Immortalization is an essential process of the transformation of cells to a neoplastic growth. High risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) infection has been the major cause of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The aim of this study was to search for a novel pathway causing immortalization in HPV16 E6/E7 transfected immortalized oral keratinocytes (IHOK). hrHPV integration sites were identified through DNA sequencing. HPV16 E6/E7 genes were integrated into 1q32.2, 12q21.2, 15q15.2, and 19q13.43 in IHOKs. Array-CGH was conducted to examine the deranged sites of the genes of IHOK. Of the 587 amplification genes, 70 genes were resided on chromosome 20. We selected PLAGL2 and MAPRE1 as the most amplified genes. PLAGL2 and MAPRE1 mRNA showed higher expression in IHOK than in normal keratinocytes. Knockdown of MAPRE1 significantly reduced telomerase activity. The analysis using a public database substantiated our data, showing the amplification of chromosome 20 and MAPRE1. In conclusion, our results suggest that MAPRE1 could play a crucial role in activating telomerase activity in hrHPV-infected cells. This finding may provide basic data to develop a novel target therapy for hrHPV-related HNSCC.

Education is undoubtedly the greatest instrument which man has devised for his own progress. All societies have one form of education or another but the use to which it is put varies. This study investigated study habits, academic locus of control and self-efficacy as correlates of academic achievement among undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. A descriptive research survey was utilised for the study. The sample consisted of 524 undergraduate students selected from five faculties through proportional stratified random sampling technique. Three research questions and corresponding hypotheses were tested at .05 significant level while data were generated using standardized psychological tests which are Internal Control Index (ICI), Self-Efficacy Scale (SES), Study Habit Inventory (SHI) and Cumulative Grade point Average (CGPA) of the participants. Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Statistics was used to analyse the data. Results obtained showed a significant relationship between study habits, locus of control, self-efficacy and academic achievement among undergraduate students of the University of Lagos, Nigeria. It was recommended that parents, lecturers and the stakeholders on the campus and in the society at large should empower the undergraduate students to match both external and internal locus of control by self-efficacy, competence and effective study habits to achieve their academic goals.

The study investigated the relationship between parental attention, educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions. The purpose was to improve the quality of parent-child relationships and reduce juvenile criminality in Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive correlation type survey. The target population consisted of 1,394 juvenile offenders who were housed at the Borstal Institutions. The sample comprised of 450 participants who were randomly selected using a balloting (hat and draw) method of simple random sampling. Two researcher-constructed instruments were used in the study, namely: a “Criminal Behaviour Questionnaire (CBQ)” and a “Parental Attention & Educational Experience Questionnaire (PAEEQ)”. Data was analysed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation statistical method. The findings revealed that a significant relationship existed between parental attention and criminal behaviour; and between educational experience and criminal behaviour of students in Borstal Institutions.Itwas concluded that adequate parental love, warmth, care, attention are imperative for effective parenting and child rearing.

