Conventional flipped learning instructional models are operated in a blended learning environment online and offline. In contrast, this study moved onto fully online systems and explored how a sense of presence worked for students’ learning outcomes at university English writing courses. The two research questions for this study are: 1) What is the relationship between a sense of presence (teaching, cognitive, social presence) and learning outcomes (group cohesion, class satisfaction)? and 2) What are the variables among a sense of presence that affect group cohesion and class satisfaction? For the purposes of this study, 46 university students from English composition courses answered student questionnaires in the spring of 2021. Correlation and multiple-regression analyses were conducted to look into the relationships among the variables. Additionally, focus-group interviews were conducted and teaching journals were analyzed. The major findings were revealed as follows: Firstly, a sense of presence was significantly related to group cohesion and satisfaction. Secondly, social presence and cognitive presence only had a predictive power of group cohesion. Thirdly, cognitive presence and teaching presence were significant predictors of class satisfaction. Pedagogical implications are discussed for those interested in applying flipped learning in a fully online setting.

본 연구는 국내 간호대학생에게 적용한 플립러닝 교수법의 효과에 관한 연구를 체계적 고찰을 통해 통합적으로 규명하기 위한 메타분석연구이다. 자료수집은 2022년 11월 20일에서 12월 20일까지 코 크란 연합의 체계적 고찰 보고지침을 준수하여 진행하였다. 국내 데이터베이스를 통해 검색된 논문은 RISS 72건, KISS 11건, Dbpia 46건 총 129편이었으며, 중복논문 제거 및 선정기준에 따라 최종 9편의 연구를 선정하였다. 국내 간호대학생을 대상으로 플립러닝 수업을 적용한 결과 플립러닝이 간호대학생의 비판적 사고성향 0.91(Z=8.36, p<.001), 학업적 자기효능감 0.35(Z=2.62, p=.009), 자기주도적 학습능력 0.81(Z=6.53, p<.001), 학업성취도 0.60(Z=5.18, p<.001), 자기효능감 0.66(Z=4.79, p<.001) 향상에 효과 적인 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과를 토대로 플립러닝은 국내 간호교육 현장에 적용 가능한 효과적인 교 수법임을 확인하였고, 플립러닝 수업설계 방향성에 객관적인 근거를 제시하였으며, 향후 플립러닝에 긍정 적인 효과를 주는 다양한 결과 변인들의 효과를 통합적으로 분석하는 반복연구를 제언한다.

This study is a follow-up paper on “Development of flipped learning class model for nail beauty education” published by Seol (2022). This model was conducted from March to June 2022 for 70 students taking the “Nail color design 1” course. After 15 weeks of class, a survey of the students’ perceptions of flipped learning and their self-evaluation of goal achievement was conducted, which was composed of questionnaires using a 5-step Likert scale. 15 questions were designed to evaluate the students’ satisfaction with their experience and class operations; 4 questions to evaluate whether the class goal had been reached through flipped learning; and 9 questions to evaluate the students’ perceptions of flipped learning. As a result of applying this model to theoretical and practical nail beauty classes, it was confirmed that flipped learning helped students better understand the content and had a positive effect on learning, while the subject’s educational goals were also achieved. By evaluating the students’ perceptions of flipped learning, we may conclude that they experienced learning satisfaction and perceived the approach positively. Moreover, they have expressed a desire for additional flipped learning. This study is thus meaningful in confirming the procedure’s effectiveness by applying the flipped classroom model to theoretical and practical subjects with a focus on the nail beauty field, and showing how it achieved students’ positive perceptions and educational goals.

Flipped learning research has been applied in various educational fields since 2015 and the educational effects have been discussed in previous literature. In the beauty field, flipped learning research is insufficient; in particular, it is difficult to find research on flipped learning specifically concerning nail beauty education. The purpose of this study is to develop a model for applying flipped learning to nail beauty education which should involve practical training based on theory. Such an approach is considered effective. Data were collected and analyzed focusing on previous studies with flipped learning applied as a research method. The subject of the research is “Nail Color Design 1”, a common nail major elective subject at J college. The “Nail Color Design 1” course is a practice-oriented course in the form of theory and practical classes. Consequently, the flipped learning education model for nail beauty was designed by reflecting learners’ needs through the ADDIE instructional design model. It was applied based on the education structure of the Pre-class, In-class, and Post-class of the PARTNER instructional learning model. This study deviates from the traditional practical education model, and has educational significance as a practical model in which flipped learning is applied to nail beauty subjects and self-reflection is derived through project practice.

