A company’s collaborative competence to seamlessly engage with its customers within the service industry becomes one of the primary sources of competitive advantage. Increasingly more customers expect more personalized and contextualized services to maximize the value they can obtain from each transaction, and companies are actively seeking opportunities to listen and learn from customers to enhance their value proposition. Scholars in the service marketing literature suggest that service recovery encounter represent one of the situations where a company can effectively leverage its collaborative competence to restore the company-customer relationship damaged due to an initial service failure. One of the important benefits customers can obtain from actively engaging in recovery is enhanced control. However, they are required to put additional personal resources which count as an increased cost for customers. Also, depending on the nature of a collaborative outcome (positive vs. negative), customers tend to ascribe responsibility differently (more credit to oneself for a positive result and less blame for an adverse result). This study attempts to 1) investigate the role of enhanced control and increased self-effort in customers’ equity perception toward a service recovery encounter and 2) examine how attributional bias intervene in the process. A 2 x 2 web-based experiment with a service recovery scenario was designed and administered to collect the data. The results indicate that when the resulting outcome is not desirable, the increased self-effort from customers counteracts the positive effect of enhanced control. When the recovery outcome is positive, on the other hand, customers with a low level of involvement in recovery process tend to overestimate their self-effort. However, such effect does not exist for customers with a high level of engagement. This study contributes to the extant literature by contemplating adverse impacts of effort and positive impacts of empowering customers with more control. It also provides valuable insight into the usefulness of customer engagement as a pre-emptive recovery strategy.

해상풍은 장기간동안 인공위성 산란계와 마이크로파 복사계를 주로 활용하여 관측되어왔다. 반면 위성 고도계산출 풍속 자료의 중요성은 산란계의 탁월한 해상풍 관측 성능으로 인해 거의 부각되지 않았다. 인공위성 고도계 풍속 자료는 해수면고도를 산출하기 위한 해상상태편차(sea state bias) 보정항의 입력 자료로서 활용됨에 따라 높은 정확도가 요구된다. 본 연구에서는 인공위성 고도계(GFO, Jason-1, Envisat, Jason-2, Cryosat-2, SARAL) 풍속을 검증하고 오차 특성을 분석하기 위하여 이어도 해양과학기지와 마라도, 외연도 해양기상부이의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 2007년 12월부터 2016년 5월까지 총 1504개의 일치점 자료를 생성하였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 풍속은 1.59 m s−1의 평균 제곱근오차와 −0.35 m s−1의 음의 편차를 보였다. 해양실측 풍속에 대한 고도계 해상풍 오차를 분석한 결과 고도계 해상풍은 풍속이 약할 때 과대추정되며 풍속이 강할 때 과소추정되는 특징을 보였다. 위성-실측 자료 간의 거리에 따른 고도계 풍속 오차를 분석한 결과 구간별 오차의 최댓값과 최솟값의 차는 거리에 따라 점차 증가하였다. 고도계 풍속의 정확도 향상을 위하여 분석된 오차 특성을 기반으로 보정식을 유도한 후 고도계 풍속을 보정하였다. 보정 전후의 풍속 자료를 활용하여 해상상태편차를 산출하였으며 Jason-1의 해상상태편차에 대한 해상풍 오차 보정의 영향을 확인하였다.

The implanting of metal products is performed with numerous surface treatments because of toxicity and adhesion. Recently, the surface modification of metal products has been actively studied by coating the surface of the TiC or TiN film. We prepared a Ti(10%)Ag Target which may be used in dental oral material by, using the AIP(arc ion plating) system TiAgN coating layer that was deposited on Ti g.23. The purpose of this study was to establish the optimal bias voltage conditions of the coated TiAgN layer formed by the AIP process. The TiAgN coatings were prepared with different bias voltage parameters (0V to −500V) to investigate the effect of bias voltage on their mechanical and chemical properties. The SEM(scanning electron microscope), EDS(energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer), XRD(X-ray diffraction), micro-hardness, and potentiodynamic polarization were measured and the surface characteristics of the TiAgN coating layers were evaluated. The TiAgN coating layer had different mechanical characteristics based on the bias voltage, which also showed differences in thickness and composition.

