This study measured the suspended fungal concentration in indoor multiple facilities nationwide. The regions were selected as representative cities by region: Seoul, Gyeonggi (Incheon), Gangwon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Busan. A total of 2028 regional comparisons, including department stores, schools, public toilets, libraries, and banks, subway, sports facilities and comparative analysis were conducted for each multi-use facility industry. Among the nationwide, Among the regions, the average concentration of floating mold in indoor multi-use facilities was the lowest in Busan at 394.67 CFU/m3, followed by Gyeonggi and Incheon 487.90 CFU/m3, Seoul 542.84 CFU/m3, Daejeon 809.30 CFU/m3, Gangwon 1,145.22 CFU/m3, Gwangju was 1,371.10 CFU/m3 in the order. Busan was the lowest, and Gangwon was the highest. The reason that Busan, which has a high average temperature and population density, shows a lower mold concentration than Gangwon, is that floating mold in the indoor air is not affected by the external atmospheric environment, population density, and number of facility users. Although it cannot be said that there is no influence of the atmospheric environment, it was found that the indoor environment has different characteristics from the outdoor environment. The importance of air quality management has been confirmed, and further, it is necessary to subdivide the management standards by region and multi-use facilities, and the management standards need to be converted to maintenance rather than recommendations.

본 연구에서는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 몰입을 정 서적몰입, 규범적몰입, 유지적몰입으로 구분하고, 이러한 몰 입이 직무만족도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 고찰하였으며, 이러한 인과관계에서 리더-부하교환관계의 조절효과를 규명 하고자 하였다. 연구의 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 측정항목에 대한 탐색적요인분석 결과, 조직몰입의 정서적, 규범적, 유지적몰입, 직무만족도, 리더-부하교환관계 등을 포함하여 총 5개 요인이 도출되었으며, 누적설명력은 71.270%로 나타났다. 탐색적요인분석 결과를 바탕으로 구성개념의 타당성을 확인하기 위해 확인적요인분석을 실시하였 으며, 모든 항목에서 비교적 적합한 수준을 보였고, 신뢰도 분석 결과 모든 측정항목의 내적일관성도 매우 우수한 것으 로 나타났다. 둘째, 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 조직몰입은 정서적 몰입(β= .428), 유지적몰입(β= .342), 규범적몰입(β= .293)의 순으로 직무만족도에 유의한 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 가설 1은 모두 채택되었다. 이는 식음료 종사원이 조 직에 몰입하게 되는 감정적인 애착의 정도로써 정서적몰입 이 직무만족을 결정하는 가장 큰 요인이며, 조직에 머무를 수밖에 없는 상황적인 측면에서의 유지적몰입과, 조직에 대 한 신념의 정도로써 규범적몰입도 종사원의 직무만족도에 유 의미한 영향력을 가지고 있음을 의미한다. 결과적으로 조직 에 대한 몰입이 높아질수록 개인적인 측면에서의 직무만족 도 높아지기 때문이며, 조직은 구성원 간 강한 결속력을 만 들고 유지할 수 있는 환경을 조직 내외적으로 구축할 필요 가 있을 것으로 판단된다. 셋째, 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 정서적몰입, 규범 적몰입, 유지적몰입이 직무만족도에 미치는 영향에 있어서 리더-부하교환관계에 따른 조절효과는 유의미하지 않은 것으 로 나타나 가설 2는 기각되었다. 분석 결과 리더-부하 간 밀 접한 교환관계를 가질수록 조직몰입 하위 3개 요인 모두 직 무만족도에 미치는 상대적인 영향력이 컸지만, 유의미한 수 준은 아니었으며, 이러한 결과는 조직몰입이 직무만족에 미 치는 영향력이 리더-부하교환관계에 따라 달라지지 않음을 시사해준다고 하겠다. 본 연구의 결과를 토대로 다음과 같은 시사점을 도출할 수 있었다. 학문적인 시사점으로써, 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음 료 부서 종사원이 지각하는 조직몰입을 정서적몰입, 규범적 몰입, 유지적몰입으로 구분하고 직무만족도와의 인과관계에 대해 실증함으로써 이론적인 토대를 구축하였다. 