본 연구는 발효 황련해독탕(FHHT)의 식후혈당 상승 억 제 효능을 검증하기 위해 농도별로 Rat 유래 α-glucosidase 와 돼지 췌장 유래 α-amylase에 대한 저해 활성과 sprague dawley rat 모델을 이용한 식후혈당 상승 억제 효능을 평가 하였다. 그 결과, FHHT는 농도 의존적으로 α-glucosidase와 α-amylase의 소화 효소 활성을 저해하였고 IC₅₀ 값은 α- amylase 9.321mg/mL, α-glucosidase 0.143mg/mL, maltase 1.159mg/mL, glucoamylase 0.263mg/mL, sucrase 0.112mg/ mL로 확인되었다. 동물 모델 실험에서는 FHHT가 다당류 starch 및 이당류 sucrose 섭취 후 통계적으로 유의한 식후 혈당 상승 억제 효능을 보였다(P<0.01). 이와 같은 결과를 통해 FHHT의 당 흡수 억제를 통한 항당뇨 효능을 확인 하였고 추가 연구의 필요성 및 시사점을 제시함으로써 본 연구가 항당뇨의 새로운 한방 건강 기능식품으로 활용되 기 위한 참고 자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

포도 ‘My heart’의 기내증식과 기외이식 후 생장에 있어서 배양용기에 부착한 미세공극 Filter 처리가 건전한 유묘를 생 산하는데 효과적인 방법을 찾고자 실시하였다. 미세공극 Filter는 환기구 크기별로 White filter type (50.0 mm×3.5 mm)과 Green filter type (50.0 mm×7.0 mm) 으로 구분하여 밀폐 처리와 비교하였다. Shoot tip 배양에 있어서 Green filter type에서 shoot 분화율이 75%로 White filter type 77% 와 밀폐처리 80% 보다 낮았지만 투명화 shoot 발생율은 4% 로 White filter type 13.4%, 밀폐처리 24.7%에 비하여 9.4－ 20.7%가 적었다. 전체 배양묘의 54.9%가 투명화 발생이 되 었을 때 Green filter type으로 90일 동안 계대 배양하고 조사 한 결과 투명화율은 11.8%로 감소하였고 분화한 shoot 수는 89개에서 915개로 증가하였다. Filter type에 따라 IBA 2.0 mg·L-1를 첨가하여 30일 동안 배양을 하였을 때 Green filter type에서 기내 발근율 100%, 뿌리 수 7.3개, 엽수 10.0개로 White filter type과 밀폐 처리보다 좋았다. 기외 이식하고 15 일 후의 유묘 생존율도 Green filter type에서 100%로 다른 처 리에 비하여 1.5－29.5% 더 높았고 초장이 11.0cm, 생체중이 1.7g 으로 가장 양호하였다. 미세공극 Green filter 처리는 포 도 ‘My heart’의 기내배양에서 shoot 투명화를 감소시키고 shoot와 뿌리 생성을 촉진시키고 기외이식 후 생장은 통계적 으로 유의하게 확인되어 건전한 유묘 생산에 효과적이었다.

This study investigated the growth dynamics of Lilium miquelianum bulb scales cultured in four different media formulations: Full Murashige-Skoog (FMS), Half Murashige-Skoog (HMS), Anderson Vitamin (AV), and Knudson Vitamin (KV). Bulb scales were collected from native populations on Jeju Island, Korea, and cultured in vitro for 12 weeks. Growth parameters, including bulb area and scale count, were measured at 3-week intervals. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences in growth rates across media types and time points. FMS consistently demonstrated the highest growth rates and final bulb area and scale count, while KV exhibited the lowest performance. Heatmap analysis showed that FMS achieved the highest weekly growth rates in most time points, with HMS showing comparable performance during early growth stages. Individual sample growth rates varied within media, highlighting the influence of both external and internal factors on growth. Correlation analysis revealed a positive association between bulb size and scale quantity, with FMS exhibiting the strongest relationship. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate media selection for optimal L. miquelianum propagation, with FMS being the most suitable for extended cultivation. This research provides valuable insights for improving propagation efficiency and conservation efforts of L. miquelianum.