Research on country-of-origin (COO) effects, or the impact that stereotyped perceptions about nations have on product evaluations and purchase intentions (Nebenzahl, Jaffe, and Lampert 1997), has been heralded as one of the most widely researched topics in international marketing. Whereas the vast majority of studies focused on the general image of a country that triggers the COO effect (Roth and Diamantopoulos 2009; Usunier and Cestre 2007), in light of recent criticisms (e.g., Samiee 2010; 2011; Usunier 2006; 2011), latest literature takes on a narrower perspective by arguing that a company can primarily benefit from the COO effect if consumers believe that the country is a prototypical origin of products in that category (e.g., Switzerland for watches, France for fashion, Germany for engineering). This concept is also referred to as product ethnicity, or the extent of product-country matches (Roth and Romeo 1992; Tseng and Balabanis 2011; Usunier and Cestre 2007). Apart from country characteristics, recent research suggests to consider consumer characteristics at the same time (Josiassen 2011; Riefler, Diamantopoulos, and Siguaw 2012). Indeed, some scholars even argue that COO only matters for certain consumer segments such as ethnocentric consumers (Samiee 2010; 2011). For ethnocentric consumers, knowing the origin of the products they purchase is important because not buying domestic is considered as inappropriate because it causes harm to the domestic economy (Shimp and Sharma 1987). This research aims to clarify how product ethnicity as a form of typicality influences and interacts with consumer ethnocentrism on preferences for domestic products. A controlled experiment with data drawn from a representative US household panel indicates that COO does matter, but, as expected, is contingent on both product typicality and consumer ethnocentrism. Based on realistic choices among several rental car options with varying degrees of typicality, we find that product typicality moderates the impact of consumer ethnocentrism on preferences towards domestic such that domestic country bias will be particularly strong when foreign products have a higher typicality. Furthermore, consumers prefer foreign products with a high typicality over foreign products with a low typicality if they are not ethnocentric. While such behaviour is rational, consumer ethnocentrism eventually neutralizes and even reverses the influence of foreign typicality on consumers’ preferences in that highly ethnocentric consumers rather choose foreign products of lower typicality than foreign products of higher typicality. The main contribution of our paper is three-fold. On the theoretical front, our paper extends research on home country bias and product ethnicity by offering insights related to the boundary conditions of COO effects, in light of special consumer segments such as ethnocentric consumers. On the methodological front, we offer an innovative way of analyzing COO effects that can overcome many criticisms raised on extant COO research. We thus offer a solution to Samiee’s (2009) call for more research using ecologically appropriate designs when analyzing COO effects. Finally, our paper has clear managerial implications. More concretely, our findings imply that also firms originating from countries with a favorable origin have to be careful when actively marketing their origin abroad, as they might be rejected by certain consumer segments.

The purpose of this study was to investigate inter- and intra- rater reliability in an interview and a computerized oral test. It was also examined whether rater characteristics influenced on their reliability and biases, and finally the scores of both tests were compared with those of the Versant test using an automated computer rating system. For the study, the data from 21 Korean university students and 18 Korean or native speakers of English raters with various characteristics were collected. Some of the main findings from the study were as follows. First, rater severity was significantly different in each test, but each rater consistently graded on both tests suggesting lower inter-rater reliability and higher intra-rater reliability. Secondly, rater severity was impacted by the rater characteristics such as mother tongue, gender, age, and major. Lastly, there existed a positive correlation among the scores of the three tests, indicating that the scores of human beings and computers are strongly related.

