Background: Pressure biofeedback may facilitate selective rotator cuff activation during shoulder external rotation, but training effects and structural changes are unclear. Objectives: To examine the effects of a 4-week external rotation program with pressure biofeedback on shoulder muscle activity and rotator cuff thickness. Design: Quasi-experimental design. Methods: Thirty healthy adults were randomized to experimental (n=15) or control (n=15). Both performed seated external rotation at 30° with an elastic band (3×12 reps, 4 sessions/week, 4-week); the biofeedback group maintained 40 mmHg scapular adduction pressure. Surface EMG (%MVIC) and ultrasound muscle thickness were assessed pre/post. Paired and independent t-tests were used (α=.05). Results: In the experimental group, teres minor and infraspinatus activity increased, whereas middle and posterior deltoid activity decreased (P<.05). Post-intervention, rotator cuff activity was higher and posterior deltoid activity was lower versus control (P<.05). Muscle thickness showed no significant changes. Conclusions: A 4-week pressure biofeedback training program changed muscle activation during shoulder external rotation by increasing rotator cuff activation and decreasing compensatory deltoid activity. These findings indicate meaningful neuromuscular adaptations during the external rotation task.

Background: Plank exercises are widely used for core stabilization, but the effects of applying instability to different support surfaces on trunk muscle activation remain unclear. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of support surface instability on the electromyographic activity of trunk muscles including the rectus abdominis, internal oblique and transversus abdominis, multifidus, and longissimus during the plank exercise. Design: This study is quasi-experimental design. Methods: Thirty healthy university students performed plank exercises under four conditions: stable surface, unstable elbows, unstable feet, and unstable both. Muscle activity was measured using wireless EMG. Data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA and Scheffé post hoc tests. Results: The rectus abdominis showed a statistically significant increase in muscle activation when both elbows and feet were placed on an unstable surface compared with the stable condition (P<.05). Conclusions: Unstable support surfaces during planks significantly enhance rectus abdominis activation, increasing global muscle recruitment for postural control. Conversely, stable surfaces may be preferable for training deep stabilizers without excessive superficial muscle dominance.

본 연구는 체육계열 대학생을 대상으로 회복탄력성이 운동지속의도에 미치는 영향을 분석하고, 이 과정에서 운동열정의 매개효과와 자기조절 의 조절된 매개효과를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구대상은 전국 8개 대학교 재학생 269명을 대상으로 구조화된 설문을 실시하였으며, 수집된 자료는 SPSS 26.0과 PROCESS macro 4.2의 Model 1, 4, 14를 활용하여 기 술통계, 상관분석, 매개 및 조절효과, 조절된 매개효과 분석을 실시하였 다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 회복탄력성은 운동열정과 운동지속의도에 정적 영 향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 운동열정은 회복탄력성과 운동지속의도의 관계를 부 분 매개하였다. 셋째, 운동열정과 운동지속의도의 관계는 자기조절 수준 에 따라 달라졌으며, 자기조절이 높을수록 그 효과가 더욱 강화되었다. 넷째, 조절된 매개효과 검증 결과, 자기조절이 높을수록 회복탄력성이 운 동열정을 통해 운동지속의도로 이어지는 간접효과가 유의하게 강화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 체육계열 대학생의 지속적인 운동 참여 를 촉진하기 위해 회복탄력성과 열정, 자기조절을 강화할 수 있는 상담· 교육·훈련 프로그램의 필요성을 시사한다.