Understanding the buyer decision processes has been one of the core subjects for marketing researchers. Decision-making has been referred as a psychological construct, which could be inferred from the behavior as a commitment to an action. The main scope of this project has been centered at a blended approach between economic and psychological models of decision-making with giving more credit to the possible psychological and physiological counterparts of the buying process. The technological developments and interdisciplinary studies especially in the last decade have paved a valuable path for various research tools that could contribute to the classical models of marketing. The contribution of neuroscientific knowledge and methods has provided a considerable insight for the question what is happening inside the brain. Since neuroscience has targeted at investigating the human brain with respect to internal and external factors, an applied form of neuroscience, neuromarketing, has been useful for the marketing research in general and for modeling the buying processes in specific. Thepresent empirical study could be accepted as one of these initial steps and possible contributions in testing the role of neuroscientific methods in buyers’ decision processes and providing a useful insight in interpreting the prefrontal brain dynamics during their possible buying decisions. Buying decisions have been claimed to be “malleable” (Schwartz, 2004) associated with the available information beneath instead of having well-defined preferences (Bettman, Luce, & Payne 1998). It has been demonstrated that excessive prices have an impact on increasing the insular activity and decreasing the activity in the medial prefrontal cortex, which have been shown to be active during monetary decision-making processes (Knutson et al., 2007). It has also been argued that affect factors and unfair prices have a direct interrelationship (Xia, Monroe, & Cox, 2004). These findings have been in line with the somatic markers hypothesis by Bechara and Damasio (2005) who argue that our brains predict the possible outcomes in a setting depending on our interoceptive emotional signals prior to decision-making. These emotional signals have been considered to have direct guidance during decision-making processes like purchasing. Reward processingmagnitude and valence have been associated with economic transactions by using event-related potentials (Yeung&Sanfey, 2004). Prefrontal cortex has been found to be a critical region that is observed to be active during various cognitive processes including decision-making, executive functions and reasoning. The decision-making processes could generally be divided into two main segments: (1) cognitive and (2) emotional counterparts and prefrontal regions could simply be correlated with the cognitive aspects rather than the emotional side which is mostly considered to be driven by the subcortical regions. The neuroscientific studies in the literature shed light into this dissociation with various empirical findings such that nucleus accumbens activation correlates with reward anticipation, and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) activation correlates with gain outcomes (Knutson et al., 2001). Option valuation, probability estimation, reward and cost anticipation and strategy formation have been some of the decision processes that are considered to be executed by the prefrontal cortex. Medial prefrontal cortex has been shown to have a direct role in the calculation of values (or valuation) of options like the statement of the preferences with the presented product and it has been demonstrated that the activation in medial PFC has been in correlation with the subjective product preferences (Paulus & Frank, 2003). The preference judgments between healthy and unhealthy food items have also been shown to activate the medial prefrontal cortex during the valuation of the options (Hare et al., 2011). This valuation of options have been shown to be not restricted to product valuation but rather it is possible to speak of a general valuation system that is also effective in valuation of the monetary rewards (Bastenet al., 2010). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) method has been utilized to investigate various cognitive faculties. Izzetoglu et al. (2007) used fNIR in a series of experiments to study brain activations during several types of tasks that measure cognitive output. They used a videogame-like task called the Warship Commander Task in which the participants tried to manage varying numbers of airplanes and the amount of cognitive load of the participants was quantified by fNIR. In other experiments, n-back task was used to investigate working memory load on the prefrontal cortex and anagram problems of varying difficulty were used to measure brain activations correlated to problem solving efforts. fNIR was also used in a visual oddball paradigm to assess attention levels of the participants. Across this series of studies, fNIR was shown to be a reliable method for quantification of prefrontal cortex activations. The change in the blood flow has already been shown to illustrate the activation level. Kumagai (2012) investigated personal product preference in fNIR study. Subjects were asked which one of the two products presented they would prefer and then were shown the same products consecutively before making a final decision. Researchers were able to classify product preferences by analyzing blood flow changesvia fNIR.A similar study was conducted by Luu and Chau (2009) to detect product preference via fNIR in a single-trial task. Subjects evaluated two possible products to state their preference and a single-trial task was adequate to analyze fNIR signal for preference detection. We have aimed to observe the neural correlates of buying versus non-buying decisions by using optic neuroimaging method, functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIR). To the best of our knowledge, no study has directly investigated the fNIR correlates of buying versus non-buying. We have mostly adapted the experimental design of Knutson et al. (2007) that could be accepted as a realistic model for an idealized case of a possible buying decision by which the participants see a product image, then its price (under the product image) and finally the decision screen by which the participant has to respond positively or negatively to the buying decision. There have been four main hypotheses for this empirical study. Firstly, the preferences and buying decisions of the participantsduring the experiment are highly correlated with the consumption rates in their lives.The participants in both experiments are likely to choose the products, which they declare in the subjective reports. Secondly, the reaction times of the purchasing versus not purchasing decisions differ depending on the final decisions of the participants.Thirdly, the preference versus non-preference decisions of the participants causes different brain activation patterns via fNIR. Fourthly, the buying versus non-buying decisions of the participants causes different brain activation patterns via fNIR. The buying decisions would elicit more activation in the prefrontal regions due to the possible involvement of monetary-centered decisions as well as the contribution of working memory in these higher-order processes. This empirical project consists of two experiments. First one has been done without a real purchasing outcome –the participants were choosing to buy the products or not but they were not given the products at the end of the experiment. Whereas in the second experiment, the participants had the chance to buy the products they selected to buy. 78 products were used in the task and the total duration of the experiment was 26 minutes.The products consisted of 3 main groups: food, cleaning and personal care products. There were 39 products in the food group (e.g. milk, cheese, coke), 17 products in the cleaning group (e.g. detergents) and 22 products in the personal care group (e.g. deodorant, shampoo, toothpaste). The prices of the products were taken from the supermarkets around Ankara and Istanbul.28 participants have participated in the first round of the experiment, which has done without actual buying endowment but instead participants have pretended to buy the products that they actually preferred. The participants for this experiment were undergraduate students from the Middle East Technical University and they were paid 10 Turkish Liras for their participation in the experiment. The second experiment was performed with the same experimental design but this time each of the participants were given 10 TL for their participation and 40 TL to purchase the products they prefer during the experiment. 11 participants (6 males and 5 females) have attended to this second experiment. The participants were also told that if they do not purchase any products or they do not spend all of the money, they would be able to get half of the unspent money. Since the products have been presented with their actual market prices, it has been much more likely and advantageous for the participants to spend all of their money.The data of one of the participants was excluded due to handedness, and 2 of them were excluded due to excessive artifacts. After the completion of the task, each participant filled out a survey about their frequency of use (Range;1: Never – 5: Frequently) for each of the 78 products. The data obtained from 16 channels via fNIR at a temporal resolution of 2 Hz consists of 4 main parameters: Oxygenation (oxy), Total Hemoglobin (hbt), Hemoglobin (hb) and Hemoglobin 2 (hb2). Each reading is taken for 4 stages (fixation, picture, price, decision). The main underlying assumption has been to observe an increase in the relative concentrations of oxy and hbt values depending on the higher PFC activation during the product demonstration when compared to the fixation screen (that is presented before each block). Almost all of the channels illustrate a difference on average between buying and non-buying conditions. We have also expected to observe a significant difference in activation levels between purchasing and non-purchasing decisions. The processed data has been statistically analyzed with SPSS 20.0. Repeated Measures (RM) ANOVA has been performed in order to observe if the buying versus non-buying decisions had a statistically significant effect on the fNIR signals that are averaged for each block of product, price and decision screens. The independent variable has been the binary buying decisions of the participants. The results of the RM ANOVA test have demonstrated that the first experiment done with preference of the products do not implicate any significant difference between buying and non-buying decisions. Thus our third hypothesis was based on observing a significant change in prefrontal activations due to participants’ product preferences (versus non-preferences). Thus it is more likely that the non-monetary simulated “buying” decisions, which do not actually end with purchasing products, do not elicit sufficient activation in the prefrontal regions to provide a detectable difference between preferred and non-preferred cases. Whereas the same statistical test performed for the results of the second experiment implicate significant difference for the buying versus non-buying decisions for 2 of 16 voxels: V1, V8. For N=11, significant levels of activation was observed on Voxel 1, F(1.00, 9.00) = 8.35 , p < 0.2 (Greenhouse-Geisser corrected) and Voxel 8, F(1.00, 9.00) = 5.50 , p < .05 (Greenhouse-Geisser corrected). The waveforms averaged over 11 subjects show a significant separation among purchase and no purchase decisions especially in Voxels 1 and 8. This finding has been a support for our fourth hypothesis, which has been a modification of the third one. Our third and fourth hypothesis has hold that the buying decisions versus non-buying decisions elicit higher activation among the prefrontal cortices of the participants when the decisions end with the actual purchasing decision. To sum up, this empirical study could be accepted as a step for the specific research field of buying decision processes and neuromarketing research in general. The obtained results clearly implicate that specific prefrontal regions –both lateral and medial- might be activated differently depending on the final buying decisions via the optic neuroimaging device, fNIR. Beside the technical limitations such as the appropriate presentation time, this study performed with fNIR method could be used as a baseline work for understanding the psychological and physiological dynamics of buying decisions and in the short-term several factors can also be investigated with this method. Therefore, it might also be possible for researchers to adapt this methodology for the sector-specific marketing research especially for pricing in the long-run.