Habenaria radiata, commonly known as the Egret Flower, is a critically endangered terrestrial orchid facing rapid population decline due to overharvesting in Korea. Asymbiotic seed propagation offers a promising conservation method for this rare species. This study investigates the effects of different nutrient media on the germination and plantlet development of immature seeds of H. radiata, with the goal of establishing optimal propagation conditions. Among four media types, with the highest germination rate (75.6%) observed on OBTSG medium, followed by 1/2 MS, OMM, and OSGM. Protocorm development varied across media, with OBTSG and OMM supporting the most robust growth. A two-step culture method involving OBTSG for germination followed by OMM for plantlet development proved most effective, achieving an 84.4% survival rate. These findings highlight the importance of media composition and transitioning for successful propagation. The results provide a practical protocol for in vitro propagation, contributing to both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts aimed at preserving H. radiata and other endangered terrestrial orchids.

Background: This study was conducted to increase meat production by 30% compared to the present by selecting a giant cow over 1,000 kg and applying biotechnologies. Methods: After OPU from 1,100 kg of giant cow, the calves were produced in Hanwoo surrogate mothers. Among 23 calves six male heads were selected, three heads of them were chosen as candidate sires, and the rest three heads were raised for 30 months for performance test. The semen of three candidate sires from the age of 22 months were collected and frozen, and the calves were produced by artificial insemination. The calf was raised to the age of 30 to 33 months and performed a progeny test. Results: The average birth weight of 23 calves born by transferring giant cow-derived embryos was 42.8 kg, and the average weight of carcass from three bulls was 615.3 kg in the performance test. In the progeny test, the average birth weight of calves born after artificial insemination of semen from giant cow-derived candidate sires was 41 kg, and the average weight of carcass after raised to the age of 30 to 33 months was 562.7 kg. As a result of performance and progeny tests, it is 148 and 96 kg higher in giant cow-derived beef cattle than the average carcass (467 kg) from general Hanwoo cattle, respectively. Conclusions: This study will have laid a great foundation for the future improvement of the Korean beef industry.

Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) plays a crucial role in animal cell culture; however, the increasing number of bovine fetuses used and sacrificed solely for FBS collection has raised ethical concerns globally. The welfare of fetuses during FBS blood collection has become a key focus of debate among animal welfare and ethics organizations worldwide. Previous studies indicate that heat-inactivated coelomic fluid (HI-CF) from the earthworm Perionyx excavatus may serve as a viable FBS alternative in adherent cell cultures. This study evaluates the potential of HI-CF as an FBS substitute during the in vitro maturation (IVM) stage of bovine embryo culture, with a focus on improving developmental rate through antioxidation effects. In this study, 2% HI-CF was incorporated into IVM media, assessing its impact on cell growth, differentiation, and the expression of genes related to antioxidation. The group of 2% of HI-CF exhibited a trend toward increased cleavage and blastocyst development rates compared to the control group. Although antioxidant genes such as NRF2 and GSR showed no statistically significant differences between the control and treatment groups, a trend toward increased expression was observed. Conversely, GPX1 displayed a trend of decreased expression. Notably, IGF1 and NQO1 were significant upregulated (p < 0.05) in the 2% HI-CF group. Additionally, oocytes stained with H2DCFDA showed a significantly reduced ROS levels (p < 0.05) in the 2% HI-CF group compared with controls. These findings suggest that HI-CF's antioxidative effects support enhanced cell growth and blastocyst development rate, surpassing those observed with FBS. Consequently, HI-CF shows promise as an effective alternative to FBS in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of different red seaweeds on in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and methane gas production. Five species of red seaweed (Chrysymenia wrughtii Yamada, CW; Hypnea sp., Hypnea sp.; Chondria crassicaulis, CC; Gelidium vagum Okamurae, GV; Hypnea saidana Holmes, HS) were obtained from National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS) in South Korea. The collected red seaweeds were washed for 3 minutes, and then samples were freeze-dried and ground to a size of a 1 millimeter. The buffered ruminal fluid (50 mL) was incubated with substrates and seaweeds (5% of substrates) at 39℃ for 48 hours. Total gas production was lower than red seaweed treatments excluding the CW treatment (p<0.05; 63.25 mL). Methane production was the lowest in CC treatment (p<0.05; 9.93 mL/g of digestible dry matter). The rumen pH of the red seaweed treatments ranged from 5.98 to 6.08, which was significantly the lowest in the GV treatment (p<0.05; 5.98). There was no significant difference in the total VFA concentration, but propionate (27.53%) was significantly highest in the CW treatment, whereas acetate (53.14%), iso-valerate (3.52%), valerate (1.72%), and A:P ratio (1.93) were significantly lowest (p<0.05). In conclusion, among the five species of red seaweeds, Chondria crassicaulis reduced in vitro methane production without negative effects on dry matter digestibility. Future studies will be needed to determine the optimal inclusion level of Chondria crassicaulis as feed additive to reduce enteric methane production.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of various washing pre-treatments of native Codium fragile as a feed additive on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH4 production in ruminants. Seaweed was included at 0.5% dry matter (DM) based on the experimental feed (forage : concentrate = 3:7). Treatment groups were classified as follows: experimental feed (C), no washing (T1), washing at 0°C (T2), washing at 22°C (T3) and washing at 70°C (T4) each immersed for 6 minutes in distilled water. The pH consistently fell within the ruminal stability range. In vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly highest in T2, T3, T4 and C, T4 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.05). NH3-N concentration was significantly highest in T4 at 48 h (p<0.05). Total gas production at 48 h was 19% lower in T4 compared to C (p<0.01). CH4 production (mL/g DM) at 48 h was lower in all treatment groups compared to C, with T3 showing a 31% reduction (p<0.01). Similarly, CH4 production (mL/g dry matter degradability, DMD) at 48 h was 39% lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.01). At 24 h, total VFA was significantly highest in T1 and T4 (p<0.05). The proportions of acetate was significantly highest in C and T3 was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of propionate was significantly highest in T3 and C was the lowest at 48 h (p<0.01). The acetate to propionate ratio was singnificantly highest in C at 48 h (p<0.01). The proportions of butyrate at 24 h was lower for T3 compared to C (p<0.05). Therefore, this study confirms that Codium fragile can reduce CH4 production when used as a feed additive for ruminants and this effect is not significantly influenced by the washing pre-treatment. However, if washing process is necessary, washing at 22°C is the most appropriate method to remove foreign objects.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is considered to be a significant cause of drug wastage. To mitigate clinical DILI risks, assessing drugs using human liver models is crucial since animal studies may fall short due to species-specific liver pathway variations. Cell-based preclinical hepatotoxicity testing is often pertinent. In the present study, cells from a human liver cancer line (HepG2 and HepaRG) were cultured in both formats of 2D and 3D spheroids to explore their responses to drugs. Liver-specific marker expressions across cell lines and culture formats were also examined to assess disparities in DILI marker expressions. After treating each cell with the drugs, cytotoxicity and liver injury markers aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were increased. In addition, liver specific markers albumin and urea decreased in a drug concentration-dependent manner. These findings were consistent with drug sensitivity. Additionally, mRNA expression levels of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) involved in hepatocellular drug metabolism were compared following treatment with enzyme inducers. CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 were not epxressed in HepG2 cells. HepaRG cells exhibited significantly increased expression of CYP1A2, 2C9, and 3A4 post-treatment. Notably, enzyme expression was notably higher in 3D cultures than in 2D cultures. Collectively, these findings suggest that HepaRG cells and 3D cultures hold promise for evaluating DILI during early-stage drug development.

The study aimed to investigate the impact of varying levels of neutral detergent-soluble fiber (NDSF) in Hanwoo growing cattle diets on rumen fermentation and methane (CH4) emissions. An in vitro rumen fermentation experiment utilized feeds with different NDSF levels, incorporating ingredients such as corn grain, soybean meal, soybean hulls, palm kernel meal, beet pulp and timothy hay. The NDSF contents in the diets were 9.02% (T1), 10.09% (T2), 12.42% (T3) and 14.63% (T4). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) at 48 h was 7.4% higher for T4 compared to T1 (p<0.05). Total gas production at 48 h was 6.6% higher for T4 than T1 (p<0.05). CH4 production significantly decreased at 9 h and 12 h for T1 and T2 (p<0.05). At 48 h, CH4 production was 5.6% higher for T4 compared to T1 and 6.7% higher compared to T2 (p<0.05). At 12 h ans 24 h, the ammonia nitrogen concentration of T4 was approximately 33.1% and 40.4% lower, respectively, compared to T1 (p<0.05). The acetate to propionate ratio at 48 h was approximately 18.8% higher for T4 than T1 (p<0.05). From 9 h to 48 h, the proportions of butyrate and valerate were significantly higher for T4 (p<0.05). At 48 h, the dominant phylum in T4's rumen microbial community was Candidatus Thermoplasmatota Methanomassiliicoccus, an Archaea. Therefore, this study confirmed that increasing the NDSF content in growing Hanwoo cattle diets up to 12.42% increases IVDMD without increasing CH4 emissions, which is expected to positively impact Hanwoo productivity.

