화상병균(Erwinia amylovora)에 의해 발생하는 과수 화상병은 주로 사과, 배 등의 장미과 식물에서 발병한다. 과수 화상병은 국내에서 금지 병원균으로 지정되어 있으며, 2015년 경기도 안성의 배과수원에서 최초 발견되었다. 그러나, 현재까지 근본적인 방제약제가 없는 상황으로 발생지는 매몰이 최선의 방법으로 여겨진다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 2019년을 기준으로 충북지역의 과수 화상병 발생 원인 분석을 통하여 발생 경로 차단을 위한 역학조사를 실시하였다. 1. 충주시 등 3개 시군의 전체 221농가 141ha에서 과수 화상병이 발생하였으며, 세부적인 연도별 발생현황은 2015년(2농가 1ha), 2018년(74농가 51.5ha), 2019년(145농가 88.9ha) 로 나타났다. 2. 과수 화상병의 발생시기는 주로 5월부터 8월 사이로 나타났으며, 특히 6월(73.8%)이 가장 많이 발생하였으며, 7월 (17.2%), 5월(7.6%), 8월(1.4%)순으로 나타났다. 3. 과수 화상병 발생 의심 신고 후 확진 매몰까지 소요기간은 11.9일이었고, 발생에서 매몰까지의 기간은 최단 5일에서 최장 19일로 조사되었다. 4. 병원균의 최초 발생지로부터의 확산 거리는 평균 21 km로 나타났으며 가장 먼거리는 음성군 비산면으로 34 km였다.

한지형 마늘의 엽 제거 정도에 따른 피해양상을 구명코자 단양종 마늘을 시험재료로 출현 후 1엽, 2엽, 3엽, 4엽 제거 후 생육을 조사하였다. 엽생육은 4엽 제거에서 저조하였으며, 엽초경 또한 같은 경향을 보였다. 엽 면적은 무제거 및 1엽 제거에서 441.3 cm2/주 및 458.5 cm2/주 였으나 3엽 및 4엽 제거에서는 320 cm2/주로 엽 면적이 줄어드는 경향을 보였다. 조기출현정도별 생체중, 뿌리수를 조사한 결과 엽 피해가 클 수록 적어지는 경향을 보였고, 출현율은 일정한 경향을 보이 지 않았다. 초장, 엽수, 엽초장, 엽초경 등의 지상부 생육은 엽 제거 정도가 클수록 생육이 저조하였으며 화경생육 및 엽록소 함량은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 구중은 엽 제거 정도가 클수록 적어지는 경향을 보였고, 구형지수는 엽 피해가 클수 록 타원형의 형태를 보였다. 인편수 및 이차생장은 엽 피해와 관계없이 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 엽 부위가 구 비대에 미치는 영향을 검토한 결과 제거시기에 관계없이 4번엽 제거 에서 구비대가 가장 억제 되었다. 엽 피해 정도별 수량조사결 과 무제거(946 kg/10a) 대비 4엽 제거(698 kg/10a)에서 26.2% 정도 감수되었다.

코끼리마늘의 적정 파종시기를 구명하기 위하여 단양과 군위지역에 파종시기를 9월 30일, 10월 10일, 10월 20일 및 10월 30일로 달리 하여 파종한 후 생육특성 및 수량을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 코끼리마늘의 출현율은 단양지역의 72.5%에 비해 군위지역이 8.4%p 높았으며, 출현기는 파종시기가 늦어질수록 출현소요일수는 짧아졌으며 추대기와 개화기는 단양지역에 비해 군위지역에서 각각 15일, 10일이 빨랐던 반면 파종시기 간에서는 차이가 없었다. 2. 지하부의 생육은 군위지역이 단양에 비해 구중, 구고, 구경, 자구 등 양호한 생육을 보였으며, 파종시기에서는 단양에서는 10월 10일, 군위지역에서는 10월 20일과 10월 30일에서 구중과 구고가 무겁거나 큰 경향을 보였다. 3. 코끼리마늘 수량은 단양에 비해 군위지역이 파종시기 간 차이가 있으나 1.5~ 2.3배 높았으며, 단양지역은 10월 10일, 군위지역에서는 10월 20일 이후에 많았다.

