The family Coccidae Fallén, 1814, which is named soft scale insect, is recognized from Laos as twenty-two species including nine new records: Ceroplastes cirripediformis (Comstock, 1881), C. stellifer (Westwood, 1871), Coccus formicarii (Green, 1896), C. gymnospori (Green, 1908), C. hesperidum Linnaeus, 1758, C. latioperculatum (Green, 1922), Drepanococcus cajani (Maskell, 1891), Saissetia miranda (Cockerell & Parrott in Cockerell, 1899), and S. oleae (Olivier, 1791). A key to the Lao species of Coccidae is provided with diagnoses, photographs and host information for each species.

The genus Glyphodes Guenée, 1854 reported over 150 species in the world. They are widely distributed throughout tropical regions, with some species penetrating into subtropical and warm temperate areas. Five species of the genus Glyphodes Guenée are reported for the first time in Laos: Glyphodes actorionalis Walker, G. bivitralis Guenée, G. caesalis Walker, G. extorris Dognin, and G. stolalis Guenée. Photographs of adult, male and female genitalia, with short description

Coccoidea or scale insects are typically small phloem feeders; they are found on various parts of their host plants, and may infest leaves, twigs, branches and roots, in agricultural, forest and ornamental ecosystems worldwide. Many are highly damaging to their hosts, but others produce useful dyes, or valuable secretions in the form of waxes and resins. Between 2015 and 2016, scale insects were collected intensively in central, northern and southern Laos, resulting in a totally of 71 species belonging to 7 families of Coccoidea. Among these are 25 species recorded from Laos for the first time, they are almost pests, but Kerria lacca (Kerr) an economic species which produces shellac for export.

Five species of the genus Glyphodes Guenée (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) are reported for the first time in Laos: Glyphodes actorionalis Walker, G. bivitralis Guenée, G. caesalis Walker, G. extorris Dognin, and G. stolalis Guenée. Illustrations of adults and genitalia, distribution are provided.

Coccoidea are some of the most potentially detrimental pests for agriculture and ornamental plant industries worldwide, including in Laos. Between January 2015 and August 2016, scale insects were collected on variety of hosts. Previously, the known Coccoidea fauna of Laos comprised 35 species. These most recent collections boost the tally to 49 species belonging to 5 families of Coccoidea. Among these, 19 species are here recorded from Laos for the first time: [Coccidae] Ceroplastes floridensis,Ceroplastes rubens, Coccus capparidis, Drepanococcus chiton, Megapulvinaria maxima, Pulvinaria psidii, Saissetia coffeae; [Diaspididae] Aonidiella citrina, Aonidiella inornata, Fiorinia coronate, Lepidosaphes tokionis, Parlatoria proteus; [Lecanodiaspididae] Psoraleococcus multipori; [Monophlebidae], Icerya aegyptiaca; [Pseudococcidae], Phenacoccus madeirensis, Planococcus ficus, Pseudococcus aurantiacus, Pseudococcus baliteus and Rastrococcus jabadiu. All of these newly recorded species occur elsewhere in south-east or east Asia, including countries contiguous with Laos.

The genus Saissetia Deplanche is newly reported from Laos, including two new species, Saissetia simulocoffeae Choi & Lee, sp. n. and S. quasioleae Choi & Lee sp. n., and a first record of S. miranda (Cockerell & Parrott, 1899). A key to all five species of Saissetia known from Indochina is provided. The DNA barcodes (mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I-mtCOI) of the two new species were obtained for future use.

The jumping plant-lice of Laos are reviewed based on material collected during recent expeditions by the Seoul National University (2012−2015) and the Naturhistorisches Museum Basel (2003−2012). To date, only three psyllid species, viz. Diaphorina citri, Heteropsylla cubana and Pseudophacopteron tuberculatum, are recorded from Laos. In the material at hand, 22 species (of 6 families and 16 genera) are represented. This collection includes the three previously reported species and eight species reported for the first time from Laos. Eleven species are identified only to genus due to insufficient material.

캄보디아와 라오스에는 지금까지 가루깍지벌레과 25종 및 18종이 각각 보고되어 있다. 2015년 이들 지역에서 가루깍지벌레과14종이 채집 되었으며, 그 중 캄보디아에서 2종[Antonina graminis (Maskell, 1897), Coccidohystrix insolita (Green, 1908)], 라오스에서 5종[Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead, 1894), Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Granara de Willink, 1992, Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918), Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908)]을 처음으로 보고한다.