현재까지 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 조직몰입과 직무만족도를 고찰한 연구는 다수 존재하지만, 조직몰입을 세부적으로 구 분하여 어떠한 측면의 몰입이 식음료 부서 종사원의 만족도 를 유발하는지 검증한 연구는 여전히 미흡한 상황이었다. 특 히 특급 호텔의 경우 인적서비스로 이뤄지는 기업의 특성 상 종사원의 몰입과 만족이 조직의 성과에 매우 중요하며, 이러 한 시점에서 이뤄진 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사 원의 조직몰입을 거시적인 측면에서 고찰하고, 직무만족도와 연계하여 상호관계를 규명하였다는 점에서 이론적 의의를 찾 을 수 있을 것이다. 또한 본 연구는 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 몰입과 만족도 증진을 위한 조직차원의 중요한 실 무적인 시사점을 제공해준다. 본 연구를 통해 특급 호텔 식 음료 부서 종사원의 직무만족에 가장 큰 영향력을 가지고 있 는 변수가 정서적몰입이라는 사실이 검증되었으며, 이는 자 신이 속한 조직에 진심어린 노력과 내재적인 충성을 다하려 는 정서적몰입이 다른 몰입 변수와 비교하여 상대적으로 직 무만족도에도 더 큰 영향력을 발휘하게 되는 것으로 추측된 다. 특히 정서적몰입이 높은 경우 자신이 속한 조직을 다른 사람에게 매우 호의적으로 표현하고 평가하기 때문에 특급 호텔 식음료 부서 종사원의 직무만족도 증가 뿐 만 아니라, 특급 호텔의 외적인 차원에서도 긍정적인 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 특급 호텔 차원에서 구성원의 자발적 행동으로써의 정서적몰입을 증진시킬 수 있도록, 조직의 내외적인 의사결정에 종사원을 참여시키고, 내부마케팅 의 일환으로써 조직 차원에서 지속적인 관리와 지원도 필요 할 것으로 여겨진다. 또한 종사원의 조직에 대한 몰입과 만 족이 리더와 부하간의 상호관계에서도 비롯되므로, 조직 내 멘토나 멘티를 활용하여 리더와 부하직원이 밀접한 교환관 계를 가질 수 있도록 격려하며, 조직 내 동아리 지원이나 여 가 프로그램을 확대함으로써 조직과 구성원이 정서적인 유 대를 형성할 수 있는 방안을 모색해야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 한계점 및 향후 과제는 다음과 같다. 본 연구의 모형은 독립변수로써 조직몰입과 종속변수로써 직무만족도 로 한정되어 있으므로, 직무와 조직에 대한 조직구성원의 태 도를 포괄적으로 함축하기에는 다소 미흡하다고 하겠다. 더 불어 조직몰입이라는 개념은 개인과 조직 사이의 상호작용 을 기반으로 하기 때문에, 각 개인과 조직의 특성에 따라 다 르게 나타날 수 있고, 개인의 직무에 대한 태도보다는 조직 에의 잔류나 이직을 결정하는데 더욱 중요한 요인이므로, 추 후 연구에서는 조직몰입과, 개인조직적합도와의 관련성을 고 찰하는 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것이다. 또한 본 연구에서는 연구 대상을 서울 지역의 특 1급 호텔에 근무하는 식음료 종 사원으로 한정하였으므로, 이러한 결과를 전체적으로 확대하 여 해석하기에는 제한적인 결과라고 하겠다. 따라서 향후 연 구에서는 조직구성원의 몰입을 증진시키는 것이 조직의 성 과적인 측면에서도 바람직한 대안으로 제시되는 현 시점에 서 조직몰입과 직무만족 사이의 관계를 매개하거나 조절할 수 있는 추가적인 변수의 활용이 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.

This study considered network quotient (NQ) of deluxe hotel employees and schematized characteristic attributes of being selected by employees with image through correspondence analysis in terms of cognition degree. Self-administrated questionnaires were completed by employees (292 samples) and data were analysed by frequency, t-test, one-way ANOVA, reliability and correspondence analysis. First, the hotel employees indicated the high average value in “participating in special education or seminar for improving ability (3.85±0.76). Second, as a result of analyzing difference according to gender, the average value in men was higher than in women. It was indicated that the higher age and career lead to a rise even in the average value of relationship index. Third, in consequence of carrying out correspondence analysis in order to prepare image map according to cognition level on relationship index in hotel employees, the measurement item that is placed in the closest distance to the response as saying of not so very was the response as saying of “having a lunch (dinner) engagement twice or three times a week.” On the other hand, the response as saying of “tending to have many acquaintances compared to coworkers” was schematized in the close distance to the response as saying of very so.