Background: Core stabilization exercises are widely used to improve trunk stability, balance, and functional movement by enhancing the activation and endurance of deep trunk muscles such as the transversus abdominis (TrA). However, evidence comparing the effects of sling-based unstable surface training and mat-based stable surface training remains limited. Objects: To investigate the effects of mat based core stabilization exercises and sling based unstable surface core stabilization exercises on transversus abdominis thickness and core endurance. Methods: Forty-six healthy adults were randomly assigned to a mat exercise group (MEG, n=23) or a mat with sling exercise group (MSEG, n=23). Both groups performed 30-minute core stabilization exercises twice per week for four weeks. TrA thickness was measured using ultrasonography (SONON 300L), and core endurance was evaluated using the Bourban test for the anterior muscle chain. Results: Both groups showed significant increases in transversus abdominis thickness (MEG: P<.05; MSEG: P<.00) and core endurance (P<.00) after the intervention. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in post-intervention TrA thickness or Bourban test. Conclusion: Both mat based and sling based core stabilization exercises effectively enhanced TrA thickness and core endurance in healthy adults.

Background: Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have suggested core stabilization exercise as a conservative treatment approach for scoliosis. Objectives: To investigate the effects of sling exercise and unilateral core exercise on the angle, balance ability, and muscle tone in individuals with scoliosis. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: Twenty-one students in their twenties with mild scoliosis were recruited as participants and randomly assigned to one of three groups: a sling exercise group (n=7), a unilateral core exercise group (n=6), and a combined sling and unilateral core exercise group (n=6). Two participants dropped out during the study. Each group performed its designated exercise program individually, three times per week for five weeks. Measurements of scoliosis angle, balance, and muscle tone were taken before and after the intervention. Results: The sling exercise intervention significantly reduced the scoliosis angle (P<.05) and significantly increased muscle tone on the convex side (P<.05). In the combined sling and unilateral core exercise group, a significant improvement in static balance ability was observed (P<.05). Conclusion: Among the core stabilization exercises applied to scoliosis, sling exercise may be considered a potential intervention for mild scoliosis.

Background: Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) is a widely used eccentric strengthening exercise that reduces the risk of hamstring and anterior cruciate ligament injuries. During NHE, the ankles are fixed in a kneeling position, while the upper body falls forward as the knee extends, maximizing hamstring activation. However, compensatory movements, such as an increased hip joint angle, make optimal execution difficult. Assisted NHE (ANHE) using an elastic band facilitates controlled movement, maintains high hamstring activation, and allows intensity adjustments. Despite their benefits, research on exercise postures based on different elastic band application regions remains limited. Objects: This study aimed to compare trunk and hip extensors activation, the gluteus maximus vs. erector spinae (GM/ES) ratio, and subjective difficulty during NHE, chest-assisted NHE (C-ANHE), and pelvic-assisted NHE (P-ANHE). Methods: Twenty-two healthy males performed each exercise, starting from a kneeling position with the knee joint at 90° and extending 15° with isometric contraction. The muscle activations of the ES, GM, and the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) were measured using surface electromyography. The GM/ES ratio was calculated, and the Borg rating of perceived exertion (Borg RPE) (6–20) scale was examined. Results: ES (F = 141.38, p < 0.001), GM (F = 184.14, p < 0.001), and BFlh (F = 164.85, p < 0.001) activation differed significantly among the exercises. All muscles showed higher muscle activity during P-ANHE than during C-ANHE (p < 0.017). The GM/ES ratio was lower than 1 for all exercises but significantly higher in P-ANHE (0.66 ± 0.15) than in C-ANHE (0.57 ± 0.18) (p < 0.017). The Borg RPE score differed significantly among exercises (p < 0.001) and was higher in P-ANHE (15.10 ± 1.77) than in C-ANHE (11.86 ± 1.91) (p < 0.017). Conclusion: P-ANHE increased GM activation to a greater extent than C-ANHE, with moderate subjective difficulty. It is recommended as an ANHE variant for targeting the GM while considering ES activation.

