The objectives of this study was to evaluate the degradability and digestibility of crude protein (CP), rumen undegradable protein (RUP), and individual amino acids (AA) on six by-product feedstuffs (BPF) (rice bran, RB; wheat bran, WB; corn gluten feed, CGF; tofu residue, TR; spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus ostreatus, SMSP; brewers grain, BG) as ruminants feed. Three Hanwoo steers (40 months old, 520 ± 20.20 kg of body weight) fitted with a permanent rumen cannula and T-shaped duodenal cannula were used to examine of the BPF using in situ nylon bag and mobile bag technique. The bran CGF (19.2%) and food-processing residue BG (19.7%) had the highest CP contents than other feeds. The RUP value of bran RB (39.7%) and food-processing residues SMSP (81.1%) were higher than other feeds. The intestinal digestion of CP was higher in bran RB (44.2%) and food-processing residues BG (40.5%) than other feeds. In addition, intestinal digestion of Met was higher in bran RB (55.7%) and food-processing residues BG (44.0%) than other feeds. Overall, these results suggest that RB and BG might be useful as main raw ingredients in feed for ruminants. Our results can be used as baseline data for ruminant ration formulation.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects on in situ ruminal degradation of feed protein sources (soybean meal, P-SBM; dried distillers grain with solubles, P- DDGS; wheat bran, P-WB) treated with protease as compared with conventional feed protein sources (soybean meal, SBM; dried distillers grain with solubles, DDGS; wheat bran, WB). There was no significant change in the chemical composition and amino acid profiles of enzyme treatment protein sources compared with the non-treated groups (p<0.05). But for treatment groups, the solid content and total amino acids were reduced by increasing the moisture content due to proteolytic conditions. On the entire incubation time in situ ruminal degradation rate of dry matter appeared higher in treatment groups compared to control groups (p<0.05), and that of the treatment groups suspended during 48 hours were in the order of P-SBM (97.70%), P-WB (74.26%) and P- DDGS (72.39%). In particular, DM degradation rate of enzyme treated DDGS significantly increased to 43.62%, 45.99%, 55.97%, 69.87% and 72.39%, respectively, incubated during 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours in rumen (p<0.05). Also protein degradation rate of P-WB and P-SBM significantly decreased compared to their respective non-treated sources; however, by contrast, in DDGS it was increased. For P-SBM, protein degradation rate significantly decreased at 6 and 12 hours, and for P-DDGS it was increased at 3 and 6 hours of suspension times in rumen (p<0.05). In particular, protein degradation rate of enzyme treated group suspended for 48 hours were in the order of P-SBM (91.81%), P-WB (86.36%) and P-DDGS (58.87%). This result suggests that protease treatment of feed protein sources might be utilized to increase the bypass ratio into post-rumen for wheat bran, soybean meal, and to improve the utilization of feed protein.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of fermented alcoholic feedstuff (FAF), sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin(rBST) on blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. The experiment was carried at the Livestock Breeding Station in Kangwon-do with fourteen bulls with two groups, control and treatment. Seven bulls per each group were allocated. In control group, bulls were treated with total mixed ration(TMR) for the whole experimental periods. In treatment group, bulls were treated whith TMR+FAF+rBST for the fattening period and TMR+FAF for finishing period, respectively. The results are summarized as follows ; Blood creatinine concentration was higher in treatment group than in control group(P<0.05), while cholesterol content in blood was lower in treatment group than in control group. There were no significant differences between in control and treatment group on back-fat thickness(BFT) and rib eye area(REA), however, MS of treatment was more improved than that of control. The frequencies of yield grade A and quality grade 1 were 33 and 17% for control group and, 50 and 50% for treatment group, respectively, which imply higher appearances of grade A and grade 1 in treatment group than in control group. The auction prices(won/carcass kg) were 11,145 and 11,573 won in control and treatment group, respectively, and net gross incomes per carcass were 654,408 and 1,051,542 won in control and treatment groups, respectively, which suggest that the margin of profit between treatment and control group was 397,134 won per carcass. Overall results indicate that the favorable feeding system to produce high quality beef with high profit is TMR+FAF+rBST feeding during the fattening period and TMR+FAF feeding during the finishing period.