마늘혹응애(Aceria tulipae (Keifer))(Acari: Eriophyoidae)는 마늘의 인편을 주로 가해하는 해충으로 몸길이가 250㎛, 체폭은 45㎛로 크기가 매우 작아 피해를 확인하기가 어렵다. 특히, 마늘 생육 중에는 육안 관찰이 불가능하여 마늘을 뽑아 현미경하에서만 관찰이 된다. 마늘 생육 중 피해증상과 조사시기에 따른 마늘잎별 밀도를 제시하고자, 마늘연구소 시험포장에서 마늘싹 출현부터 수확시까지 조사하였다. 3월 4일 조사에서는 1주당 35.5마리가 조사되었고, 3월 28일 2.5마리, 4월 16일 78마리가 조사되었으며, 그 이후 계속하여 밀도가 증가하다가 5월 21일 이후부터 500마리 이상의 높은 밀도가 마늘 수확 전까지 유지되었다. 마늘 생육기간 중에 마늘혹응애가 가해하더라도 육안으로 볼 수가 없고, 마늘혹응애 밀도가 낮을때에 효과적인 예찰을 위해 마늘잎별로 조사하였다. 4월 16일 조사에는 4, 5, 6번째 마늘잎의 주엽맥에서 각각 53, 73, 30마리이었고, 5월 7일에는 6, 7, 8번째 마늘잎의 주엽맥에서 각각 25, 41, 2마리가 조사되었다. 6월 4일에는 7, 8, 9,엽의 주엽맥과 마늘종에서 각각 200, 600, 250, 800마리가 조사되었다. 따라서 한지형마늘인 경우 마늘혹응애 조사는 4월 중순에는 4, 5, 6엽의 주엽맥에서 조사하고, 5월 상순에는 6, 7, 8엽의 주엽맥 또는 잎의 말림과 황색줄무늬를 동반한 생육불량 잎에서 조사한다. 그리고 6월 상순에는 7, 8, 9엽의 주엽맥 또는 마늘종 밑부분에서 조사한다. 마늘혹응애 피해증상은 종구에서 응애 밀도가 높을 경우에는 전체적으로 생육이 크게 위축되고, 마늘 생육 초기에 잎을 따라 올라 오면서 주엽맥을 가해하여 잎이 꼿꼿하게 펴지지 못하고 말리게 된다.

마늘혹응애(Aceria tulipae (Keifer))(Acari: Eriophyoidae)는 마늘의 인편을 가해하는 해충으로 몸길이가 250㎛, 체폭은 45㎛로 크기가 매우 작아 피해를 확인하기가 매우 어렵다. 최근 친환경농업의 확산으로 마늘혹응애의 피해는 더욱 증가하는 경향을 보여, 마늘 주산단지를 중심으로 마늘혹응애 발생밀도를 조사하였다. 마늘 주산단지인 충북의 단양, 증평, 경북의 영천, 의성, 군위, 경남의 합천, 그리고 전남의 해남, 고흥지역에서 5농가 이상씩 총 56농가의 마늘을 조사한 결과, 마늘혹응애 발생농가는 39농가로 69.6%의 발생을 보였다. 토양별 발생비율은 밭토양에서 생산된 마늘은 97.1%, 논토양에서 생산된 마늘은 27.3%의 발생을 보였다. 생태형별 마늘혹응애 발생조사에서 난지형마늘이 50.0%, 한지형마늘이 71.4%의 발생을 보였는데, 이는 생태형에 따른 차이보다는 난지형마늘에서 논 재배를 많이 한 차이로 보인다. “마늘에 가장 크게 피해를 주는 병해충이 무엇인가” 라는 설문조사에서는 마늘혹응애라고 답한 농가가 3.8%를 보였다. 마늘혹응애에 대한 농민들의 피해에 대한 인식은 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다.