The purposes of this study were to understand the influence of social intelligence and positive psychology capital in foodservice employees on job satisfaction and to analyze whether employees’ positive psychology capital plays a moderating role between social intelligence and job satisfaction. Based on total 316 samples obtained from empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and verified a total of 2 hypotheses and 1 proposition using the SPSS program. The results showed that social awareness (β=0.546) and social skill (β=0.152) in foodservice employees, were indicated to have positive (+) influence upon job satisfaction. And, employees’ positive psychology capital (β=0.307) had a significant positive (+) effect on the job satisfaction. However, the effect of the employees' social intelligence upon job satisfaction was not found to be moderated by positive psychology capital. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to understand the influence of instant noodle's selection attribution on satisfaction and to empirically analyze whether or not grade (elementary schoolchildren, middle school students, high school students) plays a moderating role in the relationship between selection attribution and satisfaction. Further, this study examined the differences in demographic characteristics among two groups of subjects divided by instant noodle's selection attribution. Based on a total of 1021 samples, this study verified a total of 3 hypotheses using the SPSS program. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, chi-square, t-test, factor analysis, reliability analysis, cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis. Results of the study were as follows. There were three different instant noodle's selection attributions among the children and adolescents investigated: internal element, external element, and company reliability. The multiple regression results show that internal element (=.391), external element (=.239), and company reliability (=.063) among customers' selection attributions had significant positive effects on satisfaction. In addition, the effect of selection attribution upon satisfaction was partially moderated according to grade. Further, cluster analysis divided subjects into two groups according to instant noodle's selection attribution: high-selection group vs. low-selection group. The wo groups of subjects classified by instant noodle's selection attribution were also different from each other in demographic characteristics. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to understand interrelationships among switching costs, customer satisfaction, and switching intent in a family restaurant. Based on a total of 427 customers obtained from empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the research model and verified a total of five hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously by using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data, χ2=137.881 (df=50); p〈 .001; CMIN/df 2.758; GFI= .947; AGFI= .919, NFI= .965; IFI= .978; TLI= .970; CFI= .978; RMR= .047; RMSEA= .064. The results showed that switching cost (β= .123) in a family restaurant had a positive (+) influence upon customer satisfaction. Further, switching cost had a significantly negative (-) effect on switching intent (β= -.414). In addition, there were moderating effects related to customer knowledge and variety seeking orientation in terms of the causal relationships between switching costs, customer satisfaction, and switching intent. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The two purposes of this study were to understand service encounters in Korean restaurants by foreigners living in Korea and to examine the effect of service encounters on the customer's emotion feelings, customer satisfaction, and behavioral intention. Based on the reactions of a total of 614 foreigners obtained by empirical research, this study reviews the reliability and fitness of the research model, and verifies a total of 4 hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships in the model were tested simultaneously using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data: χ2 683.466 (df=216), CMIN/df 3.164, RMR 0.095, GFI 0.911, AGFI 0.886, NFI 0.933, CFI 0.953, and RMSEA 0.059. As a result of empirical analysis, the physical environment, interactions with employees, and interactions with other customers were quantified as service encounter factors in Korean restaurants. These factors were indicated to have an influence on customer's emotion feelings. Also, customer's emotion feelings had a positive influence on customer satisfaction and behavioral intent. Limitations and future research are also discussed.

This study considered the whole intake patterns and realities of consumption of instant noodles on sales targeting children and adolescents. Based on a total of 1021 subjects, data from self-administrated questionnaires were collected and analyzed using comparative statistical analysis, including frequency, chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. Results of the study were as follows. The preference levels for instant noodles by children and adolescents were 5.25, thereby showing a more than moderate preference. Middle school boy students' preference for instant noodles was the highest. The main reason for preferring instant noodles was taste and convenience. The main reason for disliking instant noodles was poor nutrition and likelihood of becoming fat. The intake of instant noodles was the highest between lunch and dinner with a frequency of once to twice per week. Content of soup powder given taking instant noodles was the largest in having putted all. The soup quantity of being left given taking instant noodles was possessed the majority in almost not eating soup. The main reason for not consuming soup was being full or concerns for health. A significant difference was observed in preference level for instant noodles and in intake patterns depending on the respondents' general characteristics. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

