갈색여치는 최근 대발생으로 과수농가에서 피해가 급격히 증가하고 있다. 갈색여치의 종령 약충과 미성숙 성충, 성숙 성충에 대한 교미행동 및 일일행동패턴에 대하여 조사하였다. 일일행동패턴은 휴식, 이동, 섭식을 반복하였다. 종령 약충과 미성숙 성충의 일일행동패턴은 유사했다. 종령 약충은 평균 10:06에 활동을 시작하고 21:12에 휴식을 취한다. 미성숙 성충은 평균 11:30에 활동을 시작하고 20:08에 휴식을 취한다. 그러나 성숙 성충의 경우 15:30에 활동을 시작하는 차이를 보였다. 성숙 성충은 특정시간(약 20:00)대에 교미행동을 보인다. 갈색여치의 교미행동은 암컷의 spermatophylax를 섭취하게 되는데 다 섭취하기까지 270-360분이 소요된다. 갈색여치의 행동패턴은 이들의 발생양상과 생태를 알 수 있어 갈색여치를 방제하기 위한 기초자료로 이용될 수 있을 것이다.

Diapause duration of Paratlanticus ussuriensis is prolonged as an egg that enter both initial and final diapause stgaes. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, can modify the duration of initial diapause. Eggs enter initial diapause at 20℃, but continued early embryonic development at 30℃. Final diapause at a fully developed embryonic stage is obligatory regardless of temperature conditions. To determine temperature effects on initial diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs, we compared weights, DNA and RNA amounts of eggs incubated at either 20℃ or 30℃ for 50 days after oviposition. We identified small heat shock protein (shsp), heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and three heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b, hsp70c) genes of P. ussuriensis and determined those expression levels at different temperature conditions. The levels of shsp, hsp70a, hsp70b and hsp90 was not detectable until 20 days after oviposition at both temperature conditions, but highly increased at 50 and 60 days when incubated at 30℃. In contrast, hsp70c level was rapidly peaked at 20 days after oviposition, which is the time of initial diapause entrance. We analysis of temperature sensitivity of P. ussuriensis eggs. Hsp70a is expressed after the first cold treatment of mature eggs. Hsp70b is highly expressed just before hatching. Both shsp and hsp70c was highly expressed at the heat shock condition into immature egg stage. Our results suggest that high temperature breakdown initial diapause and one hsp gene, such as hsp70c, may be involved into the mechanism of initial diapause of P. ussuriensis eggs.

Paratlanticus ussuriensis enter prolonged diapause at an egg stage. Environmental conditions, such as temperature, can modify the diapause duration at initial diapause. Eggs enter initial diapause at 20℃, but continued early embryonic development at 30℃. Final diapause at a fully developed embryonic stage is obligatory regardless of temperature conditions. To determine temperature effects on diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs, we compared weights, DNA and RNA amounts of eggs incubated at either 20℃ or 30℃ for 50 days after oviposition. Both egg weight and total amount of DNA were constant at 20℃ but gradually increased at 30℃. However, total RNA level was rapidly increased at 15 days-old eggs at 30℃ and maintained high levels during further period whereas its level was constant at 20℃. In addition, we identified three heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b, hsp70c) genes of P. ussuriensis and determined those expression levels at different temperature conditions. The levels of hsp70a and hsp70b was not detectable until 20 days after oviposition at both temperature conditions, but highly increased at 50 and 60 days when incubated at 30℃. In contrast, hsp70c level was rapidly peaked at 20 days after oviposition, which is the time of initial diapause entrance. Our results suggest that high temperature breakdown initial diapause and a certain hsp gene, such as hsp70c, may involve in the initial diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs.

The diapause duration P. ussuriensis eggs is known to either one year or prolonged to additional years. This complex life cycle is mainly caused by the interruption at two embryonic stages: early stage (initial diapause) and fully developed late stage (final diapause). The environmental cues, such as temperature, is critical to determine the diapause duration but the precise diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs is unclear. We demonstrated temperature effects on the entrance of initial diapause. Newly oviposited eggs were incubated at two temperature conditions (20℃and 30℃) for 60 days. When eggs were incubated at 20℃, egg weights were not significantly changed, but at 30℃ those were gradually increased to 1.5 times for 50 days. Genomic DNA contents of eggs were similarly increased at 30℃. Total RNA contents at 30℃ were highly increased from the 15-days-old but not at 20℃. In addition, we further analysed expression levels of two heat shock protein 70 (hsp70a, hap70b) genes during embryonic development. Our results suggest that initial diapause occurred between 10 and 15 days after oviposition and its entrance was blocked by high temperature incubation.

Characteristics of habitat alteration and post-embryonic development of Paratlanticus ussuriensis were investigated in the mountain region of Bitanri, Yeongdong county, Chungcheongbuk-do from 2007 to 2009. Overwintered eggs under the ground in the hillside were hatched from late March to early April. The soil temperature during this season was 7~14℃. Young nymphs lived mainly at the hillside by eating oak tree leaves but the 3rd or 4th instars switched their habitat to orchards near the hillside in early May, which is the time for sprouting of peach leaves. Old nymphs developed into the adult stage at the orchards in late May and moved back to the hillside in late June. Duration of post-embryonic development from the first instar nymph to adult was 49.2 days after 7 moltings at 25℃. Female adults collected from the field had long ovipositor (26.2 ㎜) and were slightly longer in the body length, hind femur, tegmen and pronotum than those of males.