Background: Electrophototherapeutic resources are widely used in the treatment of shoulder injuries, despite some contradictory results. Objects: This scoping review aims to evaluate the existing electrophysical resources associated or not with physical exercise (EX), propose a dosage and to evaluate the methodological quality, for managing pain, range, and muscle strength in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome (SIS). Methods: Randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-RCTs (NRCTs) and systematic reviews of electrophototherapeutic interventions in people with SIS were included, with no restrictions on age, sex, year or language. The outcomes were pain intensity, range of motion, and muscle strength. The databases searched were PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, LILACS, PEDro, Google Scholar, Open Grey, LIVIVO, CAPES Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations, and citation search. The search was carried out on January 26, 2023 and updated on March 5, 2024. The risk of bias of the included studies was assessed individually using the Cochrane risk of bias tools for randomized trials (RoB 2) and for non-randomized trials (ROBINS-I) and the AMSTAR-2 tools for systematic review studies. Results: Twenty studies were included (14 RCTs, one NRCT, and 5 review studies). The electrophototherapeutic resources used were photobiomodulation, high-intensity laser therapy (HILT), laser associated with light-emitting diode, Multiwave Locked System laser, extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs), low-frequency electrical current stimulation, therapeutic ultrasound and radiotherapy. Ten clinical studies applied EX in their intervention, in addition to electrophototherapeutic resources. Conclusion: Photobiomodulation, HILT and ESWs have been shown to be effective in treating SIS, however, there was great heterogeneity in the quality of the studies included, with some risks of bias. The additional effects of electrophototherapeutic resources to EX for patients at different stages of SIS are still uncertain, and the dosimetric parameters were presented in tables in the text.

본 연구는 웨어러블 로봇 기술을 활용하여 비대칭 보행을 정량적으로 분석하는 방법을 개발하 고, 이를 재활 운동 전략에 적용할 가능성을 탐색하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 편마비 환자에게서 흔히 관찰 되는 보행 비대칭성을 모의하기 위해, 4명의 건강한 참가자(남성 1명, 여성 3명)가 고관절에 엔코더 센서가 장착된 웨어러블 로봇을 착용한 상태로 10m 직선 경로에서 보행 실험을 10회 수행하였다. 센서를 통해 고 관절 각도 및 각속도에 대한 실시간 데이터가 수집되었으며, 수집된 데이터는 MATLAB 기반의 시뮬레이 션 환경에서 처리되어 보행 위상 궤적을 구성하였다. 위상 궤적은 보행의 주기적 역학적 특성을 시각화하 였으며, 좌·우 고관절 위상 궤적이 둘러싼 면적을 비교함으로써 보행 비대칭성을 정량적으로 평가하였다. 분석 결과, 참가자 간 보행 대칭성에서 뚜렷한 차이가 확인되었다. 또한 비대칭 정도를 정량화하기 위하여 평균 절대 오차(Mean Absolute Error, MAE)와 평균 제곱근 오차(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)를 활용하였다. 이러한 지표들은 위상 궤적 분석이 보행 이상을 진단하고 모니터링할 수 있는 효과적인 도구 가 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 연구 결과는 본 방법론이 보행 장애를 가진 개인에게 맞춤형 재활 프로그램 및 운동 기반 중재를 개발하기 위한 기초적 접근으로 활용될 수 있음을 시사한다. 다만, 본 연구는 소수의 건 강한 참가자만을 대상으로 수행되었으므로 제안된 방법의 예비적 타당성을 확인하는 수준에 그치며, 향후 에는 다양한 보행 환경과 임상 집단을 포함한 대규모 연구 및 실시간 제어 알고리즘의 적용을 통해 임상적 활용 가능성을 더욱 강화할 필요가 있을 것이라 판단되어진다.

