.001, p=.001, p<.001). The results suggest that STREAM may be able to reflect functional recovery and to assess voluntary movement in patients who have suffered an acute stroke.

Balance is a complex motor skill that depends on interactions between multiple sensorimotor processes and environmental and functional contexts. Many rehabilitation specialists believe that balance assessment under multitask conditions may be a more sensitive indicator of balance problems and falls than balance assessment in a single-task context. Functional Gait Assessment has many tasks that allow for testing under multitask conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity between the Functional Gait Assessment (FGA), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and Timed "Up & Go" Test (TUG) in patients with stroke. One hundred and five participants with at least 3 months post stroke and able to walk at least 6 m with or without a mono cane, participated in this study. Concurrent validity between the FGA, BBS, and TUG was assessed using Spearman rank order correlation. The FGA correlated with the BBS (r=.80, p<.01) and TUG (r=-.77, p<.01). The good and moderate correlation between the FGA, BBS, and TUG establishes the concurrent validity of the FGA in patients with stroke. These measures provide clinicians with valuable information about patients' functional balance capabilities.

목적 : 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 4점 척도인 뇌졸중 자세 평가 척도(Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke: PASS) 와 5점 척도인 버그 균형 척도(Berg Balance Scale, BBS)를 3점 척도로 단순화시켜 원본 PASS, BBS와 특성을 비교하고 신뢰도 및 타당도를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 만성뇌졸중 환자 62명을 대상으로 PASS(0-1-2-3)는 PASS-3Level(0-1.5-3)로 BBS( 0-1-2- 3-4)는 BBS-3Level(0-2-4)로 기록하여 비교하였다. PASS-3L과 BBS-3L 평가의 측정자내·측정자간 신 뢰도는 급간내 상관계수를(ICC3,1), 절대적 신뢰도는 표준 오차 측정(Standard Error Measurement: SEM)과 최 저 실제 차이(Small Reference Differences: SRD)를 이용하였고, 내적 일치도를 알아보기 위하여 Cronbach’s α 계수를 구하였다. PASS(PASS-3L), BBS(BBS-3L)의 동시 타당도와 수정된 바델 지수(Modified Barthel Index, MBI)와 퓨글 마이어 운동(Fugl Meyer-Motor: FM-M)과의 수렴 타당도를 알아보기 위하여 피어슨 상관 분석을 하였다. 결과 : PASS-3L과 BBS-3L의 검사 재검사 신뢰도는 각각 ICC = .96, .96, 측정자간 신뢰도는 각각 ICC = .95, .94이었다. PASS-3L과 BBS-3L의 SEM은 각각 .99, 1.55, SRD는 1.74, 4.30, Cronbach's α계수는 .77, .85로 신뢰도가 높게 나타났다. PASS-3L의 동시 타당도는 PASS(r=.93), BBS(r=.75), BBS-3L(r=.80)과 유의한 관 련이 있었고, BBS-3L은 PASS(r=.80)와 BBS(r=.93)와 유의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<.01). PASS-3L의 수렴 타당도는 MBI(r=.60), FM-M(r=.42)과 유의한 관련이 있었고, BBS-3L은 MBI(r=.79), FM-M(r=.48)와 유 의한 상관관계가 있었다(p<.01). 결론 : 2개의 단순화된 PASS-3L과 BBS-3L은 PASS, BBS와 비교하여 매우 높은 신뢰도와 타당도를 보여 뇌졸 중 환자의 균형을 평가하는데 적합하다고 할 수 있다.

The present study was aimed at investigating the postural control ability of volleyball players with functional ankle instability. The subjects were 26 male volleyball players were divided into 2 groups (13 subjects with functional ankle instability and 13 subjects with ankle stability) who could evaluate Questionnaire. All the male participants were tested by a Balance Master System. This study were to measure of static balance ability, dynamic balance ability, motor function the difference between functional ankle instability group and control group. Ankle instability group and stable group in postural sway (°/sec) on film surface with eye closed in modified clinical test sensory interaction on balance, and left unilateral stance with eye opened and closed were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in limit of stability were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in left/right rhythmic weight shirt were significantly different (p<.05). The ankle instability group and stable group in turn time (sec) & turn sway (°) during step/quick turn and end sway (°/sec) in tandem walk were significantly different (p<.05). This study showed that volleyball players with functional ankle in stability were effected postural control ability by static balance & dynamic balance ability. Further study is needed to measure various athletic with functional ankle instability for clinical application.

The grid-based water balance of watershed scale was assessed in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment in Jeju Island after analyzing precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff from January 2008 to December 2013. The existing results of direct runoff, evapotranspirtion, and groundwater recharge comparing to precipitation were presented 22.0%, 25.6%, and 52.4%, respectively, in Pyosun catchment. However, this study indicated each component shows 14.5%, 24.2%, and 61.0%, respectively, in the mountainous area of Pyosun catchment. Therefore, groundwater recharge rate in the mountainous area appears higher than 10% comparing to the overall catchment. It would be analyzed that the amount of direct runoff is relatively small. Moreover, this difference could be generated because of the spatial discontinuities in the process of estimating the total amount of precipitation in the mountainous area. Therefore, the grid-based spatial analysis to maximize the spatial continuity would be useful for providing a more reasonable result when the total amount of water resources are evaluated in mountainous areas in the future.

A mass balance of process was calculated by using the analysis of basic unit and environmental assessment of all the processes of Busan fashion color industry cooperative that operates a combined heat and power plant and a bio treatment plant. The mass balance for the combined heat and power plant was done, based on boiler and water treatment processes while each unit reactor was used for the bio treatment plant. From the results above, a resource recycle network, a treatment flowchart for food waste water/wastewater treatment and a carbon reduction program were established.

본 연구는 기후변화에 따른 수자원 영향평가를 위해 적합한 수문모형을 선택하고 지역기후모형인 SNURCM에서 생성한 모의기상자료로 유출량을 생성하여 모의정확성을 평가하였다. 4개의 월 물수지모형과 두개의 일 유출모형을 이용하여 대청댐 상류유역의 유입량 모의능력을 비교한 결과 abcd모형이 월 물수지모형 중에서는 가장 뛰어났고, 국내에서 널리 사용되고 있는 일 유출모형인 SSARR와 비슷한 모의정확성을 보였다. 다음으로 abcd모형을 금강유역의 12개 소유

본 연구에서는 산림식생에 따른 장기적인 측면에서의 유역 물수지 영향을 살펴보기 위하여 보청천 유역을 대상유역으로 선정하고, 준분포형 매개변수 모형인 SWAT 모형을 적용하여, 침엽수와 활엽수에 따른 증발산, 지표유출, 중간유출, 기저유출, 총 유출의 차이를 검토하였다. 먼저 SWAT 모형내 식생 생장 알고리즘을 수정하여 연중 일정한 엽면적지수를 갖는 국내 침엽수림의 생장 특성을 반영할 수 있도록 하였으며, 대상유역을 하나의 토지피복을 갖는 가상의 유역으