This paper is demonstrative of values and the imbibed strength of values observed along the value chains of organizations studied by the authors in past two years. The paper is projective of an intense relationship of values based business ethics observed along the value chains of the organizations concerned with the context and the soul of the conventional definition of marketing given by American Marketing Association in 2007. The value chain of a prominent consumer product’s marketers studied through reflexive research approach exemplifies that how business ethics based on values helped in evolving activities, institutions and processes for creating, communicating, delivering and exchanging offerings that have value for the customers, clients, partners and society at large which is actually the definition of marketing be American Marketing Association: Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. (Approved July 2013) Similar observations in the value chains and the marketing process of other organizations validated the fact that if values driven business ethics is followed along the value chain the context of 2007 definition of Marketing gets enlivened.

Business model of direct selling is the dynamic and complex multi-level structure. Interpersonal face-to-face communication is the key value creation aspect of direct selling business model. Nowadays more and more sellers employ virtual communication channels instead of face-to-face, thus hindering a traditional relational element. The study explores whether usage of Internet technologies for communication with customers brings benefits or extinguish the direct selling industry. The research is based on the quantitative analysis of all-country paper based survey from 5694 respondents. The statistical analysis of total sample revealed that usage of Internet in general does not give advantages for distributors. However, usage of person-to-person internet communication tool, such as e-mail, allows achieving better performance as measured by earnings per hour worked. Surprising is the fact that the most successful young distributors (at the age under 35 years) do not use internet for communication with customers at all. For distributors over 35 years old neither internet nor e-mail usages have got impact on performance. In rural areas users of internet communication tools show lower performance results. In big cities usage of e-mail provides significantly higher performance, but general usage of internet does not. Consequently, the effects from usage of internet technologies for communication with customers are achieved in case of person-to-person communication. Moreover the most productive sellers give priority to the live communication.

본 연구는 경영자의 사업에 대한 가치관을 경제적 가치관과 사회적 가치관으로 구분하고, 두 가치관이 교육훈련 투자(교육훈련 총액, 교육훈련 방법 다양성)에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 하였다. 그리고 경영 자의 사업 가치관과 교육훈련 투자의 관계에서 불확실한 환경과 전년도 경영성과를 조절변수로 설정하여 환경 및 재정적 여건들 하에서 교육훈련 투자에 대한 경영자 사업 가치관의 영향력을 확인하고자 하였다. 조사는 군산 소재 500여 개의 중소기업 경영자들을 대상으로 사업 가치관과 교육훈련 투자(금액 및 방법)에 대해 설문조사하였다. 설문조사는 우편, 이메일, 그리고 직접 방문 등을 통해서 이루어졌으며, 총 153개 업체의 자료를 통계 처리하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중소기업 경영자의 사회적 가치관은 교육훈련 투자액과 교육훈련 방법 다양성 모두에 통계적으로 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 나타냈다. 이 결과는 경영자가 기업 운영을 통해 사회 에 기여하고자 하는 신념이 강할수록, 보다 고품질의 제품과 서비스를 양산하기 위해 교육훈련 투자액을 높이고, 다양한 교육훈련 방법들(현장 OJT, 멘토링, 직무 관련 교육 프로그램, 관리자 승진 교육훈련, e-Learning, 외부 강사 초청 교양교육 등)을 동원함을 보여주는 것이다. 둘째, 경영자의 경제적 가치관과 교육훈련 방법 다양성과 통계적으로 유의한 부(-)의 영향을 나타냈다. 즉, 경제적 가치관의 중소기업 경영 자는 필수적인 교육훈련 이외의 다양한 교육훈련에 부정적임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 환경 불확실성과 전년 도 경영성과는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았으며, 그 이유를 논의하였다. 마지막으로 연구의 시사점과 한계점을 토론하였다.