With traditional in-person classes canceled due to the pandemic, teachers moved classes online, adapting new teaching methods. With this background, this study is aimed at exploring if flipped learning conducted through fully online systems improves students’ self-directed learning attitudes. Comparing a conventional flipped learning model with asynchronous online before-class sessions to offline during-class ones, this study replaced offline during-class sessions with synchronous online ones and tried to see if a variant form of flipped learning will be effective in promoting students’ self-directed learning attitudes over time. Twenty-two English major students participated in a variant of flipped learning for eight weeks. A pre- and a post-test were administered using a survey questionnaire adapted from Lee and Pyo (2018)’s four characteristics of self-directed learning attitudes: autonomy, responsibility, creativity, and self-concept. The research findings are as follows. First, there was a significant increase in all four characteristics of self-directed learning attitudes in the fully online flipped classroom. Second, two themes, ‘greater work efficiency online’ and ‘a unique group mechanism online’ were found from open-ended questions, and explain well why the online-only flipped learning model is conducive to developing students’ self-directed learning attitudes.

Purpose: This is a group pretest-posttest design study that aim to examine the effect of smart problem-based learning (PBL) teaching method using flipped learning to meta-cognition, academic self-efficacy, and satisfaction level of nursing students. Method: The subjects were 76 students who took basic nursing practice, which is a major subject, from August 29 to December 13, 2018. A questionnaire was used to measure meta-cognition in web-based self-directed learning. The self-efficacy measurement used a scale consisting of self-regulating efficacy, task difficulty preference, and confidence. The measurement of practical satisfaction is a 5-point Likert scale that employs a questionnaire. Flipped learning uploaded a 10-minute lecture video, and the subjects learned through PC or smartphone. PBL teaching was developed in two modules: gavage and indwelling urinary tract. Results: Result showed a significant improvement of meta-cognition after education than before education (t=3.21, p=.043). Academic self-efficacy was not significantly changed before and after education. Practice satisfaction was significantly improved after training than before training (t=-2.19, p=.032). Conclusion: The smart PBL teaching method using flipped learning is an effective teaching and learning strategy for nursing majors. Nursing students with high meta-cognition will be able to perform well in their learning outcomes; therefore, this positive performance experience will enhance self-efficacy.

The study is aimed at investigating whether learning readiness contributes to university students’ group discussion in English in a flipped classroom. The research questions are: 1) Is there a change in learning readiness before and after flipped learning?; 2) Is there a change in students’ participation in group discussion before and after flipped learning?; and 3) Does learning readiness contribute to participation in group discussion? A total of 52 students participated in the study. Student survey questionnaires and quizzes were collected for data analysis. Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test, a non-parametric test for repeated measures t-test, and multiple regression analysis were utilized to answer the research questions. The statistical analyses produced the following results: 1) there was a significant change in students’ participation in learning readiness and group discussion; and 2) learning readiness and quizzes greatly contributed to group discussion. These findings corroborated the previous research that learning readiness is essential for self-directed learning in a successful flipped classroom. This suggests that teachers devise ways to help students engage in online activities for greater learning readiness.

The aim of this study is to apply flipped learning in teaching General English courses in university and examine its impact on English self-efficacy and students’ English achievement. The researcher implemented flipped learning by recording videos based on the students’ textbook and up-loading those videos on the SNS before each lesson to provide opportunities for active interactions in class. The students of the experimental group (n=56) were required to learn through SNS the videos to learn in the pre-class. They also practiced what they had learned under the teacher’s supervision by completing collaborative tasks in groups or pairs. Meanwhile, the control group students (n=66) received in-class only traditional English teaching. The statistical analysis of the results showed that adopting the flipped learning strategy appeared to play a role in enhancing the students’ English self-efficacy and English achievement. Also the students’ responses indicated that their satisfaction towards the flipped learning is positive.

