Water contamination caused by heavy metal pollutants from industrial activities remains a pressing environmental concern. This study reports the development of a novel carbon paste electrode (CPE) modified with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) using a mechanochemical method for the electrochemical detection of Cu(II) ions. The modified electrode was thoroughly characterized to evaluate its functional groups, morphology, crystallinity, elemental composition, and electrochemical properties. Electrochemical measurements were performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV) under optimized conditions in 0.1 M NH₄Cl at pH 5. The EDTA/PVA/MWCNT-CPE exhibited a low detection limit (0.0457 μM), a wide linear range (0.1–2.7 μM), and excellent reproducibility (RSD = 0.51%), repeatability (RSD = 0.43%), and stability (95% retention after six days). Selectivity tests demonstrated high recovery for Cu(II) (99.7%) and Hg(II) (99.89%) with minimal interference. This simple, cost-effective sensor offers high sensitivity and selectivity, making it a promising candidate for Cu(II) detection in environmental monitoring applications.

본 연구에서는 도시 배수관망에서 제한된 센서 자원으로 침수 대응 성능을 향상시키기 위한 NSGA-II 기반 수위 센서 최적 배치 프레임워크를 제안하였다. 연구 대상지의 검⋅보정된 EPA-SWMM 모형을 기반으로, 실제 종관기상관측소의 강우 자료로부터 33개의 집중호우 시나리오를 구성하여 노드별 수위비(Depth Ratio)를 산정하고, 관망의 수리적 이질성과 침수 취약성을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 비관측 지점의 단기 수위를 예측하기 위해 Ridge 회귀모형을 적용하였으며, 예측 성능은 선행예측시간(Δt = 5–30분)에 대해 sMAPE와 Accuracy로 평가하였다. NSGA-II를 통해 532개 후보 노드를 탐색 공간으로 설정하여 센서 수(k=1–5)와 위치 조합을 동시에 최적화한 결과, 센서 수가 1개에서 3개로 증가할 때 예측 정확도가 크게 향상되었고, k ≥ 4에서는 정보 포화로 인해 개선 폭이 제한적임이 확인되었다. 또한 도출된 최적 조합은 다양한 Δt 조건에서도 sMAPE ≤ 0.35, Accuracy ≥ 0.998 수준의 안정된 성능을 유지하여 시간적 강건성을 보였다. 본 연구는 센서의 개수와 위치를 동시에 고려하는 정량적 배치 기준을 제시함으로써, 도시 배수관망에서 저비용⋅고효율의 모니터링 체계 구축, 조기 침수 감지 인프라 설계, 및 실시간 도시침수 대응 체계 고도화에 실질적 기초자료를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This study proposes a methodology for predicting the physical properties such as the density of polymer composites, including asphalt binders, and evaluates its feasibility by identifying the quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of individual polymers. To this end, features are constructed using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation results and descriptor calculation tools. This study investigates the changes in the calculated density depending on the characteristics of the training dataset and analyzes the feature characteristics across datasets to identify key features. In this study, 2,415 hydrocarbon and binder-derived polymer molecules were analyzed using MD simulations and 2,790 chemical descriptors generated using alvaDesc. The features were pre-processed using correlation filtering, PCA, and recursive feature elimination. The XGBoost models were trained using k-fold cross-validation and Optuna optimization. SHAP analysis was used to interpret feature contributions. The variables influencing the density prediction differed between the hydrocarbon and binder groups. However, the hydrogen atom count (H), van der Waals energy, and descriptors such as SpMAD_EA_LboR consistently had a strong impact. The trained models achieved high accuracy (R² > 0.99) across different datasets, and the SHAP results revealed that the edge adjacency, topological, and 3D geometrical descriptors were critical. In terms of predictive accuracy and interpretability, the integrated MDQSPR framework demonstrated high reliability for estimating the properties of individual binder polymers. This approach contributed to a molecular-level understanding and facilitated the development of ecofriendly and efficient modifiers for asphalt binders.

Five novel miniature bipolar radiofrequency (RF) electrode tips with distinct tip geometries (spherical, flat, square, and 45° angled) were developed to enable high-precision tissue ablation. Performance was evaluated on saline-soaked tissue, ex vivo bovine liver, and porcine muscle under consistent RF power settings. All designs produced highly localized lesions only a few millimeters across, confirming precise ablation with minimal damage to surrounding tissue. Tip geometry influenced ablation efficiency: a 45° angled tip created ~5 mm lesions at lower power (highest efficiency), whereas an ultra-fine 1.0 mm tip produced ~1 mm lesions but required higher power. These results indicate that the new bipolar RF electrodes achieve precise, localized tissue ablation with minimal surrounding tissue damage and show promise for precise lesion removal in minimally invasive surgery.