Background: Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a progressive lung disease marked by excessive fibrosis and declining respiratory function. While pharmacological treatments help manage symptoms, they offer limited reversal of fibrosis and often have side effects. As a result, interest in rehabilitation approaches such as breathing exercises combined with self-myofascial release (SMR) has increased. These techniques may enhance trunk stability and thoracic flexibility, contributing to improved respiratory function. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of thoracic expansion exercises using SMR techniques on pulmonary function and chest mobility in a patient with PF, and assessed their clinical applicability. Design: Single-subject A-B-A′ design. Methods: A 60s male with idiopathic PF underwent 20 days of intervention. Standard rehabilitation was applied during baseline (A) and follow-up (A′) phases. During the intervention (B), SMR-based breathing exercises were added. Outcomes included Functional Reach Test (FRT), chest expansion, and pulmonary function tests (FVC, FEV₁, PEF, FEV₁/FVC). Data were analyzed using the 2SD band method. Results: FRT improved from 23.4 cm (A) to 31.3 cm (B) and 34.2 cm (A′). Chest expansion increased from 1.7 cm to 2.8 cm, and FVC rose from 1.70 L to 2.08 L before dropping to 0.94 L. FEV₁/FVC improved from 80.8% to 86.7% during intervention but decreased at follow-up. Conclusion: SMR-based thoracic expansion exercises may enhance trunk stability, thoracic mobility, and certain pulmonary function indicators in PF patients. These findings suggest potential clinical benefits, warranting further studies to confirm long-term effectiveness.

Background: Flexible flatfoot impairs gait and posture by weakening arch support, potentially leading to musculoskeletal dysfunction. Strengthening exercises, such as the short foot exercise (SFE), have shown promise in correcting this condition. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of SFE with visual feedback on medial arch height and foot function in adults with flexible flatfoot. Design: Experimental research. Methods: Adults diagnosed with flexible flatfoot were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed SFE with visual feedback, whereas the control group performed the same exercises without feedback. Both groups trained three times per week for five weeks. Outcome measures included the Navicular Drop Test (NDT), YBalance Test (YBT), and Tetrax postural analysis. Results: In the NDT, both groups showed significant improvements (P<.05), while in the YBT, only the experimental group showed a significant improvement (P<.05). In contrast, there were no significant changes in the Weight Distribution Index (WDI) and Stability Test (ST) areas of the Tetrax system in either group (P>.05). Conclusion: SFE effectively improved arch height regardless of visual feedback, though only the visual feedback group showed significant improvements in dynamic balance. However, between-group differences were not statistically significant, suggesting that visual feedback provides subtle rather than substantial additional benefits. Further research with larger samples is needed to establish the clinical value of adding visual feedback to SFE protocols.

Background: Foam roller exercise is widely used for myofascial release and improving joint range of motion. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the most effective session of thoracic foam roller exercise by examining changes in thoracic kyphosis angle (TKA) and trunk active range of motion (AROM) in healthy males in their 20s. Design: Single-group design. Methods: The study analyzed changes in TKA and trunk AROM across sessions following the application of a thoracic foam roller exercise for 45 seconds per session over three sessions in 16 healthy males in their 20s. Results: Compared to pre-test values, TKA significantly decreased and trunk AROM significantly increased after thoracic foam roller exercise (P<0.01). Post hoc analysis showed a significant decrease in TKA in session 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Trunk AROM (flexion, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion) showed significant changes in sessions 2 and 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Right rotation significantly improved in session 3 compared to session 1 (P<0.01). Conclusions: For managing thoracic vertebral alignment in healthy males in their 20s, three sessions of thoracic foam roller exercise per day are recommended. For improving trunk AROM management, two sessions per day be sufficient.

Background: Core stabilization exercises are a key component of exercises for the conservative treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of two different home-based exercise instruction methods (leaflets versus video materials) for children with AIS performing core stabilization exercises. Design: A retrospective study. Methods: Pediatric outpatients diagnosed with AIS were assigned to either a leaflet group or a YouTube video group. They were instructed to perform core stabilization exercises at home daily, completing three sets per day for six months. Pre- and post-exercise (6 months) evaluations included X-rays to measure the Cobb angle and the degree of vertebral rotation. Additionally, endurance in maintaining the Superman and Bird-dog positions was assessed. Results: After 6 months of intervention, the leaflet and YouTube groups showed no significant differences regarding Cobb angle, rotational degree, or endurance in the Bird-Dog and Superman positions. However, within-group comparisons before and after the 6-month exercise period showed a significant improvement in Cobb angle in the leaflet group. If exercise leaflets are effectively utilised, they could facilitate the implementation of core stabilization exercises in children with AIS, potentially improving their prognosis. Conclusion: Providing exercise instruction via a leaflet may be more effective than using a YouTube video in facilitating adherence to core stabilization exercises and improving spinal alignment in children with AIS.

