조선조 문인들은 독서의 定義에 대하여, 옛 성현들의 정신과 심술의 자취가 책 이고 그것을 통하여 성현의 이치를 터득하는 것이라 하였다. 독서의 目的은 성현 의 도리를 파악하고, 그것을 실천하고 권선징악 하기 위한 것이며, 그 態度는 마 음을 열고 거침없이 읽어 책을 보는 것은 반가운 벗을 만나는 것과 같다고 하였다. 讀書方法은 주해는 물론이고 구절에도 구애되지 말고 생각을 깊이 하여 古人 과 一體가 되고자 하였다. 초학자는 적은 양의 책을 熟讀하는 것이 좋으며, 책을 읽는 횟수는 무작정 많이 하기보다 理解度를 높여 어떻게 자신의 것으로 체득할 수 있을 지를 중시하였다. 마음을 잡아두기 위하여 ‘하루에 읽을 분량[課程]’을 정하였는데, 양은 적게 하 고 시간은 여유 있게 주며 功力은 많이 들이도록 하였다. 텍스트마다 독서법을 달리한 것은 독서의 效率性과 興味를 높이기 위한 방안이었다. 독서의 금기로는 本志를 놓치지 않고 雜書를 읽지 않으며 글자에 매여 책의 내용을 盲信하지 말라고 하며, 聲讀은 목소리를 차분히 하여 천천히 읊조리듯이 읽거나 묵송하는 것을 바 람직하게 보았다.

현재 한국학계에는 언제부터인지 소위 ‘공도정책’이라는 용어가 통용되고 있다. 그리고 이 용어는 조선정부가 섬을 포기하는 정책을 실시해왔던 것으로 이해되어, 울릉도와 독도가 조선의 영토가 아니었다는 결론을 유도해 갔다. 그리고 일본에서는 이 논리를 이용하여 독도의 선점논리를 정당화해가고 있다. 이 글은 ‘공도정책’의 허구성을 밝히려는 목적에서, 조선전기의 武陵等處安撫使와 茂陵島巡審敬差官의 파견을 검토한 후, 조선후기 안용복 도일사건 이후 정착된 搜討制의 실체를 규명하여, 조선왕조가 전기간에 걸쳐 울릉도와 독도를 어떻게 관리해 왔는가를 재조명하고자 한다. 조선초기 섬을 비워둔 것은 사실이다. 그러나 그 이유는 왜구의 약탈을 사전에 방지하기 위한 조처였고, 그 방법으로 거주민을 육지로 불러들이는 刷出이었지만, 그 이후 섬을 지속적으로 관리하는 정책과 제도를 시행했다. 섬을 지속적으로 관리하기 위해, 1416년부터 ‘武陵等處按撫使’를 파견했고, 1436년부터는 ‘巡審敬差官’을 파견했다. 그리고 조선후기에는 1694년에는 장한상으로 하여금 울릉도를 搜討하게 하고, 1697년부터는 3년에 1번, 삼척영장과 월송포만호가 번갈아 가며 수토를 정례화 했다. 이후 울릉도 수토는 흉년을 당해 정지하거나 연기하기도 했지만, 1700년대에는 지속적으로 실시했다. 그러나 1800년대에 들면서 三政紊亂으로 정치기강이 해이해졌다. 수토군의 규모나 편성은 대략 80명 정도로 구성했고, 반드시 倭學譯官을 대동했으며, 4척 정도의 배가 출항했고, 格軍과 什物 등은 삼척 인근의 강릉, 양양, 평해, 울진 등 5개 마을에서 나누어 부담했다. 또한 수토군의 임무는 왜인탐색과 울릉도 지세 조사가 임무였고, 토산물의 진상이나 인삼채취도 부과되었다. 울릉도 수토제는 1881년 울릉도 개척이 본격화되고 내륙인의 울릉도 거주가 정식으로 허용되면서, 1894년까지 지속되었다.