본 연구에서는 객관적인 아름다움에 대한 주관적인 미적 경험으로서의 인지적, 감정적 경험에 관여하는 뇌 활성화 과정을 기능적 자기공명영상을 이용하여 검토해 보았다. 우선, 프랙탈 이미지에 대한 미적평가 행동과 제로 보편적인 아름다움의 준거를 확인하였다. 평정 결과에 기초하여, 전체 270개 이미지 중 가장 점수가 높은 50개를 아름다운 이미지로, 점수가 낮은 50개를 아름답지 않은 이미지로 선정하였다. 두 가지 조건을 블록으로 제시한 신경영상 연구 결과, 아름답다고 평가한 이미지에 대해서는 미적 경험에 관여하는 인지적, 정서적 처리에 관여된 부위인 전두엽과 대상회와 뇌섬엽이 활성화되었으며, 아름답지 않다고 평가한 이미지에 대해서는 부정적인 정서와 관련된 중후두회와 전설소엽의 활성화가 관찰되었다. 아름다움 평가에 대한 조건별 접속분석의 결과, 미적평가가 긍정적인 이미지에 대해서는 측두엽의 활성화가, 부정적인 이미지에 대해서는 두정엽의 활성화가 특징적으로 나타났다. 이에 대해 의미론적 해석과 추상화 과정과 연결하여 논의하였다.