본 연구는 12주간의 맨손 근력운동 수행이 복부비만 여성노인의 혈청지질, 인슐린 및 C-peptide에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 운동군(EG, n=13), 대조군(CG, n=13)으로 구분하여 실시하 였다. 맨손근력운동 강도는 주관적 운동 자각도(rating of perceived exertion; RPE)를 사용하였으며, 1-4 주, RPE 12-13, 5-8주, RPE 13-14, 9-12주, RPE 14-15로 설정하여 주 3회, 1회 운동시간 60분 실시하 였다. 자료처리는 측정항목에 대한 평균값(M)과 표준편차(SD)를 산출하였고, 그룹 및 시기 간 상호작용 효 과검증은 two-way repeated measures ANOVA를 실시하였다. 상호작용 효과를 포함하여 필요에 따라 그 룹 내 시기 간 차이 검증은 paired t-test를 실시하였고, 그룹 간 차이 검증은 independent t-test, 각 항목 별 통계적 유의수준은 통계 방식에 따라 .05와 .025로 각각 달리 설정하였다. 그 결과, TG(p<.01) 및 HDL-C(p<.05)에서 상호작용 효과, 인슐린(p<.05) 및 C-peptide(p<.01)는 시기 간 주효과가 나타났다. 이 상의 결과, 12주간의 운동이 혈청지질 중 TG, HDL-C를 개선이 나타났고, 이는 혈관 및 대사 기능의 측 면에서 매우 중요한 결과라 생각된다. 하지만, 인슐린과 C-peptide에서는 운동군보다 대조군이 더 많이 증 가하여, 맨손근력운동에 대한 긍정적인 개선은 기대하기 힘들었다. 이는 복부비만 여성노인의 나이가 고령 임을 감안하였을 때, 비교적 짧은 저항운동 기간으로는 인슐린과 C-peptide의 변화를 기대하기 힘들다는 점을 시사한다. 하지만, 맨손근력운동은 노인이 부상의 위험없이 실시할 수 있으므로 후속 연구를 통해 다 양한 결과를 확인할 필요가 있다.

본 연구는 파크골프 참여자의 의사결정균형, 운동결과기대, 운동지속의도 간 구조적 관계를 규 명하고, 고령층 대상 스포츠로서 파크골프의 매력 및 운동 지속 가능성을 탐색하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 이 에 2024년 9월 2일부터 2025년 4월 4일까지 60세 이상 파크골프 이용자 188명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실 시하였으며, 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 운동지속의도는 의사결정균형과 운동결과기대에 의해 유의미하게 설 명되었으며, 두 변인은 상호 보완적 관계에 있음이 확인되었다. 또한, 뉴실버세대는 신체활동을 단순한 생 리적 요구를 넘어 정서적 만족 및 사회적 의미 추구의 여가활동으로 재정의하고 있음을 시사하며, 파크골 프 프로그램 개발 시 정서적·사회적 요구를 반영한 맞춤형 전략 마련이 요구됨을 강조한다. 초기 적응 지원 프로그램 제공, 운동 효과 피드백 시스템 구축, 지역사회 기반 커뮤니티 활성화 등의 방안이 운동 지속 동 기 향상에 효과적일 것으로 기대된다. 이러한 결과는 고령층 신체활동 참여 확대 및 지속률 제고를 위한 실천적 기초자료로서의 의의를 갖는다.