The purpose of this study is to analyze paejang system of the castle constructions in the late period of Chosun dynasty. Moreover, this study aimed to examine effects and influences of its constructional productivity. The results are as follow ; 1. Paejang was originally a sort of military positions. Thereafter it had been adopted to the various fields like soonrapaes. Pae, which was a regular working unit organized with 30~50 laborers, took charge of the works allocated with its own chargeable section. 2.The first adoption of paejang system was found at the construction of Ganghwa-oyseong in 1690. Since the period of King Yeongjo and Jeongjo, it was generally used as a working system. 3. Yoo Hyeongwon had early suggested that this system should be adopted as a reformative system because it had a perfect command system like Soko-je, the provincial military system. 4.At the constructions of Dongnae-upseong, Jeonjoo-upseong and Daegoo-upseong in the period of King Yeongjo, paes were organized to 40~60units, and worked in the fields of masonry, carriage and picking of stones. 5.At the construction of Soowon-seong in the period of King Jeongjo, a large number of various paejangs participated in all of working fields. Especially masonry-paes were usually organized with over 100 units. 6.It was estimated that paejang system surely could guarantee saving labors and term of works. Moreover, it was a basis for the further development form of dogup-je, a contracted work system. 7. Paejang system was applied in the constructions of Buddhist temples since the middle period of 1700s and later, it was widely used in the constructions of palaces.

The object of this research is to examine the planning principles of Sangju which has an old history The results of the investigation are as follow 1. Sangju placed on the plains in the castle, it is established in Korea Dynasty 2. The formation of Sangju is infruenced Feng-shui. They plants Chestnuts against centipede mountain 3. Sangju is similar to the configuration of the another city in Feng-shui and elements of Component. But, many buildings(jin-Young(Military site), Choong-Ui-Dan, Choong-Yeol-Sa) are associated with the war in Sangju. 4. The City hall is located on the west side of the hotel(Kaek-Sa). It is located on Wang-San which is a place where citizens with symbolism. So, the City hall is higher than Kaek-Sa 5. The cruciform style road which connected with 4 gates was formed in the castle.

위항인들은 독특한 풍류를 즐겼다. 물론 일부이기는 하지만 그들이 위험을 감내하며 이런 풍류를 탐닉한 데는 그들의 특수한 신분적 구조에 기인한다. 양반으로 상승하는 것이 현실적으로 매우 어려운 한계 속에서 그들의 일부는 매우 통속적인 풍류생활을 즐긴다. 그리하여 기생과의 수창시조가 빈번하였고, 서울 종로의 술값을 주도하고, 질펀하게 놀아보는 각양의 풍류를 만끽했다. 이들의 일부는 각종 이권에 개입하여 사회적 부패를 야기하는 부정적인 면을 갖고 있었다. 그러나 이들의 상당수는 가난과 신분적 제약이라는 불우한 삶을 살았다. 그리고 이들에게 문학은 양반과 대등할 수 있다는 가능성을 열어주는 장이었다. 그리하여 위항인은 신분적 한계를 풍류를 통해 풀어냈다. 그리고 그 풍류는 매우 통속적이며 기괴하였다. 그들 중 일부가 이런 기괴한 풍류를 탐닉한 것은 모순된 제도에 대한 기롱과 당대의 고관대작이 일생의 목표였던 양반과 달리 인생의 의미를 다른 곳에서 찾으려 했기 때문이다. 그리하여 보편성과 달랐기에 그들은 기괴한 내용을 문학으로 그려냈다. 이 ‘기괴성’은 ‘재미있다’, ‘다채롭다’ 등으로 압축되며 주로 ‘記事’의 양식으로 표출되었다. 그리하여 이 ‘記事’는 전대와 달리 인물의 취재범위가 다양해졌다. 즉, 중인에서 평민, 노비, 異人, 악공, 화가, 협객을 넘나든다. 또 구체적인 묘사나 객관적인 서사를 통해 형상화 방법이 좀 더 치밀해졌다. 그리고 허구적 요소가 개입되었다. 단순한 사건의 보고에서 벗어나 논자의 문학적 가능성과 역량을 덧씌움으로써 읽는 재미를 더하고 대중화를 꾀하였다. 이런 것을 통해 문학의 근대화로의 이행성을 보여주고 있다. 그리고 그들은 최기남처럼 삽입시를 통해 자신의 불우한 처지를 작품 중에 투사하기도 하였으며, 야담집에서 덕으로써 원한을 갚는 행적을 통해 평범한 시골 사람이라 해서 결코 사대부들의 처신에 뒤떨어지지 않는 것을 보여주기도 했다. 이런 작품에서 위항인의 탁월한 능력이 쓰이지 않는 현실에 대한 비분과 사람은 신분에 관계없이 지혜로우며 대등할 수 있다는 평등의식을 피력하였다. 이것은 곧 평민의식이 성장한 것을 입증한 것이며 동시에 평등사회에 대한 열망을 표출하고 있다.한편 그들이 즐겨 선택한 사설시조는 형식이 자유롭고 다양한 내용을 구김살 없이 담기에 적합하였기에 이를 많이 애용하였다. 파격이 형식이고 엮는 것이 내용이었으며 그 가운데 빚어진 풍류 중심에는 여인들이 있었다. 그리고 여성에 대한 새로운 이해를 시도했다. 즉 대등하거나 인간적인 사랑을 전제로 그들을 읽고 함께 하고자 했다. 이들의 풍류는 근대 대중문화의 전단계로서 不(얽매이지 않음)를 갈망하던 자유의지의 표출이었으며 더 넓은 세계를 갈망하던 모순된 제도에 대한 역설적 놀이이기도 했다.

