Cynanchum wilfordii Radix (CWR), Arctium lappa L (ALL), and Dioscorea opposite (DO) have been known to improve blood lipid profile, blood pressure, and inflammation. To find the optimal combination ratio of CWR, ALL, and DO in terms of vascular health improvement, we compared the effects of various combinations on gene expression of Vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC). VCAM-1 mediates endothelial leukocyte adhesion and is upregulated in atherosclerosis. Cells was stimulated by TNF-α (10 ng/㎖, 2h) and treated with various combinations for 24 h. A combination (CADM5, CWR:ALL:DO = 2:1:1) showed the strongest suppression of VCAM-1 so that CADM5 was chosen for further experiments. We performed cell viability test with CADM5 (0, 3.125, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/㎖) and no cytotoxicity was found. We also investigated the effect of CADM5 on protein expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, Nrf-2, and HO-1 using western blotting. We found that CADM5 diminished the expression of VCAM-1 and increased the expression of Nrf-2 and HO-1. Therefore, we concluded that CADM5 (CWR:ALL:DO = 2:1:1) effectively improves vascular health by regulating the expression of VCAM-1.

Background : Yam absorbs nutrition and water through water absorptive root generated from head of rhizome. Round-shaped yam (RSY, Dioscorea opposita) and tropical round-shaped yam (TRSY, Dioscorea alata)are more sensitive to drought because of shorter head of rhizome and shallower root compared to long yam or short yam. This study was conducted to elucidate the effect of irrigation on RSY and TRSY yam at 205 in Institute of Bioresources Research, GBARES. Methods and Results : Tuber of RSY and TRSY were cut as 40 g, and dust-coating sterilized with lime. Seedlings were grown in heating wire installed seed bed from 25. March to 16. April. Experimental field were fertilized 2,000 kg compost, 34 kg N2, 28 kg P2O5, and 28 kg K2O. All amount of compost and P2O5 treated as basal fertilizer. N2 and K2O treated 14 and 10 kg of basal fertilizer, and 20 and 18 kg of additional fertilizer, respectively. Tillage, installation of drop-watering tapes, and covering black PE film with 60×25 cm spacing holes on 120 cm row were conducted. 20 L per m2 was irrigated 7 days interval except rainy day from middle of May to late of September. RSY had high emergence rate in early stage due to irrigation, while TRSY had no difference. Irrigation was not effective on total number of tuber but number of marketable tuber (over 200 g). Marketable tuber yield of RSY according to irrigation was increased 89% as 1,147 kg per 10 a. And tuber with irrigation was 73 g heavier. Tuber yield and marketable tuber yield of TRSY as affected by irrigation were respectively 2,611 and 1,715 kg per 10 a compared to control, 1,462 and 428 kg. And irrigated tuber was 66 g heavier. Conclusion : TRSY had more effective on irrigation than RSY. Both of yam had significant increased marketable tuber yield due to irrigation. Therefore RSY and TRSY are necessarily irrigated because of those absorptive characteristics, short head of tuber and shallow root.

연구내용은 마 재배에 적합한 유기물 및 화학비료 시용량을 검토하였으며, 생육기간 동안 마 생장량, 무기성분 및 allantoin 함량의 변화 등을 조사한 결과이다. 마 재배시 유기물시용 효과 단마의 괴경 수량은 화학비료를 줄여 시용할 경우 감소하였는데, 질소시비량이 높은 관행재배(43-28-32 kg/10a, 퇴비 3톤)에서 2,058 kg/10a의 수량을 보인데 비해 화학비료를 시용하지 않고 10톤의 유기물만 시용한 시험구와 유기물 없이 관행시비량의 반량(22-14-16 kg/10a)을 시비한 시험구는 각각 1,322 kg, 1,404 kg/10a로 수량이 감소하였다. 비료를 배량 증시할 경우 시비량 증가에 따른 수량증수 효과가 나타나지 않았다. 유기물 시용과 경운방법에 따른 생육과 수량 비교 유기물만을 시용하여 단마를 재배할 경우 일반적인 쟁기 경운에서는 10톤/10a 이상을 사용하여야 기준시비량 처리구의 86%의 수량을 확보할 수 있었으며, 트렌쳐심경 재배에서는 유기물 10톤/10a 처리에서 기준시비량 처리구의 95%의 수량을 확보하는 효과가 있었다. 질소와 칼리비료 시비량 개선 시험 질소 시비량에 따른 마 지하부 특성 및 수량은 단마와 장마 모두 질소 32kg/10a에서 최고를 보였으며, 마 밭의 적정 질소시비 수준은 최대수량을 보이는 시비수준의 85%인 27kg/10a로 판단되었다. 칼리 비료의 시비량은 마의 수량에 유의적인 영향을 미치지 않았다. 마의 생장변화와 식물체내 무기성분 변화 마의 지하부 생육은 정식 후 3개월 정도 경과 후 괴경 비대가 급속히 이루어졌으며, 생육기간 중 식물체내에 흡수되는 영양분의 요소별 흡수는 괴경 비대가 시작되는 7월 중순경부터 생체 및 건물 중의 증가와 동시에 증가하는 경향이었다. 생육 기간중 allantoin 함량변화 생육 기간중 allantoin 함량은 지상부생육이 활발한 7~8월경으로 주로 지상부에 많이 포함되어 있으며, 지하부 괴경의 allantoin 함량축적에 따른 마 수확적기는 10월 이후가 적당하며 질소시비량에 따른 allantoin 함량은 큰 차이가 없었다.