2014년 3월부터 4월까지 라오스 볼라벤 고원의 Xe Pian과 Xe Namnoy의 본류 및 지류 하천에서 어류상을 조사한 결과 총 8과 28종의 어류가 확인되었다. 채집된 어류 중 Devario salmonatus, Poropuntius bolovenensis, Annamia sp., Sewellia elongata, Schistura bolavenensis, Schistura sp.1, Schistura sp.2, Schistura sp.3, Schistura sp.4, Macronathus sp. 등 10종은 볼라벤 고원의 고유종으로 본 지역은 35.7%의 높은 고유화 빈도를 나타냈다. 한편 볼라벤 고원 내에 4종의 Poropuntius속 어류가 서식한다고 알려져 있으나(Kottelat, 2000, 2013) 본 조사에서 입 모양을 제외한 주요 계수형질이 4종 모두 중복되는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 미성어(>70㎜)는 일반적인 입 모양(narrow)을 가졌으나, 성어의 입 모양은 2가지 유형(narrow/broad)으로 나타나 성장하면서 입 모양이 변화하는 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구를 통해 볼라벤 고원에 서식하는 Poropuntius속 어류는 Poropuntius bolovenensis 1종이며, 본 종은 다양한 입 모양을 가지는 섭식기구의 다형성(Trophic polymorphism)이 존재하는 것을 확인하였다.

Tinocallis Matsumura 속은 전세계 19종이 포함되는 비교적 큰 속이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 라오스에서 바나바 (부채꽃과: 배롱나무속)에 심각한 피해를 주는 알락진딧물 일종, Tinocallis himalayensis Ghosh, Ghosh & Raychaudhuri, 1971를 처음으로 발견하여 보고한다. 유시형 처 녀생식세대의 암컷 형태, 생태 및 피해 사진을 함께 제시하였다.

Coccoidea (scale insects and mealybugs) are some of the most potentially detrimental pests for agriculture and ornamental plant industries in worldwide and the same in Cambodia and Laos. Scale insects were collected on branches, leaves, peduncles, petioles and fruits of hosts in January to July, 2015 and February, 2016. Previously, Coccoidea fauna of Cambodia and Laos comprise 41 and 35 species respectively. Recently we collected 25 species belong to 3 families of Coccoidea. Among these, nine species are first found in these countries; [Coccidae] Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) in Laos, Ceroplastes stellifer (Westwood 1871) in Cambodia, Milviscutulus mangiferae (Green, 1904) in Laos and Cambodia, [Pseudococcidae] Kiritshenkella sacchari (Green, 1900), Phenacoccus parvus (Morrison, 1924 ) in Laos, Palmicultor lumpurensis (Takahashi, 1951) in Cambodia, Rastrococcus invadens (Williams,1986) in Cambodia and Laos, [Diaspididae] Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead, 1906) in Cambodia, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell, 1879) in Laos and Cambodia.

After Tza Yap Shum v. Peru, the case of Sanum v. Laos, brought by a Macanese investor, reattracted public attention to the critical issue of the applicability of the People’s Republic of China Bilateral Investment Treaties in China’s Special Administrative Regions. The Permanent Court of Arbitration held the PRC-Laos BIT extends to Macao according to the purpose and context of the BIT, but its reasoning is not tenable as its logic is flawed. In comparison, in the appeal, the conclusion reached by the Singapore High Court seems plausible, but there are still queries to the Court’s admission of further evidence. The author argues that the PRC BITs are not applicable to Macao and Hong Kong, on the basis of analyzing the treaty interpretation methodologies of this case. Notwithstanding the fact that the final award has not been rendered as of now, the Sanum v. Laos Case carries significant meaning to investment protection in China’s SARs.

The mirine plant bug genus Paramiridius, which has been known only by a single Taiwanese species, is reported from Indochinese Laos for the first time and redefined. Two additional species, P. indochinensis and P. laomontanus, are described as new to science. The female genitalic structures are from the first time figured for the genus. A key is provided for all three known Paramiridius species.

Previously study of mealybug faunas of Cambodia and Laos were known to comprise 25 species and 18 species, respectively. Recently, we have collected fourteen mealybug species in Cambodia and Laos from June to July, 2015. Among them, six species are first found in these countries: Coccidohystrix insolita (Green) in Cambodia; and Antonina graminis (Maskell) in both countries; Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), Paracoccus marginatus (Williams & Granara de Willink) Phenacoccus solani (Firris) and Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green) in Laos.

가루깍지벌레는 열대지역에서 일반적인 해충으로 관상식물과 과수류의 큰 문제를 일으키는 해충이다. 캄보디아와 라오스에는 현재 가루깍지벌레과 22종 및 12종이 각각 보고되어 있다. 최근 이들 지역에서 가루깍지벌레과 연구를 수행하여 13종이 채집되었으며, 그 중 캄보디아에서 3종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918), Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) 와 라오스에서 6종인 Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959), Paracoccus invectus (Williams, 2004), Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898), Planococcus litchi (Cox, 1989), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897), Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller, 1996)가 이들 국가로부터 처음 보고된다.

The family Pseudococcidae or mealybugs (Hemiptera) are common pests in tropical region of the world and also considered as important pests on ornamental plants and fruit trees. The mealybug faunas in Cambodia and Laos were known to nineteen species and eight species, respectively (ScaleNet, 2014; CABI, 2015; FAO-IPM, 2014). Recently, we have collected thirteen mealybug species in Cambodia and Laos. Among them, seven species of mealybug are found for the first time: Phenacoccus solani (Ferris, 1918) and Rastrococcus iceryoides (Green, 1908) in Cambodia; Dysmicoccus neobrevipes (Beardsley, 1959) and Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley, 1898) in both counties; Paracoccus invectus (Williams, 2004), Planococcus minor (Maskell, 1897) and Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel & Miller, 1996) in Laos.