Although the SDL paradigm has contributed to the conceptualization of “value co-creation”, and despite the prioritization of sustainable marketing by business-to-business corporations, the academic literature has failed to study the role played by sustainability in business-to-business (BtoB) value co-creation. Here, using case studies, we examine how business-to-business companies embrace the concept of sustainability to co-create value, and we further develop the theory through a qualitative approach. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the interaction between the supplier and customer networks and how the SDL value co-creation translates into business-to-business offering. The customer network is first used by the supplier to create sustainability awareness among end users (social marketing) or to understand their behaviors, whereas the supplier network creates the fit with the customer or end-user expectations for sustainability by delivering a sustainable service targeting performance or supply chain integration (green marketing). The dichotomy between green and social marketing is of high interest for BtoB marketers as in vertical business relationships, upstream companies may implement green marketing but they cannot be certain their efforts will meet the needs of the end users as they have little to no direct contact with these users. Ross et al. (2011) define green marketing, as “companies applying sustainable thinking holistically, from production to post-purchasing service, aiming to balance the company’s need for profit with the wider need to protect the environment”. The authors also recognize that “while companies may do all they can to pursue a green marketing effort to contribute to sustainability, if consumers do not change their own behavior to become more sustainable then little will be achieved” (2011: 149). To overcome this potential hurdle they introduce the concept of “social marketing”, which can be defined as “the systematic application of marketing concepts and techniques, to achieve specific behavioral goals for a social or public good” (French and Blair-Stevens, 2006: 4). If we apply the SDL value co-creation model to this diachronic approach, splitting the production from the use of the product, and even looking at the use of the product across time (i.e., during the product life cycle), then we have to look at the network of actors involved in the different stages of this value co-creation model in a BtoB context. The SDL paradigm implicitly recognizes the value creation network (Lusch and Vargo, 2006), which can be defined as when “actors come together to co-produce value” (Norman and Ramirez, 1994). Cova and Salle (2008: 272) show that to translate the SDL into a BtoB offering, the supplier network must interact with the customer network, “thereby co-creating value with them and for them”. From there, we can suggest that a sustainable value proposition in BtoB will be the process by which companies link the supplier and the customer network while incorporating green and social marketing (Ross et al., 2011). Our findings improve and detail our understanding of this interaction between the supplier and customer networks.

The events industry continues to grow and is estimated to be worth around 30 billion dollars yearly involving more than 50 million trips worldwide. MICE (meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions) offer opportunities for business networking, business development and customer loyalty, and are used for internal company purposes as well as for external commercial gain. However, capturing the value of any given MICE appears difficult and relatively little is known about how customers engage in co-creation and there are few models or frameworks. Moreover, dyadic encounter and value from a provider perspective ignore the measurement of customer value in multi-actor service encounters. The research questions posed by this study were therefore: How do multi-actor service encounters differ from dyadic ones? Do current value frameworks capture all the value created in these encounters? And how can multi-actor service providers increase customer value? To address these questions, we embarked on a qualitative study with 35 actors (attendees, organizers, speakers) from networking events, using a service-dominant logic approach to conceptualizing customer perceived value from networking events. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the first empirical studies to address the joint creation of value in service encounters characterised by multiple providers (provider network approach) and multiple customers (customer group approach) at the same time and studied from the perspectives of both sides. In answering our first research question of how do multi-actor service encounters different from dyadic ones, we first identify several characteristics that define multi-actor services and compare them to traditional one-to-one services. Our second research question asked whether current value taxonomies capture all the value created in these encounters and we conceptualised the dimensions of event value (social, professional, learning, emotional and hedonic), and show how these relate to existing value taxonomies, as well as highlighting professional value which is new and novel to event encounters. Thirdly, in answering how multi-actor service providers can increase customer value, we supplement previous research on customer value from the providers’ view by adding how the design and execution of service impacts customer value. From this managerial perspective, our study brings new perspectives for event management in understanding when and where value is created and therefore when and how it should be measured. In terms of assessing interaction and engagement, we have found that few practices are in place. We suggest that observation within an event setting could be complemented by video recording.

Within last 10 years, internet has become a daily activity, and humankind had to face the Data Deluge, a dramatic increase of digital data (Economist 2012). Due to exponential increase in amount of digital data, large scale data has become a big issue and hence the term 'big data' appeared. There is no official agreement in quantitative and detailed definition of the 'big data', but the meaning is expanding to its value and efficacy. Big data not only has the standardized personal information (internal) like customer information, but also has complex data of external, atypical, social, and real time data. Big data's technology has the concept that covers wide range technology, including 'data achievement, save/manage, analysis, and application'. To define the connected technology of 'big data', there are Big Table, Cassandra, Hadoop, MapReduce, Hbase, and NoSQL, and for the sub-techniques, Text Mining, Opinion Mining, Social Network Analysis, Cluster Analysis are gaining attention. The three features that 'bid data' needs to have is about creating large amounts of individual elements (high-resolution) to variety of high-frequency data. Big data has three defining features of volume, variety, and velocity, which is called the '3V'. There is increase in complexity as the 4th feature, and as all 4features are satisfied, it becomes more suitable to a 'big data'. In this study, we have looked at various reasons why companies need to impose 'big data', ways of application, and advanced cases of domestic and foreign applications. To correspond effectively to 'big data' revolution, paradigm shift in areas of data production, distribution, and consumption is needed, and insight of unfolding and preparing future business by considering the unpredictable market of technology, industry environment, and flow of social demand is desperately needed.