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of the forage process on rumen fermentation characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions of rye. Rye was grown at the Taeyoung Livestock farm and harvested at the heading stage. The harvested rye (5 kg) was sub-sampled for fresh forage, hay, and silage in triplicates. The sub-sampled rye was freeze-dried or air-dried for fresh forage or rye hay, respectively. For rye silage, the sub-sampled rye forage was ensiled into a 10 L mini bucket silo and stored for 90 days. For 72 h rumen incubation, each forage (0.3 g) was placed into the incubation bottle with the rumen mixture (30 mL) in quadruplicates. After the incubation, total gas was measured and sub-sampled for CO2 and CH4 analyses, and the bottle content was centrifuged for in vitro digestibilities of dry matter (IVDMD) and neutral detergent fiber (IVNDFD), and rumen fermentation characteristics. Silage had higher crude protein, crude ash, and acid detergent fiber concentrations than fresh forage and hay but lower non-fiber carbohydrates and relative feed value (p<0.05). And, silage had higher lactic acid bacteria than the other forages but lower pH (p<0.05). After 72 h incubation in the rumen, fresh forage had higher IVDMD and butyrate content than the other forages (p<0.05). However, silage had higher rumen pH and propionate content than the other forages but lower A:P ratio (p<0.05). Regarding greenhouse gases, silage had lowest total gas (mL/g DMD and NDFD) and CH4 (mL/g DMD and NDFD) emissions, while fresh forage had lowest CO2 (mL/g DMD) emission (p<0.05). Therefore, this study concluded that the ensiling process of rye can effectively mitigate greenhouse gas emissions of Hanwoo.

This study aimed to develop the in vitro method using domestic commercial diets to estimate nutrient digestibility in dogs. The existing in vitro method were tested and compared with literature data to develop new in vitro method. The development of in vitro method progressed as follows: modification of pepsin solution to an activated form and supplementation with 1% lipase. All the in vitro method progressed to 4 hours of stomach simulation and 2 hours of small intestine simulation. In vivo digestibility was measured using the same diets as beagle dogs. The supplementation of lipase methods showed significantly improved (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and EE than the existing and modified pepsin solution methods. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in DM, OM, and EE digestibility was high (r2 = 0.889, 0.907, and 0.721, respectively), and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in CP and GE digestibility was medium (r2 = 0.681 and 0.536, respectively). The current in vitro method is similar to in vivo digestibility and helps potentially predict digestibility for dogs. In conclusion, this developed in vitro method suggests that it can help estimate the nutrient digestibility of dogs' diets without in vivo experiments.

Water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.) is a free-floating perennial herbaceous plant with rosette leaves and a stem. Although this plant multiplies and has adverse effects on aquatic ecosystems, it can be used for biological purification of polluted water and production of valuable substances as a traditional medicine. In this study, we report a protocol to establish an in vitro micropropagation method based on direct shoot organogenesis from stem explants. In media comprising two types of basal medium and different growth regulators, multiple shoot organogenesis was observed on stems. The micropropagation method was most effective on Schenk and Hildebrandt (SH) medium with 1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid and 2 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine supplemented with 30 g/L sucrose, on which all explants produced multiple shoots. The shoots rooted spontaneously on solid half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) and SH media without growth regulators (1/2MSO and 1/2SHO). However, roots developed more vigorously in liquid media. Regenerated plants colonized and grew more rapidly in SH basal medium than in MS basal medium and produced 6–8 stolons within 2 weeks on 1/2SHO. In summary, we established a method for micropropagation in vitro through direct organogenesis of water lettuce, which shows the potential of water lettuce as a model aquatic plant for phytochemical and pharmacological research.