한지형 마늘의 엽초유인 방법에 따른 마늘 엽 생육과 수량 에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 관행유인, 비닐절개유인, 일시제 거유인 등 3처리를 두어 실험을 실시한 결과, 초장은 생육 초 기 일시제거유인에서 좋았으나, 생육 후기로 갈수록 차이가 없 었으며, 엽초경은 4월 상순까지는 비슷한 생육을 보였으나, 생 육후기로 갈수록 일시제거유인에서 저조하였다. 엽록소 함량 은 비닐 일시제거 유인에서 SPAD값이 46.0~62.5로 변화폭이 컸던 반면, 관행유인은 3.0(SPAD값)으로 변화폭이 적었다. 엽 초유인 방법별 토양온도는 관행 및 비닐절개 유인에서 최고· 최저 온도차가 비닐 일시제거유인에서는 14oC로 온도의 변화 폭이 컸다. 구중은 관행 및 비닐 절개 유인에서 무거웠으며, 1,000당 투하노동력은 비닐절개구와 비닐 일시제거구에서 관 행 66.5시간/2인 대비 각각 17.3%와 18.3%의 점감효과가 있 었고, 1,000당 수량은 비닐절개 유인이 751 kg로 관행유인 686 kg에 비해 9% 증수되었다.

지구 온난화에 따른 한지형마늘의 적정 파종시기를 구명하고자 10월 20일부터 10일 간격으로 4회 파종하여 시험하였다.한지형마늘 파종시기에 따른 출현율은 85.6~90.3%로 차이가없었으며, 지상부 생육은 초장, 엽폭, 엽수 등 지상부 생육은파종시기 간 차이가 없었다. 지하부 특성은 주당 구중은 25.1~28.8g, 구경은 40.1~42.1mm, 구고는 33.6~34.7mm, 구당쪽수는 6.1~6.3개로 파종시기에 따른 차이가 없었다. 2차생장비율은 파종시기 간 차이가 없는 47.8~56.7%로 높은 경향이었으며, 총포의 무게와 총포경은 파종시기 간 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 총수량과 상품수량을 고려한 한지형마늘의 파종한계기는 11월 10일이었다.

2008년부터 2010년까지 3년간 인삼재배 29농가를 대상으로 묘삼 이식기종별 경제성을 분석, 손익분기 규모를 추정하여 인삼재배농가의 생력화를 위한 기초 자료로 제공하고자 연구한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 묘삼이식기종에 따른 이식작업의 생력화율은 관행이식 대비 모종이식기 16%, 기계이식기은 49%, 기계이식기는 63%정도의 노력이 절감되었다. 2. 묘삼 이식기에 따른 손익분기 규모를 분석한 결과, 관행이식 대비 기계이식기은 보조지원을 받지 않는 경우 0.9 ha, 기계이식기은 1.3 ha 정도에서 손익분기점이 나타났다.

Background: For stable induction of tetraploidy in Fallopia multiflora Haraldson, colchicine was treated to establish the condition of induction and investigated the morphological and cytogenetic traits of the tetraploid plants obtained compared to those of diploid ones. Methods and Results: For the induction of tetraploidy, F. multiflora plants were soaked in aqueous solutions of colchicine at various concentration (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%). After this, 2% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) was added at room temperature on a shaker set at 150 rpm for periods of 12, 24, and 48 h. The induction rate of tetraploids appeared to be the highest in plants treated with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h. As the colchicine concentration and soaking time increased above these levels, the growing tip of the roots did not develop and they began to rot. When compared to diploid plants, tetraploids differed greatly in various characteristics, including the sizes and shapes of the leaves, fruits, flowers and roots. The induced tetraploid F. multiflora had larger guard cells, and chloroplasts, increased number of chloroplast in the guard cells and decreased stomatal densities. Conclusions: When colchicine induced plants for tetraploid, it can be distinguished from diploids, in various characteristics such as morphological changes as stomatal size, number of chloroplasts per guard cell, number of chromosomes and flow cytometry. Therefore, it proved that these methods are suitable, quick and easy methods for the identification of the ploidy level of F. multiflora.