The purpose of this study was to determine the empirical cause-effect relationships among business ethical values and person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance within family restaurants and feeding facilities. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 459 restaurant employees. The SPSS and Amos programs were then applied to the data to perform frequency, factor, reliability, correlation and SEM analyses. The primary results are as follows. First, business ethical values had a significant positive effect on person-organization fit. Second, person-organization fit had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, and a significant negative effect on turnover intent. Third, job satisfaction had a significant positive effect, and turnover intent had a significant negative effect, on organizational performance. Finally, upon verifying the possible direct and indirect effects of business ethical values within family restaurants and feeding facilities, it was determined that the ethical values had significant direct and indirect effects on person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance. These findings have various implications. For example, an improved in-house ethical working environment leads to greaterperson-organization fit, and having employees that feel there is better in-house ethical reliability leads to greater consistency between personal and organizational values, resulting in higher job satisfaction and ultimately organizational performance.

  In this paper the economic value of weather forecasts is valuated for profit-oriented enterprise decision-making situations. Value is estimated in terms of monetary profits (or benefits) resulted from the forecast user’s decision under the specific payo

노동위기, 고실업 및 복지 위기에 대한 시민사회 집합적 대응과 국가 필요성에서 발생한 사회적기업 (장원봉, 2008)의 생존성에 대한 의문은 지속적으로 제기되어 왔다. 이를 증명하기 위해 경제적 가치 뿐만 아니라 사회적 가치 분석법 등 다양한 관점이 존재하였다. 본 연구에서는 사회적 기업에 대한 중요성 에도 불구하고 실질적인 성과 평가가 이루어지지 않는 시점에서 사회적기업의 지원정책과 성과의 관계 를 명확히 분석하고, 성과 분야에 대한 집중적 지원 방향성을 설정하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구 실증 결과를 살펴보면 사회적기업의 사회적성과 중 대표적인 고용증대효과에 대해선 외부지 원금이 긍정적인 영향을 미치며, 매출액은 고용증대에 직접적 연관성이 높았다. 업종별로는 보건간병 분야와 환경위생분야의 취약계층 및 일반 근로자 창출이 다른 업종에 비해 뚜렷하였다. 또한, 외부지원금의 경우 사회적기업의 경제적, 사회경제적 성과와는 무관하였으며, 평균임금수준이 높고 주주가 구성괸 상법상 회사가 다른 현태의 조직보다 사회 경제적 성과가 높았다.

미국프로젝트관리협회(Project Management Institute)에서는 리스크의 형태를 외부 리스크(External Risk)와 내부 리스크(Internal Risk)로 구분 하고 있다. 외부 리스크는 프로젝트에서 통제가 불가능한 리스크로 정책 및 관련제도 변화, 기후 및 자연재해, 환율 등이다. 내부 리스크는 사업 자체에 존재하는 리스크로, 프로젝트내부에서 통제가 가능한 항목들이다. 프로젝트 관리상의 기술적 위험은 비용, 품질, 시간, 안전, 환경이다. 따라서 건설프로젝트의성공적인 수행을 위해서는 외부 리스크와 내부 리스크를 모두 관리해야 하며, 특히 기술적 리스크 관 리를 통하여 시설물의 품질과 안전을 확보할 수 있다. 특히 다수의 시설물로 구성된 복합 시설물은 다수의 단위프로젝트로 구성되어 있고, 다 양한 참여주체 및 이해관계자간 갈등이 존재하기 때문에 잠재 리스크에 대한관리의 중요성이 대두되고 있으며, 리스크 관리의 부재는 사업 지 연 및 공사비 증가와 더불어 시설물의안전에도 부정적 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 복합 시설물의 안전성 확보를 위한 사업관리 측면의 리스크관 리 프로세스 구축 방안의 제시를 목적으로 수행하였다. 이를 위해 리스크 관리 프로세스의 구축 절차를 제시하고, 각 단계별 활용 가능한 리스 크 정보로서, 건설프로젝트에 내재된 리스크의 유형 및 요인, 그리고 대응 전략을 제시하였다.

To study the value-relevance of accounting information for business combinations in Chinese capital market, this paper uses Ohlson(1995) residual income valuation model to empirically examine the correlation among the enterprise stock price, consolidated earnings, consolidated book values, goodwill and earnings of combined party that have been realized prior to the combination. Empirical results show that the value-relevance of accounting information for purchase combinations is higher than that for pooling combinations, and accounting method employed is one of the important reasons. Furthermore, we put forward some corresponding policy recommendations to improve the value-relevance of accounting information for pooling combinations.