Black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) has been noted as an excellent feed ingredient. However, there is limited information on rearing and processing technology. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the substrates for rearing BSF and the optimal processing method for BSF performance. Study separated as 2 experiment, BSF rearing and drying method(Exp 1.) and EP-processing method(exp 2.). During the study, 30 clutches were reared, with 10 per substrate. Three substrates, namely food waste (FW), tofu by-product (TF), and vegetable waste with two drying methods, namely hot air dry (AD) and microwave dry (MW) at expanding (EP) ratios of 5:5 and 7:3, were examined by evaluating their rearing performance, nutrient contents, in vitro digestibility and lipid oxidation stability during storage (0, 14 and 28 days). In experiment 1, the rearing substrates and drying methods were evaluated. Compared with that of conventional methods (FW, AD), the TF substrates and MW method showed higher dry matter contents (3.43%) and in vitro digestibility (1.62%) but lower ether extract contents(3.53%; p<0.05). However, the malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration under MW treatments decreased during storage (5.77%, 4.69% and 3.24%; p<0.05). In experiment 2, compared with that of the 7:3 EP-BSF ratio, the 5:5 EP-BSF ratio showed higher in vitro digestibility (2.70%) and lower MDA concentration during storage (19.19%, 7.96% and 6.42%; p<0.05). In conclusion, the optimal conditions for BSF rearing and ensuring product quality were TF substrates, MW methods and a 5:5 corn:BSF ratio. Therefore, the optimal conditions for producing EP-BSF can present an excellent feed ingredient alternative for swine feed.

본 실험에서는 외인성 효소 첨가제 및 혼합 세균 배양을 통한 고상발효(Solid-state fermentation, SSF)가 채종박(Rapeseed meal, RSM)의 체외건물소화율(In vitro dry matter digestibility, IVDMD) 및 단쇄지방산(Short chain fatty acid) 생성에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 외인성 효소 칵테일(첨가 및 미첨가) 및 RSM에 대한 SSF(발효 및 비발효)를 나타내는 2 x 2 요인 설계가 적용되었다. 3-step 돼지 소화율 모델을 적용하여 채종박의 건물 소화율을 분석하였으며, 72시간 대장발효 후 상층액을 수집하여 단쇄지방산 생성량을 분석한 후 칼로리 단위로 변환하여 가소화에너지 소화율을 분석하였다. 소장 (IVDMDh) 및 전장 (IVDMDt) 건물소화율에서는 고상발효된 채종박이 더 높게 나타났다 (각각 p < 0.01). 마찬가지로, 외인성 효소 첨가제 처리구에서 채종박의 소장 소화율(IVDMDh)이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.06). Acetic acid 및 butyric acid의 생산은 대조구에 비해 고상발효 처리 시 유의하게 더 생산되었으며 (각각 p < 0.01), 이는 총 단쇄지방산의 생산 증가 경향을 나타냈다(p = 0.09). 에너지 소화율에서는 채종박의 고상발효 및 외인성 효소제 첨가가 유의적으로 높게 나타났다 ( p < 0.01). 그러므로 채종박의 고상발효 처리는 단백질 이용성을 비롯한 영양적 가치를 향상시키는데 효과적이라고 사료된다.

손 위생 제품이 다양화됨과 동시에 각 활용 방법에 따 라 그 효능을 평가하는 여러 시험 방법들이 보고되고 있 다. 하지만 평가 방법에 따라 각 제품의 항균 효능은 다 르게 나타나며, 이로 인해 제품의 실제적인 효능을 확인 하는 데에 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 손 위생 제품의 효능 평가방법 비교에 초점을 둔 연구는 매우 제한적이며, 특 히 돼지피부를 이용한 ex vivo에 대한 연구는 극히 드물 다. 이에 본 연구는 손 위생 제품 중 리브온 소독제와 워 시오프 세정제에 대해 각각의 항균 평가 방법을 종합적으 로 비교했고, ex vivo 시험에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 파악하여 연구 단계에서 효율적인 ex vivo 시험의 신뢰성 을 향상시키고자 하였다. in vitro 시험으로써 액체 현탁을 기반으로 하는 time-kill 시험을 진행했고, in vivo 시험은 최소 20명의 참여자를 대상으로 진행되었다. ex vivo 시험 은 규격화된 돼지 피부를 이용하여 in vivo 시험과 동일한 방법으로 진행하면서 소독제의 최적 처리량과 세정제 사 용 시 첨가되는 물의 양을 제안했다. 시험에 사용된 손 소 독제는 in vitro 시험에서 모두 5 log 이상의 세균 감소율 을 보인 반면, ex vivo와 in vivo에서는 훨씬 낮은 살균 활 성을 보였으며, 특히 알코올 함량이 낮은 손 소독제에서 는 1 log 미만의 살균 활성을 나타냈다. 반면에 손 세정 제의 in vitro 시험 결과, 대장균에 대해서는 1 log 이하의 낮은 항균력을 보였으나, ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 결과에 서는 이보다 높은 항균력을 유사하게 나타냈다. 본 연구 에서는 ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 방법이 리브온과 워시오 프 타입 제품의 두가지 다른 항균 메커니즘을 반영할 수 있음을 확인했다. 이로 인해 최적의 조건으로 설정된 ex vivo 시험은 빠르고 정확한 항균 평가법이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