Background : There are studies on the planting distance, sowing periods, and over wintering method of Saururus chinesis, but lesson the necessary soil moisture content for rhizome growth. This study examines the effects of soil moisture content on the growth of Saururus chinesis. Method and Results : The radicles of Saururus chinesis were harvested in the beginning of March and cut into three joints. The planting densities were determined as 40 ㎝ × 10 ㎝, 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ and 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and the soil moisture content was adjusted through continuous flooding treatment, wetting (0 ~ -10 kPa), and field moisture capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). As a result of investigating the ground growth of Saururus chinesis, the growth through continuous flooding was best with the planting distance of 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝ that yielded a plant height of 7.4 ㎝, stem diameter of 5.2 ㎜, and leaf number of 5.5. The growth through field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) was poorest at the planting distance of 40 ㎝ ×10 ㎝. The transpiration rate, indicating the breathing of leaves, was highest at 1.4 s ㎝-1 through continuous flooding at 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝, and decreased to 0.5 s ㎝-1 with the field capacity of (-20 ~ -50 kPa) 40 ㎝ × 20 ㎝. The investigation on the leaves showed that the leaf weight was heaviest at 23.1 g/plant through continuous flooding of 40 ㎝ × 30 ㎝ that also showed a wider leaf area and rich chlorophyll. At continuous flooding of 40 × 10 ㎝, the leaf weight was as light as 9.5 g/plant, showing no consistency among treatments. The investigation on the underground growth showed the best results through continuous flooding with a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝ where the root length was 50.7 ㎝, root diameter 6.7 ㎜, and fresh root weight of 45.3 g/plant, which decreased to 24.4 g/plant with field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa). The investigation on the polyphenol content as a functional component showed the richest content in the leaf of the plant at 752.5 ㎎/100g through continuous flooding, and lowest at 661.0 ㎎/100g with field capacity. With the field capacity (-20 ~ -50 kPa) it was the highest at 262.0 ㎎/100g. Conclusion : It was the most advantageous for mass Saururus chinensis radical production with continuous flooding treatment for soil moisture and a planting distance of 40 × 10 ㎝.

This study was performed to develop the mass propagation system using tissue culture technique to supply the seeds of Elephant garlic (Allium ampeloprasum L.) which has difficulty in propagation. Immature spathe of Elephant garlic was cultured on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with two plant growth regulators, naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and kinetin. After 6 weeks of culture, the highest number of shoot (14.9/explant) was obtained when the immature spathe with 10 ㎝ length was cultured right after harvesting. In MS medium supplemented with 2 ㎎/L kinetin and 0.5 ㎎/L NAA, the most vigorous growth characteristics was observed, the shoot number was 14.9/explant, its length was 11.3 ㎝, and its fresh weight was 2.5 g. When the bulblets were cultured in MS medium with 2 ㎎/L kinetin and 0.5 ㎎/L NAA, the addition of 30 ㎎/L adenine improved their proliferation and growth significantly, the highest bulblet formation rate (48%) was obtained. The addition of 7% sucrose also increased the bulblet formation rate at the highest frequency of 98.2%. The shoots were shown be more vigorously proliferated at the secondary subculture stage rather than primary culture stage, their propagation rate was 80% after subculture.