Shoot tips of chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) were cultured on MS medium containing 0.5 mg/L BA to produce micro-tubers in vitro. To stimulate the formation of shoots and micro-tubers, and produce large micro-tubers, the sections of micro-tubers were cultured on MS media with BA and IAA. The shoot multiplication, and the micro-tuber formation and growth were very effective on the media containing 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.5~1.0 mg/L IAA. Sucrose added to MS medium with 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L IAA to stimulate more micro-tuber growth. The medium added 50 g/L sucrose was very effective in the increase of plant fresh weight and micro-tuber growth. After 4 weeks' culture of micro-tuber sections on the medium with 2.0 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L IAA and 50 g/L sucrose, the liquid media were added into the same vessels. The micro-tuber growth was stimulated remarkably by the addition of liquid medium. The addition of 25 ml liquid medium containing 10 g/L activated charcoal, 3x MS salts and 250 g/L sucrose was the most effective in micro-tuber growth.

둥근마 액체배양에서 소괴경의 생산을 위하여 배양온도와 일장의 전환과 배양 배지의 교체 효과를 조사하였다. 둥근마 액체배양에서 식물체의 증식을 위한 일장시간은 6주의 배양기간 동안 25℃에서 16시간보다는 24시간이 효과적이었다. 기내소괴경의 생산을 위하여 배양기간을 12주로 연장하여 배양하였으며, 배지교체의 효과를 검토하기 위하여, 배양 중기인 배양 후 6주째에 새로운 배지로 교체하였더니, 배지를 교체하지 않은 것보다 소괴경의 형성수가 평균 5개씩 더 많았고, 소괴경무게도 70% 이상 증가하였다. 배양환경의 전환이 소괴경 형성에 미치는 효과를 알아보기 위하여, 12주의 배양기간 중에 식물체 생장이 활발한 초기 6주간은 25℃에서 24시간의 일장환경에서 배양하고, 이후 6주간의 배양온도와 일장시간을 전환하였다. 배양온도는 25℃가 15℃보다 효과적이었고, 25℃에서 일장시간은 24시간이 암처리 또는 8시간 일장처리보다 효과가 있었다. 12주간의 배양기간중에 배지 교체의 적절한 시기는 배양 후 2, 4, 6, 8, 10주째 또는 배지 무교체 처리구중에서, 생체중, 마디수, 소괴경수에서는 2주 또는 6주째에 교체하는 것이 좋았고, 소괴경중은 8주째 교체 처리구에서 가장 무거웠으나 소괴경의 수와 무게를 모두 고려하였을 때, 초기 배양 후 6주째에 배지 교체하는 것이 가장 효율적이었다. 12주간의 배양기간 중 배양 후 6주째에 교체할 배지의 성분은 sucrose 30, 60 g·L-1 또는 sucrose 60 g + BA 0.1 mg·L-1 함유 배지 중에서 sucrose 60 g·L-1이 함유된 배지로 교체하였을 때, 소괴경의 총무게가 가장 무거워 소괴경의 비대에 가장 효과적이었다. 따라서, 둥근마의 액체배양시 25±1℃, 24시간 광조건으로, 마디접종 후 6주째에 sucrose 60 g·L-1를 함유한 배지로 교체하여 6주간 추가 배양하는 방법이 기내 식물체와 소괴경의 생장과 형성에 가장 효과적이었다.

The study was carried out to evaluate the affect of proton beam radiation on production of bulbil and tuber including change of endogenous gibberellins, of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. The yield of bulbils and tubers from non- and irradiated D. opposita Thunb at doses of 5, 10, 15 and 20 Gy were determined. Endogenous gibberellins were also quantified by GC/MS analysis. D. opposita tubers irradiated at 15 Gy produced higher bulbil production than non-irradiated plants. Enlarged bulbil (above size diameter 4 mm) was significantly increased at 15 Gy. Bioactive endogenous GA4 was dominant in bulbils and tubers irradiated with proton beam rather than GA1 . Major gibberellins biosynthetic pathways in bulbils and tubers of D. opposita plants were non C-13 hydroxylation route. From the results of this study, 15 Gy proton beam radiation was suggested as an optimal dose that can produce high amounts of bulbil for mass production of D. opposita plant.

The survival rate and thermal, crystal, and physicochemical properties of starches in chinese yam tubers irradiated to proton beam were determined. Survival rate was decreased with increased proton beam irradiation. Amylose content of D. opposita starches from different proton beam ranged from 13.2% to 17.8%. D. opposita starch at 5 Gy showed the highest δHgel values (12.0 J/g) while D. opposita starch at 25 Gy showed the lowest values (10.1 J/g). Several parameters such as PKV (peak viscosity), HPV (Hot peak viscosity) and CPV (Cooling peak viscosity) decreased with the increase in irradiation dose. The degrees of crystallinity of the D. opposita starches at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy were 37.2, 38.3, 38.9, 39.2 and 39.9%, respectively. It might be deduced that proton beam irradiation causes changes of starch, especially at high dose irradiation.