A semi-natural composite of κ-carrageenan and bentonite, two natural biopolymers, was synthesized through free radical polymerization. This synthesis aimed to obtain a biodegradable, biocompatible, and swellable composite that is environmentally friendly. The components used in this synthesis are readily available, making it economically feasible and promising for potential biomedical applications. The composite is pH-responsive and intended for oral delivery of metformin hydrochloride and aminophylline, which have low bioavailability and undesirable side effects, respectively. The organic composite exhibits the advantage of reducing drug release in the acidic gastric medium. This composite is a stimuli-responsive polymeric material that has garnered significant attention in recent years for its application in oral drug delivery systems. These materials enable site-specific and controlled drug release while minimizing toxicity. The carrageenan-g-poly(acrylamide-co-acrylic acid)/bentonite composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), which confirmed the successful synthesis of the composite. The swelling behaviour and point of zero charge of the composite were studied at different pH values, which showed a strong influence on the swelling properties of the composite. The drug loading capacity of the composite was measured at pH 5.3, and it was 70.60 mg/g for metformin and 95.66 mg/g for aminophylline at pH(3). The in vitro release profile of both drugs from the composite was also affected by the ionic strength, and it exhibited a lower release rate with higher salt concentration. The maximum release percentage of the drugs from carrageenan-g-poly(acrylic acid-acrylamide)/bentonite in simulated gastric, intestinal, and colon fluids was achieved within 40 h. The maximum release was 80% for metformin in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and 75% for aminophylline after 40 h.

This study is concerned with the optimization of the manufacturing process of a hot water extract containing antioxidant activity from Lycium barbarum, traditionally known to have various physiological activities. For the establishment of the optimization process, the central composite design of response surface methodology(RSM) was used. Thirteen extraction processes were performed by encoding the independent variables, extraction temperature (65.9oC–94.1oC) and extraction time (2.59 hr–5.41 hr). As a result of the experiment, the optimal manufacturing conditions for the extract were 340.0 mg/100 g of GAE at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 5 hr. The maximum yield of flavonoids was 22.44 mg/100 g of HES at an extraction temperature of 94.1oC and an extraction time of 4 hr. The conditions for producing the extract with the maximum antioxidant capacity (DPPH 92.12%) were 90oC and 4.5 hr extraction time. Therefore, the optimal manufacturing process conditions for extracts containing total phenol content, flavonoid content, and DPPH radical scavenging activity, which are dependent variables, were extraction temperature of 90-95oC and extraction time of 4 hr, which were not significantly different from the actual values. Therefore, Lycium barbarum extract rich in total phenol and flavonoid content related to antioxidant function is expected to be used as a functional food and cosmetic material.

헤스페리딘(Hesperidin, HD)은 다양한 식물체에 존재하는, 강한 항산화 기능을 가진 대표적인 flavonoid의 일종이다. 본 연구에서는 수용성 HD인 Hesperidin glucoside(HDG)가 가지는 세포손상 회복, 항염증 인자억제 및 melanin 생성억제 활성을 세포수준에서 비교하였다. HDG는 HD에 당전이 효소반응 으로 제조되었으며, HD에 비해 20,000배 이상 수용해도가 증가되었다. HaCaT 세포주에 대한 세포독성은 HDG가 HD에 비해 월등히 낮았다. HD와 HDG는 모두 자외선 조사된 HaCaT 세포에서 세포생존율 회 복효과를 나타내었다. 또한 HD와 HDG는 세포내 산화질소(NO), 종양괴사인자-α(TNF-α) 및 인터루킨 -6(IL-6)과 같은 염증 매개체 및 cytokine을 감소시켰으며, HD 보다는 HDG의 효과가 다소 우수하였다. Melanoma B16F10 세포주를 이용한 melanin 형성능과 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과, HD와 HDG 모두 효과를 나타내었으며 HDG가 약간 우수한 결과를 보였다. 결론적으로, HD의 당전이체인 HDG는 HD에 비해 동등이상의 세포손상 회복, 염증성 매개체 및 cytokine 억제능과 melanin 형성억제능을 나타내 었으며, HDG의 높은 수용성과 낮은 세포독성 등의 특성은 다양한 분야에서의 용도를 확대시킬 수 있을 것으로 보인다.