목 적: 본 연구는 부모의 사회·경제적 요인과 초등학생의 눈 건강과의 관계를 확인함으로써 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등이 존재하는지를 확인하고자 한다. 방 법: 국민건강영양조사(2009) 데이터를 이용하여 만 7-12세의 초등학생 935명을 대상으로 일반적인 특성과 사회·경제적요인, 눈 건강 관련요인을 χ2 검정하였다. 결 과: 최근 1년간 눈검사 여부, 안경착용비율, 교정시력 1.0이상은 가구소득이 낮을수록 낮은 비율을 보였고, 근시 유병률, 원시 유병률, 자동굴절력계로 측정한 굴절이상도가 ``0~-2D``는 가구 소득이 낮을수록 높은 비율로 나타났다. 결 론: 부모의 사회경제적요인과 눈 건강의 관계를 χ2 검정한 결과 유의하지 않았지만, 유병률과 굴절이상도 등의 비율로 부모의 사회경제적 요인이 아동의 눈 건강에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었고, 저소득층 학령기 아동의 눈 건강 불평등 해소를 위해 정기적인 시력검사와 재보정 기회 제공 등의 중·장기적인 안보건 정책이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

This study was conducted to identify the factors that correlated with food consumption frequency and perceptions of attributes for food selection. The purpose of this study was to improve menu's quality which is related to the food consumption frequency. Taste health and cost perceptions were chosen as the main factors of foods selection from the former related researches. There were differences in foods perception and consumption patterns according to gender. For both of female and male consumers, taste perceptions were highly correlated with consumption of most of foods. Finally, some recommendations which should be considered to correct or improve the quality of menu.

목적: 본 연구는 리더선수의 행동을 탐색하여 선수 리더십의 구성요인을 결정하고, 리더선수의 역할과 영향력 그 리고 행동에 따른 팀의 기여도와 선수들의 선호도를 파악하는데 목적이 있다. 방법: 연구대상은 서울 지역 11개 종목의 대학교 운동선수 110명을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였고, 개방형 설문지를 활용하여 리더선수 행동 탐색에 따른 선수 리더십의 구성요인을 귀납적 내용분석을 통해 결정하였으며, 빈도분석과 기술통계를 활용하여 리더선 수의 역할, 영향력, 팀의 기여도와 선수들의 선호도를 파악하였다. 결과: 훈련과 시합상황에서 리더선수의 주요 긍정⋅부정 행동은 파이팅을 외치며 격려하는 행동과 팀원에게 화를 내는 행동이며, 일상생활에선 생활규칙을 엄 수하는 행동과 생활규칙 준수를 강압적으로 지시하는 행동으로 나타났다. 둘째, 선수 리더십의 구성요인은 솔선수 범, 격려와 분위기 형성, 지도와 조언 제공, 단합과 의사소통, 부정적 영향력의 5요인으로 결정하였다. 셋째, 선수 들이 인식하고 선호하는 리더선수는 주장으로 나타났으며, 리더선수의 영향력에 대해 10개 팀은 긍정적으로, 나 머지 2개 팀은 부정적으로 나타났다. 넷째, 가장 높은 팀의 기여도와 선수들의 선호도는 훈련상황에서 팀원의 부 족한 부분에 대한 피드백을 제공해주는 행동, 시합상황에서 박수를 치거나 엄지를 치켜세우는 행동으로 나타났으 며, 일상생활에선 팀원을 나서서 도와주는 행동과 생활규칙을 엄수하는 행동이 가장 높은 팀의 기여도와 선수들 의 선호도를 보였다. 결론: 선수 리더십을 발휘하는 리더선수의 상황별 주요 행동과 선수 리더십의 구성요인을 도출하였으며, 이러한 리더선수의 역할과 영향력 그리고 행동에 따른 팀의 기여도와 선수들의 선호도를 파악하였다.

리소솜 acid phosphatase(LAP)를 포함하는 리소솜 산성 가수 분해 효소는 세포 내,외 성분의 분해에 중요한 기능을 수행하며, 유미 양서류의 다리 재생 과정에서 LAP의 효소 활성도는 탈분화시기에 특이적으로 증가하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 멕시코산 도룡뇽의 일종인 axolotl(Ambystoma mexicanum)의 다리 재생 가정에서 정상적인 다리 재생 조직과 retinoic acid (RA)가 처리된 다리 재생 조직에서 LA