이 논문은 거꾸로 수업을 통해 중등학교 한문과 수업 개선과 교수·학습 방법 모색에 의의를 둔다. 거꾸로 수업의 본질은 수업의 중심이 교사에서 학생 중심으로 옮겨가는 것이라고 할 수 있으며, 수업의 내용을 미리 학습한다는 소극적인 개념에서 벗어나 수동적 배움에서 능동적 배움으로의 전환이며 학습자가 배움을 주도하는 수업을 의미한다. 거꾸로 수업은 한문과 수업 개선 방안 중 매우 유용한 방법이라고 할 수 있다. 거꾸로 수업은 수업의 공간과 시간을 획기적으로 확장한 것이며, 학습자들이 한문 교과에 흥미를 갖도록 하는 것에 매우 좋은 수단이다. 한문 수업에서 거꾸로 수업이 활성화 된다면 수업에 대한 학생들의 흥미가 증가될 수 있으며 학습에 대한 정보의 양이 증가되어 수업의 집중도를 높일 수 있을 것이다. 한문과의 거꾸로 수업은 한자와 한문 문장의 풀이에 대한 반복학습이 가능하게 하며, 이로 인하여 확보된 시간으로 학생과 더 많은 개별화 학습이 가능하다. 거꾸로 수업의 성공 요인은 교사가 준비하는 동영상에 있는 것처럼 보이지만 실제로는 교사의 수업 설계가 더 중요하다. 따라서 교사가 준비하는 수업 동영상은 수업 설계의 수단으로서의 기능이라고 할 수 있다. 거꾸로 수업과 관련한 학습지의 내용은 ‘메모하기, 요약하기, 질문하기, 학습 확인 문제 제시, 마인드 맵, 확장하기’ 등으로 구성한다. 한문 교사가 직접 동영상을 제작할 때 동영상 시간은 7분 내외가 적절하다. 한문과의 거꾸로 수업 동영상의 제작 방법은 칠판에서 강의하듯 시행하는 방법, 파워포인트를 활용하여 자료를 화면에 띄어 놓고 교사가 설명하는 방법, 수업 자료를 책상 위에 올려놓고 필요에 따라서 백지 위에 써가면서 설명하는 방법 등이 있다.

Cette étude vise à étudier les caractéristiques et la différence entre la classe traditionnelle et la classe inversée grâce à une analyse comparative de ces méthodes d’apprentissage. L’expérience a été réalisée sur un groupe d’expérimentation et un groupe de contrôle afin d’étudier l’effet de l’apprentissage inversé sur la motivation et la réussite scolaire des étudiants. Des outils de recherche tels qu’un programme d’apprentissage inversé et un questionnaire de motivation ont été utilisés. Les procédures d’étude comprennent, dans cet ordre, un pré-test, un processus expérimental et un post-test. Par la suite, le traitement des données a été effectué par un ‘test t’ réalisé sur un échantillon indépendant et un ‘test t’ réalisé sur un échantillon apparié. Les résultats montrent que l’apprentissage inversé a un effet positif sur la motivation de l’apprentissage. Par exemple, celui-ci a influencé l’amélioration des éléments de motivation tels que l’attention et la confiance. Par ailleurs, il a plus d’effet sur les élèves au niveau faible que sur les élèves de haut niveau dans les études académiques du français.

This study is aimed at investigating the effects of flipped learning on self-directed learning attitude in the college setting. For the aim, this study tried to see if there are meaningful changes in learners’ self-directed learning attitude over time. With the research aim in mind, an elective university class of 47 students was observed for 15 weeks. A survey questionnaire was developed from Guglielmino(1977)’s characteristics of self-directed learning attitude, and four characteristics were finally used for this study: Openness, self-directedness, responsibility, and passion for learning. The questionnaire was administered twice in the 5th and 14th weeks, followed by in-depth interviews with 9 participants. A non-parametric test for repeated t-test, Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test was used for data analysis. The research findings are as follows. First, the results of the questionnaire indicated that there were statistically meaningful changes in all 4 characteristics of learners’ self-directed learning attitude before and after flipped learning. Second, the analysis of in-depth interviews revealed that students felt positive about their flipped learning since it provided them with great opportunities to develop and strengthen their self-directed learning attitude. Implications and suggestions for further research are provided.