본 연구는 크로스핏(Cross-Fit) 지도자의 커뮤니케이션 스타일이 운동몰입 및 운동지속의사에 미치는 영향 관계를 밝히고자 2024년 11월 4일~2025년 3월 24일까지 총 213명을 수집하였으며, 불성실 한 응답 25명을 제외한 유효표본 188명을 SPSS와 AMOS 25.0 통계 분석 프로그램을 사용하여 제시된 가 설의 구조방정식 모형(SEM) 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 먼저 지도자의 신뢰를 바탕으로 협력적인 커뮤니 케이션은 운동몰입에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다. 반면 통제적인 커뮤니케이션은 부정적인 반응으로 인식하지 만, 지도자의 적절한 통제는 신뢰와 전문성에 기반할 때 의미 있는 동기를 부여하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 마 지막으로 비언어적 커뮤니케이션은 고강도 운동환경인 크로스핏에서 참여자의 자기효능감과 운동지속 의 지 향상에 기여한다는 것을 시사한다.

Background: Aquatic exercise utilizing hot springs helps individuals with nonspecific knee pain by reducing joint stress and providing a safe environment for movement. It can improve muscle strength and balance, enhancing overall functional mobility. Objects: This study aims to examine the muscle strength of knee flexion, knee extension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion, as well as to investigate static and dynamic balance in middleaged females after performing hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. Methods: Twenty-two middle-aged females participated in the study. The participants performed hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. The hot spring aquatic exercise consisted of aquatic walking, aquatic stretching, aquatic side step, aquatic forward reach, aquatic squat, leg lift, and aquatic arm and leg rotation. Muscle strength was measured using microFET2, while static balance was assessed through the one-leg stance test, and dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y-balance test. This study utilized the paired t-test for statistical analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The muscle strength of bilateral knee flexion showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05), and the muscle strength of bilateral knee extension also improved significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant increase was observed in the muscle strength of bilateral dorsiflexion (p < 0.05). The one-leg stance test performed while supporting on the right leg showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dynamic balance measurements performed while supporting on both the right and left legs demonstrated significant improvements in both legs when compared before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In individuals with nonspecific knee pain, a 4-week hot spring aquatic exercise program can contribute to the improvement of lower extremity strength, as well as static and dynamic balance ability.

Background: Stroke often results in impaired postural control and asymmetric weight distribution, which negatively affect balance and functional mobility. Previous research has demonstrated that balance training interventions incorporating proprioceptive stimulation and visual feedback can enhance postural stability in stroke survivors. However, there remains debate regarding the relative effectiveness of these two approaches. While proprioception-based training emphasizes sensory input from mechanoreceptors to improve postural control, visual feedback-based training leverages external cues to facilitate balance adjustments. Objectives: To investigation the effects of proprioception-based trunk exercise and visual-auditory feedback-based trunk exercise on sitting balance in patients with chronic stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: A total of 24 participants diagnosed with chronic stroke were randomly assigned to two groups: the proprioception-based trunk exercise group (PTG, n=10) and the visual-auditory feedback-based trunk exercise group (VTG, n=11). Both groups participated in a 6-week intervention program, five sessions per week, lasting 25 minutes per session. Outcome measures included the Limitation of Stability (LOS), the Korean version of the Trunk Impairment Scale (K-TIS), and the Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke (PASS). Pre- and post-intervention assessments were analyzed using paired t-tests and independent t-tests to evaluate within-group and between-group differences. Results: Both PTG and VTG groups demonstrated significant improvements in LOS, K-TIS, and PASS scores following the intervention (P<.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in the amount of change observed. Conclusion: The findings suggest that both proprioception-based and visualauditory feedback-based trunk exercises are effective in improving sitting balance in chronic stroke patients. The lack of a significant difference between the groups indicates that both approaches provide comparable benefits. Future research should explore long-term effects and investigate potential differences in various functional domains beyond sitting balance.