Background : Polygonatum is a perennial herbaceous crop that is further classified into P. falcatum A. Gray (wild vegetation of Jeju, Japan), P. sibiricum F. Delaroche (wild vegetation of Korea north, China, Russia, and Mongol), and P. stenophyllum MAx (wild vegetation of South of Danyang), with the herbal name of Rhizoma polygonati. Polygonatum is harvested after 5 - 6 years since planting, and the quality of the radicle is a major factor determining the quantity of harvest. This study presents the morphological characteristics to predict the later quantity of radicles when planting polygonatum, and develops the methods for the prediction. Methods and Results : This study investigated the ground-level growth and the quantity of radicles in underground in 5-years-old, 4-leaf, 5-leaf, and 6- or more leaved polygonatum planted in the Chungbuk Agricultural Research and Extension Services. According to the investigation on the ground-level growth by the number of leaves, the 5-leaved plant showed the best plant length and nodal leaf number; 171 ㎝ and 24/stock, respectively. On the other hand, the leaf number and leaf weight were as heavy as 85 leaves and 58.3 g/stock, respectively, in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves. The leaf area was as wide as 15.6 ㎠ with 5-leaved plant, and the chlorophyll was also high. The investigation on the underground growth showed the best results in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves: the root length was 23.8 ㎝, number of radicle node was 5.7, and root weight was 291 g. The quantity was highest at 2,148 ㎏/10 a with 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves, and at the lowest at 907 ㎏/10 a in 4-leaved plants. The profit analysis showed a profit of 3,859,000 won/5 years in 6-leaved plants or plants with more leaves, which 86% higher than the 4-leaved plants. Conclusion : If plants with6-leaf or more leaves at the ground level are selected and used as radicles for new polygonatum packaging, the quantity of radicles has increased by 59% and the profit increased by 86%, compared to 4-leaved plants.

Background : This study was performed to investigate the morphological and growth characteristics and metabolomics approach for the diploid and tetraploid Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PMT). Methods and Results : The present study was performed to investigate the effective induction method of tetraploid plants using colchicine treatment. To know the morphological and growth characteristics of PMT overground growing was investigated about the stem diameter, leaf length and width, a scape, inflorescence length, chlorophyll, seed length and seed width. Metabolite profiles from P. multiflorum were analyzed by an ultra performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole - time of flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The number of stomata and chlorophyll content was also higher in tetraploid. However, the physiological and morphological characteristics of the newly developed tetraploid showed noticeable results compared to the diploid plant. Also, the inherent characteristics of a newly acquired tetraploid also exhibited better results compared to diploid. Twenty one compounds including catechins from leaf and thirty compounds including stilbenes from roots were identified as major metabolites of PMT. The levels of most root metabolites except dethiobiotin, epigallocatechin gallate, procyanidin B1, epiafzelechin 3-O-gallate, and moupinamide from PMT were higher than those of diploid. The levels of 2,3-digalloylglucose, fallacinol, tricin, physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside, torachrysone-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, questin, aloe-emodin 8-O-(6′-O-acetyl)-glucoside, polydatin, 2,5-dimethyl-7-hydroxychromone, 3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene, aloe-emodin, myrciacitrin II and ω-hydroxyemodin from teraploid PMT were 342, 32, 31, 21, 11, 11, 9, 8, 6, 5, 4, and 2 times, respectively, higher. Conclusion : From above results, overground growing of tetraploid P. multiflorum is fairly better than that of native P. multiflorum.