본 연구는 학원교육에서 중·고등학생을 대상으로 플립드러닝에 대한 만족도와 요구도를 알아보는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 미래사회가 요구하는 창의 인재를 양성하는 교육방법 중 하나로 기대를 받고 있는 플립드러닝의 프로그램 개발과 운용에 기초자료를 제공하고, 궁극적으로 플립드러닝의 효율성과 효과성을 높이는데 기여하고자 한다. 실증분석을 위해 플립드러닝 방식으로 수업을 하는 학원의 수강생 512명의 표본을 수집하였으며, SPSS WIN 21.0 프로그램을 사용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 중‧고등학생의 플립드러닝에 대한 만족도는 ‘학습내용 > 학습방식 > 학습결과’ 순으로, 요구도는 ‘학습방식 > 학습내용 > 학습지원’ 순으로 나타났다. 둘째, 학원특성에 따른 플립드러닝의 만족도와 요구도는 학급당 학생 수가 15명 미만이고, 수업시간이 4시간 이상이며, 학원에 온라인학습장비가 비치되어 있고, 학원이 온라인강의를 직접 제작하는 경우가 그렇지 않은 경우보다 전반적으로 높게 나타났다. 셋째, 개인배경에 따른 플립드러닝의 만족도와 요구도는 성적이 우수할수록, 수강기간이 3개월 이상, 주당 온라인 강의를 4시간 이상 듣는 경우 대체로 높았다. 넷째, 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 남학생, 수강기간, 성적, 수강료이고, 요구도에 영향을 미치는 요인은 남학생, 학급당 학생 수인 것으로 나타났다. 플립드러닝의 효율성과 효과성을 향상시키기 위해서는 학습자의 만족도와 요구도를 고려한 개별 맞춤형 콘텐츠의 개발과 학습진행이 요구된다.

Recently, flipped learning has become prevalent as a new education model in higher education. Flipped learning (FL) refers to switching and restructuring classwork and homework content, i.e., instructional multimedia concepts at home and enrichment and reinforcement in class. Flipped or inverted classes focus on activities and participation during the class time of students, who should previously watch the video materials. However, FL is different from just watching videos before classes. Video clips are not supplementary class material or even all the lectures. FL is an innovative way to change passive learners to active learners as they lead the classes and utilize teachers for guidance. The purpose of the study is to investigate how technology-driven FL works for marketing courses at the college level. In class, students are supposed to do projects as a member of a group and they also lead the class with what they have learned from video clips they watched before coming to class. FL offers student centered learning, where students can control the learning pace and can get benefits from peer learning in marketing courses.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in ‘Flipped learning,’ a learner-centered approach that introduces the paradigm of future education. The aim of this study is to introduce a new method of Flipped learning and to identify its applicability to French grammar class in universities by adequately responding to learners’ needs and expectations. In chapter 2, we examine the necessity of introducing Flipped learning in the teaching of French grammar in universities. In chapter 3, we present the teaching and learning process divided into three steps: pre-class, in-class and after-class. In the pre-class step, learners understand the basic concepts by watching a pre-class video, solve basic questions and prepare authentic materials for discussion. In the face-to-face class, learners ask more questions, engage in a variety of activities with the instructor or their peers, and discuss or lead grammatical conceptualization about contents. In the after-class step, learners complement their weaknesses and deepen their knowledge. The teaching of French grammar based on Flipped learning, compared to the traditional teaching method based on lectures, allows learners to actively engage in their own learning process, to have more opportunities to interact, to gain a deeper understanding of grammar and to improve self-directed learning skills.

현대사회는 21세기 지식기반사회를 맞이하여 다양한 인재를 요구함에 따라 창의성, 문제 해결 능 력, 의사소통, 협업, 유연한 사고 능력을 필요로 하게 되었다. 이는 급변하는 교육지형 속에 다양한 인재 양성을 위한 여건이 마련되었는지 살펴보게 되었으며, 학교교육의 패러다임을 변화시키자는 自省의 목소리로 이어지는 계기가 되었다. 교실은 현재 개인주의, 이기주의 등으로 많은 어려움에 직면해 있다. 학생들의 학교생활은 여전히 개선의 여지가 보이지 않는다. 나아가 교실에서의 학생들은 무기력감을 적극적으로 표출하고 있고 교사는 이로 인해 자기효능감을 상실하여 자존감마저 잃게 되었다. 이와 같은 일련의 수업국면은 결국 공교육에 대한 위상저하를 초래하였다. 대안으로 ‘거꾸로 교실’을 제안하였다. ‘거꾸로 교실’의 가치는 교사는 조력자의 역할, 학생은 학 습의 주체가 되어 활동하며 학습자가 주체가 되는 수업, 학습자가 깨어 있는 수업이 이루어져 무기 력감이 사라지게 되고, 나아가 다양한 수준의 학습자들에게 적재적소에 교과전문지식을 제시하여 완전학습을 도모할 수 있기 때문에 교사는 자기효능감을 회복할 수 있다. 한편, 한문과는 한정된 시수 안에 많은 학습내용을 전달하기 때문에 질적인 학습보다 양적인 학 습에 구애된다. 그래서 단순한 지식전달수업을 탈피하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 이를 극복하기 위해 본 논문에서는 한문과에서의 ‘거꾸로 교실’을 제안하고 그 수업사례를 제시하였다. 그 이유는 한문 과에서의 ‘거꾸로 교실’은 교과 핵심내용을 동영상으로 담아내어 한정된 시수를 최대한 활용함과 동시에 학습자중심수업의 토대를 마련할 수 있고, 디딤 영상과 관련하여 교사가 재구성한 학습지를 제공하여 교사마다 개성 있는 수업이 가능하며, 학생 상호간의 지식을 창출하는 과정에서 현대 사회 에 필요한 각종 핵심역량을 함양할 수 있기 때문이다.