This study investigated and compared the brand personality of domestically run family restaurants with quick service restaurants. Information was elicited from respective patrons using self-administered questionnaires which asked questions on recognizable brand characteristic and attributes of each restaurant through image maps. Data from the self-administrated questionnaires were collected and analysed using comparative statistical analysis, including frequency, t-test, chi-square, factor analysis, reliability analysis and correspondence analysis. Overall, patrons identified 5 factors which they used to rank individual restaurants; sophistication, competence, likeableness, trendiness, and ruggedness. Overall results showed the family restaurants that scored highly on likeableness and trendiness were Outback and TGIF. Furthermore, Vips was the only family restaurants that scored highly in ruggedness. In relation to quick service restaurants, Lotteria scored highest for competence while McDonalds and Burger King scored best for sophistication. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to understand the interrelationships between customers' perception of service encounter elements, customers' emotional response and customer satisfaction in a family restaurant. Based on a total of 408 samples, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of the research model and verified a total of 4 hypotheses using the Amos program. The hypothesized relationships of the model were tested simultaneously using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data, χ2=821.151 (df=333), CMIN/df 2.466, GFI .878, NFI .927, IFI .955, TLI .949, CFI .955, RMSEA .060. The results showed that human factor (β=.426) and physical factor (β=.266) as service encounter elements in family restaurants were indicated to have a positive (+) influence on customers' positive emotion. For influence of customers' negative emotion, human factor (β=-.157) was surveyed to have a negative (-) influence. Also, customers' positive emotion (β=.716) and negative emotion (β=-.081) had significant effects on customer satisfaction. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of servicescapes in Korean restaurants on customers' experiential value, pleasure feeling and customer satisfaction. Based on a total of 550 samples obtained from empirical research, this study reviewed the reliability and fitness of research model using the Amos program. The relationships hypothesized in the model were tested simultaneously by using a structural equation model (SEM). The proposed model provided an adequate fit to the data, χ2=406.097 (df 130), p〈.001, GFI .915, AGFI .889, RMR .042, NFI .955, CFI .969, RMSEA .062. SEM results showed that the servicescape showed a positive significant effect on customers' experiential value (β=.808, t=15.171, p〈.001), and customers' experiential value had a positive significant effect on pleasure feeling (β=.756, t=10.616, p〈.001). Also, customer's experiential value (β=.391, t=8.579, p〈.001) and pleasure feeling (β=.573, t=13.091, p〈.001) had a positive significant effects on customer satisfaction. Analysis of mediating roles showed that, the effect of servicescapes in Korean restaurants on customers' pleasure feeling was perfectly mediated by the customers' experiential value. Limitations of this study and future research directions are also discussed.

The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of hotel employees’ physical attractiveness on person-job fit and to empirically analyze whether self-esteem and self-efficacy play a mediating role in the causality between an employee’s physical attractiveness and person-job fit. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 345 employees and the data were analyzed by frequency analysis, factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis. The primary results were as follows: Multiple regression analysis showed that hotel employee physical attractiveness had a positive significant influence on self-esteem (β=.504, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=.441, p<.001). Also, employee selfesteem (β=.281, p<.001) and self-efficacy (β=.478, p<.001) each had a positive significant influence on person-job fit. As a result of analyzing the mediating role, the effect of hotel employees' physical attractiveness on person-job fit was partially mediated by self-esteem and self-efficacy.

규범적 표상은 단어나 주제가 주어졌을 때 자연스럽게 떠오르는 심상이다. 이러한 규범적 표상은 대상의 특징을 가장 잘 드러낼 수 있는 특정한 조망이나 방향으로 떠오르게 된다. 규범적 표상이 측면임을 시사하는 선행 연구를 바탕으로 본 연구에서는 규범적 표상의 방향성을 검토하였다. 규범적 표상을 자연범주와 인공범주로 구분하여 자극의 제시 방향에 따른 차이를 알아보았다. 실험은 그림의 방향성(왼쪽/오른쪽)과 범주(동물, 자연범주/도구, 인공범주)를 두 가지 독립변인으로 하여 설계하였으며 단어-그림 일치 판단과제를 사용하여 정답 반응률과 반응시간을 측정하였다. 그 결과, 정답 반응률은 범주 내에서 방향성에 따른 모든 조건에서 천장효과를 보였으며 아주 근소한 차이만 있었다. 반응시간에서 범주변인의 주효과, 범주와 방향성의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 특히 자연범주에 속하는 동물 그림에서 방향성 효과가 관찰되었다. 동물의 머리가 왼쪽으로 향하는 그림이 오른쪽으로 향하는 그림 보다 반응시간이 유의하게 빨랐다. 그러나 인공범주에 속하는 도구 그림에서는 방향성의 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 동물의 규범적 표상의 방향성은 왼쪽을 향하는 것임을 시사한다.