중위도 기압골과 태풍 이동속도와의 상호작용에 대한 예측에서 한국기상청 전구자료동화예측시스템(GDAPS) 모델 바이어스 경향을 알아보기 위해 태풍 산바 사례가 선정되었다. 이 연구는 태풍 분석 및 예측 시스템(TAPS) 및 기상정보시스템-3(COMIS-3)에 저장된 태풍자료로부터 2012년 9월 15일 00UTC로 초기화 된 한국 기상청 GDAPS 분석장과 예측장을 사용하였다. 먼저 해면기압장은 500 hPa 제트구역과 연관하여 중위도 하층 저기압이 발생됨을 보여주었다. 이후 태풍 산바가 중위도 지역으로 들어온 후, 태풍의 이동속도가 증가될 것이라 예측되었다. 특히, 태풍 산바가 9월 17일 00UTC와 06UTC에 전향을 할 시점에 태풍 산바는 중위도 기압골 전면에서 중위도 서풍대와 상호작용을 하였다. 반면, 기상청 GDAPS 해면기압 예측장은 하층 중위도 저기압의 강도를 분석장보다 약하게 예측하였다. 결국 태풍 산바의 이동속도에 영향을 주는 중위도 순환은 분석장보다 느리게 나타났다. 이 순환은 500 hPa에서 제트가 약화됨으로서 증명되었다. 이런 이유로, 기상청 GDAPS 예측장은 태풍 산바가 중위도 기압골과 상호작용함으로써 느린 이동속도의 바이어스를 나타내었다.

청색 발광대역을 갖는 Polyfluorene Polymer(PFO) 베이스 Blue-OLED의 PFO Emitting layer에 YAG형광체를 분산시켜, Blue light와 Down-conversion 된 Yellow light를 얻고 이들의 보색혼합으로 백색광을 얻는 W-OLED 소자를 제작하였다. 소자의 기본구조는 5층의 적층구조를 가지며 cathode(Al)/YAG@PFO/TPD/TiOPc/Anode(ITO)의 단순한 구조로 기판유리를 제외하고 1000nm 이하의 두께로 제작이 가능한 초박막 구조의 W-OLED이다. YAG 형광체가 분산된 W-OLED의 전류밀도는 형광체가첨가되지 않은 경우에 비하여 약 2배 이상의 전류밀도증가를 나타내었다. 이는 첨가된 YAG 형광체의 표면전하에 기인한 것으로 생각된다. 전류밀도의 증가는 청색발광 휘도의 증가와 함께 down-conversion된 황색광이 증가하여 B+Y=White 보색 혼합된 백색광이 방출되었다. 적절한 동작을 위한 소자의 동작전압은 전류밀도 증가량의 변화율에서 주목할 만한 특이점이 나타나지 않는 전압범위인 15V-25V 구간으로 판단된다.

Traditionally, under the Korean Patent Law, the test for non-obviousness of an invention has merely required a simple comparison of prior arts and an invention at the issue in light of the purpose, structure, and effect without clear and objective criteria for both factual and legal inquiries. In contrast, the EPO has developed the problem-solution approach and would have been approach to determine the inventive step, while the U.S patent Law has made a significant change to the TSM test through the KSR. v.Teleflex case. Fortunately, the Supreme Court and the Patent Court have recently addressed more specific criteria for assessment of non-obviousness. The Supreme Court made it clear that they may not read into prior art the teachings of the invention in issue in determining whether it would have been obviousness at the time the invention was filed to a person having ordinary skill in the pertinent art in its decision of 2006hu138. This decision is the first case the Supreme Court explicitly mentioned impermissible hindsight bias. And in its decision of 2005hu3284, the Supreme Court held that to determine the question of obviousness for an invention that combined old elements, the court should consider; (1) suggestion, motivation in prior arts as well as other objective indicia such as (2) state of art when patent application was filed, (3) trend of technology development, and (4) long-felt need for invention. In its decision of 2006hur6099, the Patent Court took a position similar to the EPO’s problem-solution approach and held that the court must find the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the matter as a whole would have been obvious. Even though each of above cases has addressed the non-obviousness standard from a different angle, the underlying ideas suggest that the Supreme Court will provide more objective criteria that guarantee the uniformity and predictability of the non-obviousness determination sooner than later.