This study is on the characteristics of the food culture through the written folk poetries which were described vividly the life customs peculiar to the Nation and so much that were Korean National customs papers written by Chinese poetry - during the latter part of the Choson period. It is used the way which is studied by the literature after collection, analysis, synthesis the analyzed second material of the latter part of the Choson period's written folk poetries. It is summarized to below five contents of the characteristics of the food culture through the written folk poetries. The first is the various and abundant food culture. The second, that is the food culture of praying blessing and praying a fruitful. The people prayed to be a year of abundance of food stuff and train oneself and have medicine for their health, but there has been repeated seasonably an occult action for being blessing which had settled down to the beginning of the year's customs. The third, it is the food culture of share tender feeling with among the people. The fourth, it is the food culture of business and economy's growth image. The fifth, it is the food culture of an image of economic distress and the trouble between rich and poor.

This study presents the food culture as analysis food material, food and cooking tools in the novel literature and examines the food as a code of current cluture of common social through five Pansori texts among the twelve Pansori texts into written form. It is a many Pansori, but this study is analysed to select early copying papers. It can be found rice, Kimchi, salted fish as the common people food in Simchong-ga text. It can be known characteristics of Jeolla-do Area food used many food material and acceptance of foreign crops in the late period of the Chosun in Chunhyang-ga text. In Hungbo-ga text, it can be found the popularity food is rice cake and meat and looked the special feature of dog meat, rice cake, scorched rice-tea. In Toebyol-ga text, it can be looked many sea food and medicine beverages, and in Chokpyok-ga text, it can be found peculiarity of drink for making excitement during a war. Moreover, in five Pansori texts, that is seemed characteristics such as cover of tableware, spoon and chopsticks, tableware china, a cauldron, a charcoal burner, a brass chafing dish, a table, a flail and a mill.

Dok-Rak-Dang and Hyang-Dan, upper class houses of Chosun Dynasty on the early and mid 16th century, are generally known as specific style houses among traditional residences in Korea. Architectural singularities of these two residences are summarized as double facades, uncertain circulation, self-secluding construction, dilemmatic structure, and rotative circulation that are far from architectonic principle of that time. Characters of Deconstructionist Art, deconstruction of binary oppositions, double session, displacement without reversal, and paradox, are very similar to those of two residences both as a material phenomenon and as a metaphysical idea. Thus, this paper attempt to analyze architectural singularities of Dok-Rak-Dang and Hyang-Dan with the perspective of Deconstructionist Art Theory.

War against Japanese(1592-1599) and war against Manchurian(1636-1637), which had been occurred in Korean Peninsula throughout the history, and frequent trade with foreign countries since 18th century have led to a distribution of foreign food into Korea. Several examples for this include tomato, apple, watermelon, maize, pea, cowpea, peanut, potato from China and red pepper, pumpkin, and sweet potato from Japan. Since these foods had been brought into Korea, they have been cultivated suitable for Korea's climate and land. Foreign foods with a few exceptions tend to have high calories. For instance, along with potato and sweet potato, pumpkin is considered a high-calorie food containing lots of starches as it becomes ripening. This helped a wide spread of the foreign foods across the nation where intake of high-calorie foods was critical for Korean people's nutrition at that time. Among those foods introduced from foreign countries, red pepper had a greatest impact on the dietary life-style of Chosun Dynasty. The use of red pepper has been greatly expanded from main ingredient to seasoning and garnishing in various forms of red pepper such as red pepper paste, red pepper powder, and thick soy paste mixed with red pepper. Red pepper was made eating habits is hot besides dye red colored to traditional food, because steaming and boiling is frequently cook method, fermentation food also food color is achromatic therefore food color is and mixture with red pepper, picked fish and chinese cabbage new kimchi culture came into being.