본 연구는 수학 수업에서 배움의 즐거움을 찾지 못하고, 수학 자신감이 부족하여 수학 교과에 대한 두려움을 갖고 있는 학생들이 쉽고 재미있게 수학을 공부하는 경험을 통하여 학습자의 수학 흥미도와 자신감을 키울 수 있도록 수학 수업 방법을 변화시키기 위하여 이루어졌다. 연구의 목적을 효율적으로 달성하기 위하여 수학에 대한 흥미와 자신감을 키울 수 있는 학생 중심의 참여형 수업 구현을 위해 거꾸로 수학교실 적용을 위한 환경을 구축하였고, 학생 중심의 참여형 수업 방법과 융합적·창의적 사고력을 향상시킬 수 있는 평가 방안을 구안하였으며, 학생 중심의 참여형 수업을 함께 연구하는 수업 교사 동아리를 구성·운영하여 수업 방법 개선의 성공 경험을 공유하였다.

본 연구는 학습자 중심 수업이 비판적 사고 전략의 향상에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것을 목적으로 수행 되었다. 이를 위해 서울, 충청도 소재 4년제 사립대학교의 3학년 학생 260명을 대상으로 플립드 러닝 (flipped learning)을 기반으로 한 학습자 중심 수업 설계를 16주에 걸쳐 적용하였다. 이를 위하여 비판 적 사고 전략 검사의 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였고, 수업 전과 후의 비판적 사고 전략의 수준의 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 수업 전의 비판적 사고 전략 수준에 따라서 수업 후에 변화의 양상이 어떠한가를 알아 보기 위해 상ㆍ하 집단(25%, 75%)으로 분류하고, 이들의 차이를 분석하였다. 연구결과를 살펴보면 첫째, 비판적 사고 전략 검사는 대학생의 비판적 사고 전략을 측정하기에 적합한 요인구조를 가졌음을 확인하였다. 둘째, 학습자 중심 수업은 비판적 사고 전략의 향상에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 가장 높은 차원인 비판적 반성 전략의 경우 수업 적용 전에 비해 가장 큰 향상 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 수업 전의 비판적 사고 수준이 낮은 집단이 수업 후의 비판적 사고향상의 폭이 더 크게 나타나 하위집단일수록 학습자 중심 수업이 효과적이라는 선행연구 결과와 일치하는 결과를 확인하였 다. 이러한 연구 결과는 몇 가지의 제한점에도 불구하고 비판적 사고의 향상을 위해서는 학습자의 활동 과 개별학습, 협업, 소통이 중시되는 학습자 중심 수업을 충분히 고려할 필요가 있음을 시사하였고, 학습 수준에 따라 학습자 중심 수업을 어떻게 활용할 것인가에 대한 자료를 제공하였다는 측면에서 의의 가 있었다.

This study will analyze the problems of the backward (obsolete) textbook contents and the stereotyped (imprisoned) teaching methods in classroom implemented by the Korean universities who teach advanced Mandarin conversation lesson in this digital era, and then put forward one possible solution called the model of “Flipped Learning”(“Flipped Classroom” is also included), which could teach advanced Mandarin conversation lesson by flexibly using Internet E-books. The existing education’s paradigm is discarded by teachers and students, and the textbooks’ role is changing rapidly and dramatically along with the education spread and knowledge diffusion via Internet. Through the flexible usage of the latest Internet E-books, not only the politics, economics, cultures, media and press of Chinese modern society could be known, but also our young generation (post 90s, post 00s)’s thought and vision. In a “Flipped Classroom” which gives conversation lesson, it could be expected that weak study will and motivation could be stimulated; uninterested and dull lessons could be inverted into spirit-lifting ones which contain endless lively activities; and those students who used to learn passively could maximize their ability to solve problems all by themselves in their learning process.