Background: Subacromial impingement syndrome (SAIS) is a prevalent cause of shoulder pain, often linked to abnormal scapular positioning and movement. Prior research suggests that scapular stabilization exercises (SSE) may improve SAIS symptoms, but there's a lack of research on the specific quantitative effects of SSE on scapular position and function. Objectives: To investigated the effects of SSE on scapular position and shoulder function in patients with SAIS. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Methods: Thirty participants with SAIS, diagnosed using the Scapular Dyskinesis Test (SDT), were randomly assigned to either a scapular stabilization exercise group (SSEG, n=15) or a traditional rehabilitation training group (TRTG, n=15). Both groups received eight weeks of intervention. Outcome measures included the scapular index (SI), measured using digital vernier calipers, and the Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI). Results: The SSE group showed statistically significant increases in scapular index (SI) and significant decreases in Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) pain and disability scores. The TRTG showed no statistically significant changes in these measures. The SSE group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in SI and SPADI scores compared to the TRTG. Conclusion: These findings suggest that SSE may be a valuable treatment option for improving shoulder function and reducing pain in patients with SAIS. Further research is needed to validate these findings and explore the longterm effects of SSE.

케톤 식이요법(Ketogenic Diet, KD)은 고지방, 적당한 단백 질, 저탄수화물로 식이 패턴으로 최근 몇 년 동안 스포츠 분야 에서 많은 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 케톤 식이요법이 체중 조절 및 운동수행력에 미치는 영향을 검토하고 잠재적인 생리 학적 메커니즘에 대해 논의했다. 케톤 식이요법은 인슐린 분비 를 줄이고 지방 산화를 촉진해서 케톤체의 이용률을 높임으로 써 체지방을 효과적으로 줄이고 체급별 종목의 선수가 안전한 체중 관리를 할 수 있도록 도울 수 있다. 지구력 선수의 경우 케톤 식이요법은 지방 산화 능력을 향상시키고 글리코겐 의존 성을 줄이며 장기간 운동 중에 운동 시간을 연장할 수 있다. 그러나 고강도 무산소성 운동(예: 단거리 달리기, 역도)에서 제 한된 탄수화물은 해당과정의 속도를 감소시키고 에너지 공급에 영향을 미치며 폭발력과 최대 근력을 약화시킬 수 있다. 따라 서 케톤 식이요법은 지구력 운동과 체중 조절이 더 필요한 운 동선수에게 어울리지만 근 성장과 순간 순발력에 의존하는 운 동 종목의 효과는 여전히 논란의 여지가 있다. 이 연구는 케톤 식이요법을 사용할 때 운동수행력을 최적화하고 잠재적인 위험 을 줄이기 위해 운동 유형, 개별 대사 특성 및 적응 기간에 따 라 합리적으로 조정해야 함을 강조한다. 향후 연구에서는 과학 적인 스포츠 영양지침을 제공하기 위해 케톤 식이요법의 장기 적인 영향과 다른 영양 전략의 조합을 추가로 조사해야 한다.

본 연구는 2020년부터 2024년 하반기까지 낙상예방을 위한 노인 운동프로그램과 관련하여 국 내 KCI등재지에서 발행된 선행 문헌 16편을 대상으로 특성, 운동프로그램 기간, 프로그램 구성, 운동효과 에 대해 분석하였고 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 성별에서는 여성 노인을 대상으로 한 연구가 대부분이었다. 평균연령은 70세 이상이 가장 많았고, 피험자 수는 16명에서 30명 이하가 가장 많았으며, 건강 상태는 대 부분 건강한 노인들을 대상으로 한 논문들이었고, 실험집단과 통제집단으로 구성된 연구가 대부분으로 나 타났다. 둘째, 운동 프로그램 적용 기간은 12주를 적용한 연구가 가장 많았고, 주당 운동 횟수는 2회와 3회 가 가장 많았다. 그리고 1회 운동 시간은 60분 미만과 60분을 적용한 운동프로그램이 대부분이었다. 셋째, 운동 프로그램 구성요소는 무산소 운동프로그램과 복합 운동프로그램으로 구성한 논문들이 대부분이었다. 넷째, 체력 요인과 심리적 요인 등에서 운동 적용 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.