This study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties of meat analogs by using high and low moisture extrusion processes to create a plant-based analog burger patty material. The isolated soy protein blends of low- and high-meat analogs (LMMA and HMMA) were texturized using the twin-screw extruder equipped with a cooling die. The highest hardness, cohesiveness, chewiness, and cutting strength were observed in beef, but the highest stringiness was indicated in HMMA. The highest integrity index was seen in beef, while LMMA had the highest nitrogen solubility index (NSI). LMMA also had the highest water holding capacity (WHC) and water absorption capacity (WAC), whereas beef had the highest oil absorption capacity (OAC). LMMA had the highest emulsifying activity (EA) and emulsion stability (ES) in emulsifying properties. Further, the highest protein digestibility was revealed in LMMA. This study suggested that extrusion process types influence the quality of meat analog, which could be the elementary source for manufacturing the analog burger patty.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of oyster mushroom addition on the physicochemical properties of full fat soy (FFS)-based extruded meat analog. The meat analog blend was FFS, wheat gluten, and corn starch (0.5:0.4:0.1), and oyster mushroom was added to the base formulation (0, 4, 8, and 12%). The extrusion condition was set to 55% feed moisture, 170oC barrel temperature, and screw speed of 150 rpm by using the twin-screw extruder equipped with a cooling die. The hardness, chewiness, cutting strength, and integrity index of the FFSbased extruded meat analog increased with the increase in oyster mushroom contents, while its nitrogen solubility index (NSI) decreased. The cohesiveness, springiness, and water holding capacity revealed the inconstant patterns with the increase in oyster mushroom contents. The total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging activity significantly increased with the increase in oyster mushroom contents. In conclusion, the incorporation of the oyster mushroom into the FFS-based meat analog enhanced the textural properties and antioxidant activity.

In this study, the physical and sensorial properties of the meat analog were studied for the purpose of improving sensory preference and mimicking animal meat. The meat analog was made with different types of liquid materials such as oil, water, lecithin, polysorbate 80, or the emulsion of these components. At the aspect of density, the sample mixed with oil was higher than the sample mixed with water. Cooking loss value was higher at the sample with water than the sample with oil and this was the result opposite to the liquid holding capacity analysis. Also, texture profile analysis result showed that the samples with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) oil only showed the highest values in all attributes except for adhesiveness. Principal component analysis was carried out to analyze sensorial properties and it showed that the overall acceptance was high when the juiciness and softness increased. This result was highly related with the addition of emulsion. Therefore, emulsion technology can be a good candidate for improving the quality of meat analog and for mimicking the taste of animal meat.

A protein-lipid film formed on the surface of soymilk by heating can be applied in various areas such as edible package film, cosmetic sheet, and meat analog. In this study, a colloid formulation of isolated soy protein (ISP) and soybean oil (4:1) was used to make protein-lipid films and it compared with the product using soymilk (Glycine max L. Merrill) for making a meat analog of fibrous shape. The colloid with 2.3 cm depth in a pan at 85︒C produced 8 sheets of protein-lipid films. The films were collected from the pan as a bundle to make a fibrous shape. Color parameters and texture profile analysis (TPA) were measured depending on the order of the film formation. Color parameters (Hunter-values) of the films using ISP and oil notably decreased the lightness and increased the redness as the order of the films. And changes of color differences in the films using ISP and oil were larger than those in the films using soymilk. TPA Parameters of the film such as hardness, resilience, springiness, cohesiveness, and gumminess were increased as increasing the order of the films formation. In the films using ISP and oil, lipid concentration was the highest in the first formed film rather than other films. However, in the films using soymilk, lipid concentration was similar among the order of the films. Consequently, the films using ISP and oil were produced non-uniformity of color, texture, and lipid composition in the order of the film formation compared with the films using soymilk. Combination of the soy protein-lipid films as a bundle could be used as a meat analog which had non-uniformity and fibrous shape.

In this study, tuna sawdust was added to extruded meat analog in order to develop meat analog with high quality. Addtion of tuna sawdust has merit for utilizing a byproduct from poultry processing. Physicochemical characteristics were examined through the extrusion cooking process. The basic mixture of sample mixed with 65% deffated soy flour 25% isolated soy protein, and 10% corn starch was set-up as the raw material. Three kinds of samples were made in total by addition of 15% and 30% tuna sawdust to this mixture. The extrusion process had a screw speed of 250 rpm, die temperature of 140°C and moisture content of 50%. As addtion of tuna sawdust increased, breaking strength and density decreased, specific length increased, and integrity and water holding capacity decreased. Likewise, nitrogen solubility index and protein digestibility decreased as addition of tuna sawdust increased. DPPH radical scavenging activity increased as addtion of tuna sawdust addtion, it decreased as storage period increased to 30 or 60 days. The value of rancidity decreased as addtion of tuna sawdust increased. However, 60 days later, radical scavenging activity increased more or less, and a significant difference was detected 150 days later. In conclusion, addition of tuna sawdust increased soft texture, and nutrition of the basic mixture sample. The process promoting functionality such as improvement of antioxidant function was confirmed through this study.