This study was conducted to examine the effect of fermented alcoholic feedstuff (FAF), sustained-release recombinant bovine somatotropin(rBST) on growth performance and body size of Korean native cattle, Hanwoo. The experiment was carried at the Livestock Breeding Station in Kangwon-do with fourteen bulls of two groups, control and treatment. Seven bulls per each group were allocateed. In control group, bulls were treated with total mixed ration(TMR) for the whole experimental periods. In treatment group, bulls were treated with TMR+FAF+rBST for the fattening period and TMR+FAF for the finishing period, respectively. The results are summarized as follows ; Average daily gains(ADG) of control and treatment groups were 0.86 and 1.11kg during the fattening period. ADG of treatment group were 29.1% higher than that of control group. For the whole experimental period, the fattening period and finishing period, ADG in control and treatment groups were 0.69 and 0.79kg, respectively, which shows 14.5% improvement of ADG in treatment group. Dry matter intake(DMI) was higher in treatment group than in control group during the finishing, fattening or whole experimental period. Feed conversion efficiencies in fattening period were 8.65 for control group and 6.93 for treatment group which shows improving 19.9% of feed conversion efficiency for treatment group, while 12.38 for control group and 14.48 for treatment group in finishing period. There were no significant differences between control and treatment group in feed conversion efficiency for the whole experimental period. Overall results indicate that the favorable feeding system to produce growth performance is TMR+FAF+rBST feeding during the fattening period and TMR+FAF feeding in treatment during the finishing period.

This study was performed to examine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rBST) and fermented alcoholic feedstuff(FAF) on blood metabolites, carcass characteristics and profitability. Sixteen Hanwoos(bulls; 8, steers; 8) with average 143㎏ of body weight were randomly assigned to bull control group(BC), steer control group(SC), bull group(BrA) treated with rBST and FAF, and steer group(SrA) treated with rBST and FAF. Sustained release rBST(0.03㎎/㎏/body weight) was administered biweekly and dose of rBST was adjusted monthly according to body weight increase. The blood glucose content was higher in the groups treated with rBST and FAF than control groups. The blood cholesterol contents tended to be lower in the treatment groups (BrA, 120.5 mg/dl; SrA, 104.0 mg/dl) than in the control groups (BC, 141.0 mg/dl; SC, 125.5 mg/dl). No significant difference between the groups of bulls and steers were found in the blood triglyceride concentrations as well as the albumin contents. The rib eye area of BC and BrA were 70 and 72 cm2, respectively, which are slightly larger than the area of SC and SrA. The treatment did not affect the backfat thickness both in bulls and steers. The marbling scores of BC and BrA appeared as No. 1 and No. 2, respectively, and No. 3 and No. 4 were obtained in SC and SrA. Lower non saturate fat concentrations were observed in the treatment groups (BrA, 64.30%; SrA, 59.59) than in control groups (BC, 58.98%; SC, 58.09%). Saturated fatty acids and amino acids contents were slightly more improved in the treatment than in the control. Average auction prices of BC and BrA were 7,900 and 8,089 wons per 1kg of carcass, respectively, whereas the prices of SC and SrA were 9407 and 9866 wons per 1kg of carcass, respectively. It is concluded that the treatment with rBST and FAF can improve the growth performance such as marbling scores and rib eye area and increase the auction prices.

본 연구는 Aspergillus Oryzae (AO) 및 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC)를 첨가하여 제조한 맥주박 위주 발효사료의 발효특성 및 영양학적 특성을 검토하기 위해 실시하였다. 시험구 처리는 시험사료에 AO 를 첨가하여 제조한 발효사료 처리구(FFAO), SC 를 첨가하여 제조한 발효사료 처리구(FFSC) 및 AO 와 SC 를 첨가하여 제조한 발효사료 처리구(FFAS)로 나누었다. 48시간 발효에 따른 조단백질 함량은 처리

The study was performed to evaluate the effects of soybean meal (T1) and corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS, T2) hydrolyzed by microbial proteolytic enzyme of Protame® on milk production and protein contents in dairy cows. Total of nine Holstein cows (i.e., 1.67 ± 0.47 average parity and 23.7 ± 1.2 kg/d average milk yield) were randomly assigned to control, T1, and T2 (e.g., 3 animals per group) and treated for 4 weeks. Milk yield of 3 different groups was similar in the beginning of the study, however the milk yield of T1 and T2 treatment group had increased by 0.93 kg/d and 1.89 kg/d, respectively. Milk protein level of T2 treatment group was increased by 0.19% (e.g., 0.14 kg/d protein content), whereas there was no significant different in control and T1 group. In conclusion, blood metabolites were ranged in normal level, but BUN content was reduced from 19.03 mg/dl to 17.70 mg/dl in T2 treatment group. This result suggests that DDGS hydrolysate supplement efficiently increase milk yield and milk protein level as well as feed protein availability in dairy cattle.