교회는 그리스도를 머리로 하고 하나님의 백성들(λαος του θεου) 이 그 몸의 각 지체를 이루고 있는 하나님 나라 백성들의 유기체적 공동체(the organic community of God’s people)이다. 이 공동체 안에는 성직자와 평신도 간 존재론적 차별(ontological distinction)이 아니라 기능적 구별(functional difference)이 있을 뿐이다. 그러나 한국교회 안에는 오랫동안 성직자와 평신도 사이에 이분법적 괴리와 수직적 계급구조가 존재해 왔다. 이러한 구조에서는 평신도가 하나님 나라 사역에 창의적이고 주도적으로 참여할 수 없으며, 방관자와 주변 인으로 남게 된다. 이것은 성서적이지도 않고, 이 시대의 요구에도 적합하지 않다. 오늘날 한국의 평신도들은 과거보다 훨씬 더 높은 교육, 문화, 경제수준과 신학적 사고를 가지고 더 적극적으로 하나님 나라 사역에 참여하기를 원한다. 그럼에도 불구하고 한국교회가 계속해 서 이러한 평신도 리더십의 양육과 동역을 외면한다면, 미래 한국교회 의 희망은 없다. 본 논문은 이 문제를 해결하기 위한 방안을 ‘체계적이고 순차적인 평신도 훈련과정’에서 찾는다. 성직자와 평신도가 하나님의 한 백성으 로 함께 사역하기 위해서는 그것을 수행할 만한 평신도 사역자를 양육하 는 훈련과정이 필수적이기 때문이다. 좋은 훈련과정이 없다면, 좋은 사역자도 나올 수 없다. 따라서 평신도 훈련은 한국교회를 갱신하기 위한 가장 기본적이면서 필수적인 요소라고 할 수 있다. 물론 평신도 리더십을 개발하기 위해서는 비형식적 방법도 중요하지만, 본 논문에서 는 연구의 범위를 형식적이고 순차적 교육과정(the formal and sequential equipping process)에 국한시키고, Sue Mallory의 제자 훈련과정(disciple-making process)에 근거하여 6단계 과정을 제시 한다. 이를 위해, 본고는 먼저 1장에서 왜 성직자 중심의 교회(the clergy-centered church)에서 하나님 백성들이 함께 이끄는 교회 (the laos-driven church)로 변혁되어야 하는지에 대한 당위성을 논하고, 2장에서 ‘하나님 백성들이 함께 이끄는 교회’의 성서적, 역사적, 웨슬리적 근거를 찾는다. 그리고 3장에서 Sue Mallory의 이론에 근거하여 여섯 단계로 이루어진 순차적인 리더십 개발과정을 제시한다. 그것은 (1) 동화(Assimilation); (2) 성경적 기초 다지기(Biblical foundation); (3) 은사발견(Discovery); (4) 사역배치(Match & Placement); (5) 성장(Growth); (6) 인정과 성찰(Recognition & Reflection)이다. 이러한 리더십 개발과정을 통해 목회자와 동역할 훌륭한 평신도 사역자들이 많이 배출된다면, 한국교회 안에 오랫동안 존재해 온 성직자와 평신도간 이분법적 괴리와 수직적 계급구조도 점차 사라질 것이고, 하나님의 백성들이 함께 이끌어가는 교회(the laos-driven church)들이 많이 세워지므로 한국교회는 새로운 미래 를 열 수 있을 것이다.

The stingless bees are restricted to the tropical regions of the world and are considered as important pollinators of various wild and cultivated plants. In the recent investigation, fourteen species of stingless bees are recognized in the dry season from Cambodia and Laos, which are congeners to the species from adjoining country Thailand. In this study, four species in each country Cambodia and Laos are found for the first time: Lisotrigona cacciae (Nurse, 1907), Pariotrigona pendleburyi (Schwarz, 1939), Tetragonula sirindhornae (Michener and Boongird, 2004) and Tetrigona melanoleuca (Cockerell, 1929) from Cambodia, and Homotrigona anamitica (Friese, 1909), Lepidotrigona flavibasis (Cockerell, 1929), Lisotrigona furva Engel, 2000 and Tetragonula fuscobalteata (Cameron, 1908) from Laos. Morphological images, identifying key to genus and species, discussion on the various types of nest and biology for each species are provided.

Two new species of the subfamily Greenideinae, Greenidea sp. nov. and Eutricosiphum sp. nov., are newly recognized from Laos on Glochidion fagifolium Bedd. (Malpighiales: Phyllanthaceae) and Quercus sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), respectively. They are described and illustrated in comparison with congeneric species for apterous viviparous females. Greenidea sp. nov.is mainly characterized by relative length of siphunculus and width of same segment, and Eutricosiphum sp. nov. is distinguished by the relative length of ultimate rostral segment and 2nd hind tarsal segment.