Because of the close ties between Chosun and China, almost Chosun kings set great store by Chinese language teaching and the cultivation of talents in the language. Some of the kings themselves were fluent speakers of Chinese, and tried to make their sons acquire the same ability. A few even took part in the official assessment of their ministers’ abilities in the language. Chinese learning institutes were established; and Chinese learning manuals, complied in large quantity. Yet despite their efforts, the results were sadly disappointing, at least to most of the kings, who lamented constantly of the low language standards. This paper is an exploration of the causes of the failure of the imperial efforts. Based largely on the Chosun Imperial Records, it examines the Chinese language teaching under the imperial auspices (with special focus on speech training), the measures upholding the prestige of Chinese learning, and the ultimate failure. It is hoped that by learning from the past, we can find directions to improve the Chinese teaching of today.

This study examined food culture appearing in Giroyeon paintings in the late Chosun Dynasty (early 17th~l9th century), a period under political and economical difficulties in overcoming frustrations and looking for self-restoration methods after Imjinweran(1592~1598) and Byungjahoran(1636~1637). Paintings related to Giroyeon include Lee Gi-ryong's (1600~?) 〈Namjiginohoedo〉 painted in 1629 under the reign of King Injo (1623~1649), 〈Gisasayeondo〉 painted jointly by Kim Jin-yeo et al. in 1720, the first year of King Gyeongjong (1720~1724) and Kim Hong-do's 〈Giroseryeongyedo〉 painted in 1804 under the reign of King Sunjo (1800~1834) in the early 19th century. These paintings over three centuries of the late Chosun show changes in the character of Giroyeon, food culture and tableware culture, etc. According to these paintings, the character of Giroyeon was expanded from a feast held for high civil officials to a banquet comprehending general civil servants. These paintings show Hyangeumjueui, which means the decorum of respecting and sowing the aged men of virtue with alcohol beverage, table manner, seated culture represented by cushions and mats and individual-table culture. In addition, the expansion of demand for sunbaikja and chungwhabaikja and the diversification of vessels and dishes are demonstrated in Giroyeon paintings after Imjinweran in 1592. in this way, Giroyeon paintings show the historical characteristics of the late Chosun Dynasty, such as the collapse of Yangban-centered political system, the disintegration of the medieval system due to the emergence of the Silhak and the diversification of food culture.

The aim of this thesis is to study how tableware china has developed, on the basis of social and cultural changes, during the latter period of Chosun Dynasty. First, general sociological background of Chosun Dynasty has been reviewed. To examine the kinds of tableware china and their use during this period, this thesis is based on Asakawa Dakumis 'A ceramic ware of Chosun Dynasty' one of the most thorough references available in the field. Various antiques and remains of different periods were compared to study the changes in tableware china types and uses In conclusion, the development in food culture brought the changes in tableware china. Tableware china and food has developed together complementarily throughout the latter period of Chosun Dynasty.

The Korean tea culture appeared in a variety of ceremonies of the royal household. It was a method of religion for scholars and Buddhist monks, and sometimes it also was a refinement, too. in addition, it played an important role as a household medicine for the common people. As mentioned above, the Korean tea culture has a deep-rooted effect on the Korean traditional culture from the spiritual aspect, art, learning, to the practical life. Recently the tea culture has been rapidly coming into vogue. So the tea culture has been recognised not only to be an index of the cultural level, but also to be an important cultural phenomenon. Besides, It came to be a major role as a reception method by which we can communicate with quests from ail over the world. Because preferred tea was different according to the times and to the regions, tea utensils have been changed along with the tea culture. The present Korean tea culture has a tendency to go to the somewhat different way from the traditional one. This study has the purpose to let us apprehend the Korean traditional culture and hold the national pride. In addition, the value of the Tea should be assessed more properly, and our own Tea that is unique, simple, and natural, should be settled in the our culture.