The purpose of this study was to measure employee ‘awareness’ and ‘practice’ of business ethics in the foodservice industry, and to determine possible correlations between these two variables. Self administrated questionnaires were completed by 1003 employees and data were analysed to ascertain frequency, factor, reliability, correlation and canonical correlation. Two factors were obtained from factor analysis of business ethics(BE) awareness; “Organizational awareness”, and “Individual awareness”. Similarly, two factors were also obtained for business ethics practice; “Systematic practice”, and “Compensatory practice”. Canonical correlation analysis produced two significant functions. For canonical function 1, it was found that organizational awareness of BE was positively correlated with systematic practice. For canonical function 2, it was found that individual awareness of BE was negatively correlated with the compensatory practices of BE. The findings of this study demonstrate that higher organizational awareness of business ethics in the foodservice industry led to higher systematic practices of BE, while higher individual awareness of BE led to lower compensatory practices of BE. In conclusion, higher organizational awareness of BE places a higher priority on building an external system from an institutional perspective, while higher employees awareness of BE leads to higher expectation from the company, resulting in relatively low compensatory practices.

The purpose of this study was to determine the empirical cause-effect relationships among business ethical values and person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance within family restaurants and feeding facilities. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 459 restaurant employees. The SPSS and Amos programs were then applied to the data to perform frequency, factor, reliability, correlation and SEM analyses. The primary results are as follows. First, business ethical values had a significant positive effect on person-organization fit. Second, person-organization fit had a significant positive effect on job satisfaction, and a significant negative effect on turnover intent. Third, job satisfaction had a significant positive effect, and turnover intent had a significant negative effect, on organizational performance. Finally, upon verifying the possible direct and indirect effects of business ethical values within family restaurants and feeding facilities, it was determined that the ethical values had significant direct and indirect effects on person-organization fit, job satisfaction, turnover intent, and organizational performance. These findings have various implications. For example, an improved in-house ethical working environment leads to greaterperson-organization fit, and having employees that feel there is better in-house ethical reliability leads to greater consistency between personal and organizational values, resulting in higher job satisfaction and ultimately organizational performance.

The purpose of this study was to elicit types of food-related lifestyle of undergraduates and to examine the relationship between each ape of food-related lifestyle and an attribute of selecting a restaurant. Self-administrated questionnaires were completed by 368 students and data were analysed by frequency, factor, reliability and canonical correlation. Five factors were obtained from factor analysis of food-related lifestyle ; Factor1 'health seeking type', Factor2 'taste seeking type', Factor3 'Popularity seeking type', Factor4 'safety seeking type', Factor5 'mood seeking type'. Restaurant selection attribute were extracted into six factors, Factor1 'taste and service', Factor2 'interior‘, Factor3 'convenient for approach', Factor4 'marketing strategy', Factor5 'food quality', Factor6 ’menu and price‘ Canonical correlation analysis showed two significant functions. Canonical function1 showed that food-related lifestyles of taste seeking type and safety seeking type were indicated to have significant positive relationships with the food qualify, taste and service in the restaurant selection attributes. Canonical function2 also showed that a significant positive relationships between health seeking type and accessibility, and a significant negative relationships between health seeking type and taste & service and between health seeking type and menu & price. Finally the result of the study provide some insight into the types of marketing stratagem that can be effectively used by operator who manage restaurant.

The objective of this study was to analyze the actual situation of ethics management in foodservice industry and its employees’ recognition on corporate ethics management. Self-administrated questionnaires were completed by 342 employees, and the data were analyzed by frequency, chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The results showed that the employees consider the corporate ethics management to be very important and it has been much more improved in foodservice industry. However, they are still skeptical about the continuous and consistent practice of ethics management. In addition, the survey revealed that the ethics management was regarded to be critically important to improve the value and the culture of the corporation. It also showed that the recognition of the improvement of ethics management in foodservice industry has been affected by the work environment of the whole society too. The result concluded that the taking the initiative by CEO is the most important factor for introducing the ethics management, while the propagation of ethics management requires the volition of the employees inside the corporation.

The Purpose of this study was to investigate the perception and preference of the college student about Korean traditional rice cakes. Self admistered questionnaires were collected from 512 college students in Seoul, Kyungki, Chungchungdo, Kungsangdo, Junlado and Gangwondo area. Data was analysed by t-test, one-way ANOVA and correlation. The recognition of Korean traditional rice cake was generally low except for the items that could be easily seen as either seasonable or festive foods. There was a significant difference in the average score of recognition and preference for each kinds of Korean traditional rice cake according to the major, gender and grade of subjects. Baiksulgi, Injulmi, Yaksik, Bindaeduk, Songpyun and Garaeduk are highly prefered Korean traditional rice cakes when as Gaepiduk, Ssookjulpyun, Kongchalduk and Garaeduk are poorly among college students.