During the last several years, the population of the ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis has been highly increased at mountain-side orchards in Youngdong province in Korea. Nymphs and adults emerged one time per year from early May to August and cause a serious demage on the crop production. Adults oviposit eggs from July to September under the ground and eggs overwinter at diapause stage. However, the diapause duration P. ussuriensis is known to either one year or prolonged to additional years. The environmental cues, such as temperature, could be a critical to determine the diapause duration but the precise diapause mechanism of P. ussuriensis eggs is unclear. We demonstrated to determine the stage of diapause initiation during embryogenesis. Newly oviposited eggs were incubated for 60 days at two temperature conditions (20℃and 30℃). When the eggs were incubated at 20℃ those weights were not changed, but when they incubated at 30℃ those were increased from 15-days-old. Total RNA contents of eggs incubated at 30℃ were highly increased from the 15-days-old when they compared with those of eggs incubated at 20℃. In addition, total DNA contents of eggs were greatly higher when they incubated at 30℃. Our results suggest that early embryonic development was sensitive to high temperature and it was stimulated at 15-days-old. To determine the temperature response of embryonic development at molecular level we identified heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene of P. ussuriensis. Further analysis would conduct the gene expression rate of diapausing eggs on different temperature conditions by using real time RT-PCR technique and determine the molecular characteristics of P. ussuriensis egg diapause.

Temperature effects on diapause termination of Paratlanticus ussuriensis eggs were studied by measuring embryonic development and hatching rates at various conditions of indoor chilling and overwintering temperatures. Diapausing eggs of P. ussuriensis did not hatch at continued incubation at 25℃ and even after chilling for once at either 5℃ or 10℃ for 30, 45 and 60 days. In addition, double chillings at 5℃ with a 90 days interval at 25℃ did not induce hatching of diapausing eggs. However, double chillings at 10℃ induced hatching at 3.6~26.7%. When eggs were incubated at 25℃ after chilling for once at 5℃ for various periods, those weights were not changed but those chilled at 10℃ gradually increased to approximately 1.5 times. When 60-days-old eggs were artificially deposited under the soil at three different mountain sites in September 2007, the hatching rates of the first-overwintered eggs were 11.3, 3.5 and 4.1% and those of the second-overwintered eggs were 25.1, 21.6 and 0.4% at Hoepori, Bitanri and Hwasanri, respectively. Most eggs were hatched from mid-March to mid-April but little bit earlier in southern regions. During the hatching period soil temperatures in three tested locations were around 8 to 12℃. In overall, diapausing eggs of P. ussuriensis were greatly influenced by chilling temperature conditions and those repeated cycles, and may required overwintering for one or two times to hatch for the post-embryonic development.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. P. ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57; females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 cm from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

This study was performed to investigate the seasonal occurrence, developmental characteristics of each nymphal stages with different temperatures (20, 25, 30℃), longevity and fecundity of ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis, damaging by outbreaks in the orchard areas of Bitan-ri, Yeongdong, Chungbuk. Paratlanticus ussuriensis occurred from late-March to late-August with peak of mid-May. Newly emerged nymphs appeared from March and do damaged fruit orchards with peak of mid-May when P. ussuriensis existed as 4th and 5th nymphal stages. P. ussuriensis adult occurred from early-June to mid-Aug. with peak of mid-July. Total density of P. ussuriensis was showed highest in mid-May. Paratlanticus ussuriensis goes through nymphal stages to 7th nymph, the ovipositor began exposed to outside from the 4th instar and the body weight increased heavily from this stage and the wings were observed from 6th instar. Developmental period was longer as increased the nymphal stages. Sex ratio of collected insect was showed as 0.57, females more than males. As increased the temperature, developmental period was to be short. Preoviposition was also to be short as 5.0, 4.3, and 3.4 days at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively, and fecundity increased as 69.0, 87.1, and 104.3 at 20, 25, 30℃, respectively. Longevity of male and female at 25℃ was showed the longest with 35.7, and 32.9 days and showed the shortest with 30.1 and 28.1 days at 30℃, respectively. The difference of developmental period in male and female were showed longer in female without relation of temperature. The eggs laid were frequently distributed 3 to 4 ㎝ from soil surface, and showed the behavior laying eggs intensively when early oviposition period.

Recently, Ussur brown katydid outbreaks caused a serious pest problem in areas of Yeongdong, Chungbuk. This study was performed to control the pest with environment-friendly method. Trap was made of PET plastic bottles that easily found near farmhouse. Attractant materials such as oak (Quercus acutissima) leaf, fruits (peach, apple, grapefruit and pear) sarcocarp or its juices, rice wine (makgeolli) and fish meal were directly applied into the manufactured trap and investigated for the attraction efficacy compared with the funnel trap. During one day, manufactured trap (fish trap) attracted the Ussur brown katydid more than funnel trap. The efficacy of attractant materials were as follows: peach juice (32.7 adults)> rice wine+fish meal (31.3 adults) > rice wine (27.0 adults) > pear juice (19.0 adults) > apple juice (17.2 adults) > fish meal (16.7 adults) > grapefruit juice (14.4 adults) > oak leaf (2.3 adults). The attractive efficacy of fruit juices to ussur brown katydid was more than fruit carcocarps, and the trap hangover 1m in height more than that on ground. The composition of rice wine and fish meal prolonged its efficacy when treated with disinfectant.