The object of this study is upper class house in Yang-dong village with the purpose of spatial-sociological study of traditional Korean architecture. Space is the basic element of architecture and is fundamental for understanding architecture. Space, however, can be better understood through its social context rather than through its physical or psychological attributes. Space exists in a society, providing the physical environment which frames it Social environment affects the thoght of people who are members of that society. Space is built by the people in a society and is affected by their thought. Spatial-sociological study can explain a mutual relation between people and space through context. It defines characteristics of space based on mutual relations which exist among the people, the culture of society and the environment of society but also having a sociological component, study of architectural space should consider the social context. Since architectural space is built on social and cultural bases, to understand it requires various methods of study Spatial-sociological analysis is one alternative. Using space syntax, this study analyzes houses in Yang-dong village by not only defining attributes of individual houses, but also common attributes of houses in the village. Based on common attributes of houses in the village, the attributes of Yang-dong village houses can be re-defined within the social context. the results from a spatial-sociological analysis of upper class housing of the Yang-dong village are as follows; (1) Related to confucian ideas in Chosun Dynasty : A house has a dualistic center organized with 'an-chae' and 'sarang-chae'. 'an-chae' space is organized unsociably from outside. (2) Related to various space pattern of Yang-dong village House in the Chosun Dynasty period :As variations in the types of space pattern, the village house exhibit different attributes.

This study is to analyze the building layout of traditional government office building in Chungchong province with Chungchong-do regional maps and Eupjis(邑誌) being compiled in the late Chosun dynasty. The building layout of government office in Chungchong-do is followed in the wake of the spatial structure, Sam-Jo(三朝, three reign) and Oejeon-Naejeon(外殿-內殿), of Chosun dynasty palace. The planning principle of Sam-Jo at government office, Dongheon(東軒) territory for rule administration corresponds to Chijo(治朝) with a local governor who is the ruler, as for the Naea(內衙) territory which a family of him and he lives in, it is corresponded to Yeonjo(燕朝), and in the job space of Ajeon(衙前), it is corresponded to Oejo(外朝). As for the application of the inside and outside principle of provincial government office, Dongheon is corresponded to Oejeon and Naea to Naejeon. A compositive and an approach axis of government office in Chungchong-do is correspond with Dongheon in the center, and these axes form an central axis and an entry space of government office included Oesammun(外三門) Naesammun(內三門) Dongheon or Naea. Because an essential performance of provincial government office is provincial administration, the layout configuration of government office is a function, which is an expression of an official institution.

Regional foods is influenced by weather, local and social environment etc. The purpose of this study was to understand that regional foods in the middle of Chosun Dynasty through Domundaejac. Some of representative dishes of the Hansung and Kyonggi-do Area is duck(rice cake) of seasonally celebrated days, hangua(korea confectionary) and rice wine. Typical foods in Chungchong-do Area is included persimmon, jujube, watermelon and wax gourd. Some of the well-known food in Kangwon-do Area is pear, bangpungchuk(gruel), sukebyung(rice cake), woongjijunggua(korea confectionary) and sanat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and stem) that is seemed characteristics of mountainous section. Some of the famous dishes in Cholla-do Area is backsanja(korea confectionary), tea, chuksun kimchi(bamboo shoot pickle), citrus fruits and ear shell. Kyongsan-do Area ia famous persimmon, bamboo fruit, dasik(korea confectionary) and yakban(glutinous rice cake). Hwanghae-do Area is famed pear and choshi as assumed the eatly form of gochujang(thick soypaste mixed with red pepper). Representative dishes are deljjuk(blue berry), herring, sangat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and sterm) in Hamgyong-do Area and daemandu(big dumpling) in Pyongan-do Area. The coast area is famous for using lots of sea food. Fresh seafood is consumed raw, and clams, fish and seaweed are liberally added to soups and other dishes. The East coast is catched salmon, flatfish, codfish, sandfish and mackerel The West coast is catched yellow corvenia, lobster, tiny shrimp and large-eyed herring. The South coast is catched sea mussel, codfish and laver.

As the educational function of Confucian school in the late Chosun dynasty had been declined, the other educational institution called YANGSAJAE was established. The founders of the institution was either local authorities or local Confucianists. Otherwise the institution was established by the cooperation of both local authorities and local Confucianists. YANGSAJAE began to be established from the 16th century. Most of them was founded in 1700s. In 1800s, it was not so difficult to see YANGSAJAE in many towns in Young nam and Honam provinces. The institution was located in separate places at the early stage of foundation. But since the middle of 1700s, the institution was located in or near the Confucian school. As a consequence, this influenced the location of Confucian schools in the late Chosun dynasty. In Youngnam province, the institution was mainly located near the Confucian school or in a separate place. On the contrary, most of the institution were constructed within Confucian school in Honam province. There were two types of the flat composition: one is based on hall and the other is based on room. The hall type, which had a hall in the middle and rooms in both sides, was general. The hall type usually had a size of 4-kan in width and 1.5-kan in length. The half-hipped roof was the general type and intimately related to the roof of Myung-Ryun Dang of local Confucian School.