이 연구는 제2차세계대전기 체코슬로바키아망명정부와 대한민국임시 정부의 국제적 정부승인 시도 과정 및 연합국의 인식을 비교 분석한다. 베네쉬는 런던에서 서구 진영과 소련의 지원을 확보하며 군사적 입지를 강화했다. 특히 전쟁의 격화되는 동안 국제적 승인을 획득하여 성공적인 망명정부를 수립했다. 서구적 가치를 선호했던 베네쉬는 독일의 군사적 위협을 우려해 소련과 긴밀히 협력했다. 반면 임정은 체코슬로바키아의 승인 모델에 기반하여 외교적 노력을 기울였으나, 좌우 갈등과 국민 대 표성 문제로 정부승인 획득에 실패했다. 본질적으로 체코슬로바키아망명 정부는 소련의 참전으로 반독 세력이 결집하며 정부승인을 얻었지만, 임 정은 태평양전쟁 개전에도 불구하고 연합국과 소련의 정치적 이해관계로 인해 승인을 얻지 못했다. 해방 후 임정과 달리 체코슬로바키아망명정부 가 소련과 밀착한 것은 공산화로 이어지는 역설적 결과를 가져왔다.

This paper is intended to demonstrate how to apply an inversion method to one of the observed solar active regions (ARs) generally having complex magnetic structure. The method was developed in our previous work for solving an inverse problem to derive physical properties of a subsurface magnetic field from surface magnetic field evolution. We handled two key issues in the application of the method to the observed AR, one of which is to reconstruct three-dimensional magnetic structure of the AR, while the other is to select a single magnetic flux tube responsible for an X-class flare observed in this AR by isolating closed magnetic-loop structure from the reconstructed AR structure. The isolation of the loop structure is essential for a proper evaluation of unsigned magnetic flux and relative magnetic helicity, which are used to solve the inverse problem. By refining data of the so-called force-free α, we also derived the principal field line representing the axis of the selected flux tube in the AR, which could contribute to a quantitative classification of ARs having full of variety in size, magnetic field strength, and magnetic field configuration.

The handwritten copy of the Ishinpō in the “Gohon - Nakarai family’s edition” in Japan contains a large number of marginal notes on phonetic notations and semantic explanations quoted from Chinese dictionaries. It is an important material for studying the overseas dissemination of Chinese characters and their usage forms in the Middle Ages. This article selects the second volume of this handwritten copy as the main research object. Combining the content of the marginal notes with the materials of character books in different dynasties, it conducts in-depth textual research and verification on difficult characters or semantic explanations such as Xin ( ), Huang (䀮), Chi (瘛), Zhi (𣛰), Liao (𢨺), Nao (臑), Luo (濼) and XieYi (解㑊) that appear in the marginal notes, and clarifies that Xin ( ) is the vulgar form of Xin (囟), Huang (䀮) is a character with the sound component replaced for Mang (盲), the original form of Chi (瘛) is Chi (𤸪), Zhi (𣛰) is a miswritten form of Zhi (榰), Liao (𢨺) should originally be Liao (窌) and should be distinguished from Liao (髎), the original form of Nao (臑) is Er (胹), and there is also a cognate character Ruan (腝), Luo (濼) is a part of XiaoLuo (消濼), this word should be the abbreviated form of XiaoYinLuo (消淫濼) and can be interpreted as meaning “to eliminate soreness and weakness”, and XieYi (解㑊) is a variant writing of XieYi (懈伿), and Yi (㑊) is a later variant of Yi (伿).

After World War II, China, Japan, and South Korea faced severe devastation, with their economies, politics, and cultures in disarray. China, after the Second Sino-Japanese War, entered into a civil war, only stabilizing with the founding of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Japan, under U.S. occupation, struggled with the war’s lingering effects, while Korea, liberated from Japan, was divided between Soviet-controlled North and U.S.-occupied South. The Korean War (1950-1953) further complicated the situation. To rebuild, these nations adopted significant reforms, including language policy changes. Influenced by Western civilization, China, Japan, and South Korea simplified their writing systems, replacing traditional Han characters and Latinizing scripts. In China, the PRC aimed to standardize language and reduce illiteracy by simplifying Chinese characters and implementing Hanyu Pinyin. Japan, under U.S. guidance, introduced a "National Language Reform" to simplify kanji and promote phonetic scripts. In South Korea, linguistic purism emerged as part of efforts to eliminate Japanese colonial influences, emphasizing the use of Hangul and reducing reliance on hanja. This paper explores the Chinese character policies of these countries, analyzing the motivations and effects of these reforms during the post-war era.

This paper explores a convergent approach that combines advanced informatics and computational science to develop road-paving materials. It also analyzes research trends that apply artificial-intelligence technologies to propose research directions for developing new materials and optimizing them for road pavements. This paper reviews various research trends in material design and development, including studies on materials and substances, quantitative structure–activity/property relationship (QSAR/QSPR) research, molecular data, and descriptors, and their applications in the fields of biomedicine, composite materials, and road-construction materials. Data representation is crucial for applying deep learning to construction-material data. Moreover, selecting significant variables for training is important, and the importance of these variables can be evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficients or ensemble techniques. In selecting training data and applying appropriate prediction models, the author intends to conduct future research on property prediction and apply string-based representations and generative adversarial networks (GANs). The convergence of artificial intelligence and computational science has enabled transformative changes in the field of material development, contributing significantly to enhancing the performance of road-paving materials. The future impacts of discovering new materials and optimizing research outcomes are highly anticipated.