본 연구는 다 OJ한 편견의 대상 중 혼혈인에 대한 대학생 집단의 편견의 양상을 알아봄으로서， 편견의 감소를 위한 反偏見교육의 필요성을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 전국 대학생 589명을 대상으로 수집한 자료를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다.첫째， 대학생들은 우리나라에 혼혈인에 대한 편견이 존재한다고 인정하며 차별의 주요 원인을 외모에서 오는 차이로 지적하였다. 그리고 미래사회에 혼혈인의 증가가 예상되며 이에 대한 정부차원의 준비가펼요하다고보고있다.둘째， 대학생들은 백인계와 일본계 혼혈인에 대해서는 호감도， 인상， 성품， 능력면에서 긍정적으로 보고 있으며， 상대적으로 흑인계， 중국계， 동남아시아계 혼혈인에 대해서는 부정적인 인상을 많이 가지고있었다. 특히 각 인종을 막론하고 비합리적이고 부정적인 감정을 표현하고 있다.셋째， 주변의 인간관계에서 혼혈인과의 접촉빈도와 편견양상의 관계를 분석한 결과 접촉빈도가 많을수록 혼혈인에 대한 편견의 정도가 낮은 것으로 나타났다.본 연구에서는 대학생들이 표면적으로 혼혈인에 대한 편견은 없어져야 한다고 생각하면서도， 실제로는이들에에 대해 편견을 가지고 있고 특히 인종에 따라 편견의 양상에 차이가 있다는 것을 확인했다. 이를통해 혼혈인에 대한 편견을 없애기 위한 반편견 교육과정 도입이 필요함을 시시하고 있다.

Chromium nitride (CrN) films were deposited on silicon substrate by RF magnetron sputtering assisted by inductive coupled nitrogen plasma without intentional substrate heating. Films were deposited with different levels of bombarding energy by nitrogen ions (N+) to investigate the influence of substrate bias voltage (Vb) on the growth of CrN thin films. XRD spectra showed that the crystallographic structure of CrN films was strongly affected by substrate bias voltage. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) results showed that surface roughness and grain size of the CrN films varied significantly with bias voltage. For - 80 Vb depositions, the CrN films showed bigger grain sizes than those of other bias voltage conditions. The lowest surface roughness of 0.15 nm was obtained from the CrN films deposited at .130 Vb.

경사의 사선방향으로 절단하여 봉제된 바이어 컷 직물로 제조된 의류는 일반 의류와 달리 우아한 외관을 나타낸다. 이 직물의 단점은 형태안정성이 나빠서 완제품의 형태가 패턴의 형태와 다른 모양을 나타내는 경우가 많으며, 특히 밑단 부분이 불균일하게 쳐지므로, 가지런히 절단하는 트리밍 공정을 부가적으로 거치게 된다. 현재의 봉제 공정에서는 트리밍 단계를 모두 숙련공들의 수작업에 의존한 평면 커팅 방법으로 수행하기 때문에 작업자의 피로도에 따라 불량품이 양산되고 그에 따른 소비자들의 불만 요인도 높아지므로, 본 연구에서는 치수조절 마네킹을 제조하여 실제 의복 착용 상태를 그대로 재현한 후, 회전시키면서 스스로 회전하는 자동 커터에 의해서 공간상에서 트리밍하는 3-D 입체 시스템을 개발하였다. 이 시스템에 의하여 제조된 의류는 트리밍 라인이 균일하고 매끄러우며, 안감이 밖으로 밀려나오는 경우가 없어 품위가 있는 외관을 나타내었다. 또한 수작업에 비하여 제조 속도가 훨씬 빠르므로 봉제 후공정에서의 의류 제조 시간을 획기적으로 단축하는 신속 생산 시스템의 요소로서 충분히 사용될 수 있는 가능성을 나타냈다.