Background : This experiment was conducted to select suitable industrial crop after Panax ginseng cultivation under the greenhouse in the middle area. Methods and Results : This experiment was conducted in greenhouse of Chungbuk Agricultural Research Service and extension services from 2015 and 2016 years. Ginseng grown four years in greenhouse. After cropping of Panax ginseng was transplanted Cynanchum wilfordii, Platycodon grandiflorm, Dioscorea opposita, and Codonopsis lanceolata. Non-cultivated field that were grown sesame. Cynanchum wilfordii, Platycodon grandiflorm, and Codonopsis lanceolata was collected in the Chungbuk area and Dioscorea opposita was collected in Andong-si. Each industrial crop after panax ginseng cultivation under the greenhouse was sowing from late April to early May 2015 years. The growth and yield of crop examined in the experiment were good on the whole except Codonopsis lanceolata without disease due to continuous cropping of Panax ginseng. The yield of Cynanchum wilfordii, Platycodon grandiflorm, Dioscorea opposita, and Codonopsis lanceolata was 803kg, 1,393kg, 1031kg, 412kg per 10a respectively, and the every decline yield index was by 1%, 8%, 12%, and 31% respectively. The proper crop in after cropping of Panax ginseng was cynanchum wilfordii, which was yielded 1,393kg per 10a by fresh tuber and it was 1% decline compared to the non-cultivated field. Conclusion : In this study, Cynanchum wilfordii, Platycodon grandiflorm, Dioscorea opposita was recommended as a crop after Panax ginseng cultivation under the greenhouse in the middle area.

Background:The study aimed to obtain data on the effects of cultivation and soil reduction of green manure crop on the quantity and quality of organically cultivated Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley.Methods and Results:The experiment comprised four treatments: control, hairy vetch, barley, and hairy vetch + barley (3 : 2). The plant height in the hairy vetch treatment (86.3㎝) was significantly different from that in the other treatments, whereas the stem diameter leaf area, and special product analysis division (SPAD) value did not differ across the treatments. The largest soil reduction of green manure crop was recorded in the barley treatment (440 ㎏/10 a), whereas the smallest was recorded in the single treatment with hairy vetch (80 ㎏/10 a). The hairy vetch + barley (60 : 40) treatment showed 63% more soil microorganisms than control. Radical scavenging activity estimation revealed that the total polyphenol content was highest (1,740 ㎎/㎏), and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was 92.6% in the barley treatment. The 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) activation was highest in the control (51.1%), and the root yield was the highest in the barley treatment (310 ㎏/10 a).Conclusions:The root yield, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activity of Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley increased in presence of the green manure crop barley.

Background : This study was investigated the effect of organic fertilizer application and stem training methods on the growth and yield of Cynanchum willfordii. Methods and Results : Traditional species, C. willfordii conducted the test to the field in Chungbuk ARES, Korea. Two methods, non-supporting (custom) and I-shape supporting was used for stem training method. Planting spacing was adjusted to 30 (interrow spacing) x 20 cm (intrarow spacing) and other key management is the followed the cultivation manual for standard medicinal crops. Organic fertilizer application is conducted in mid-March before planting of C. willfordii. Registered organic agricultural materials such as fungal cultures (CC), mixed organic materials (MO), fermented and mixed expeller cake (EC), and fermented fowl dropping (FD) was used. Application rate is based on the nitrogen application rate after soil testing. Plant height was both good in all at I-shape supporting (266.7 ㎝) and all in non-supporting (160.8 ㎝); however, stem diameter was more thicker in custom (4.6 ㎜) of I-shape supporting and EC (4.8 mm) of non-supporting. Number of branched stem were good at EC from I-shape supporting and non-supporting, as well as leaf growth. SPAD value was evaluated in MO (52.7) of I-shape supporting and EC (52.3) of non-supporting. Number of branched root per organic fertilizer were showed 7.0 at MO from I-shape supporting, but 7.3 at FD from non-supporting. While length of main root were 27.0 cm in MO of I-shape supporting and 31.3 ㎝ in FD of non-supporting. Root weight also more heavier in EC (66.3 g) of I-shape supporting and FD (53.0 g) of non-supporting. When applied organic fertilizer, total density of soil microorganisms were changed into 38.4 ppm in custom; however, it more plentiful of 90.7 ppm in MO, it showed good effect on the replication of soil microbiota. Conclusion : From the investigated results, MO of I-shape supporting was good at overall growth, including good tendency of roots growth.