This study developed and tested a pilot-scale biowindow for simultaneous removal of odor and methane from landfills. The test was conducted in a sanitary landfill site during the summer season (July and August). The average temperature inside the biowindow was 5°C higher than the average air temperature, rising to 37–48oC when the outdoor temperature was very hot. The complex odor removal rate (based on the dilution-to-threshold value) in the biowindow during the summer was 91.3- 98.8% (with an average of 96.2±4.2%). The average concentration of hydrogen sulfide was 3,024.9±805.8 ppb, and its concentration was found to be the highest among 22 odorous compounds. The removal efficiencies of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan were 89.1% and 83.2%, respectively. The removal of dimethyl sulfide was 17.7%, and no ammonia removal was observed. Additionally, the removal efficiencies of toluene and xylene were 85.2% and 72.5%, respectively. Although the initial methane removal was low (24.9%), the methane removal performance improved to 53.7–75.6% after the 11th day of operation. These results demonstrate that the odor and methane removal performance of the pilot-scale biowindow was relatively stable even when the internal temperature of the biowindow rose above 40oC in the summer. Since the main microorganisms responsible for decomposing odor and methane are replaced by thermotolerant or thermophilic microorganisms, and high community diversity is maintained, odor and methane in the biowindow could be stably removed even under high-temperature conditions.

The most significant threat to the ecosystem is emerging pollutants, which are becoming worse each year and harming the planet severely and permanently. Many organic and inorganic contaminants are present and persistent due to various world events and population growth. As a result, there is a greater need for new technology and its application to address the problems caused by developing pollutants. Carbon composite nanomaterials have significant potential in the fight against numerous environmental contaminants due to their distinctive attributes. This review discusses the reports of customized carbon composite nanomaterials to meet the need for specific elimination of emerging contaminants. Physical and chemical features such as high surface area, conductivity (thermal and electrical), and vibroelectronic properties, size, shape, porosity, and composite nature are making these tailored materials of carbon-based nanomaterials an emerging and sustainable tool to remove persistent compounds like emerging contaminants in aqueous solution. Different composite materials are well discussed in this review, along with their adsorption efficiency of diverse emerging contaminants, including Bisphenol A, estradiol, metformin, etc. This review provides insight into the recent trends limited to 2017–2023. The limitations of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as regeneration and cost-effectiveness, have also been overcome in recent years by diverse modifications in the production process, which can be further improved to make these materials well suited for an extended group of emerging contaminants.

본 연구에서는 공기역학적 형상변화의 풍하중 저감 측면에서의 효율성을 평가하기 위해 평면의 모서리 부분이 개선된 고층 건물에 대해 사례연구 기반의 비탄성 내풍설계를 수행하였다. 비선형 시간이력해석을 통해 다양한 설계풍속 및 항복 후 강성에 대한 구조물의 응답을 산정하였으며, 최근 국내 설계기준(KDS 41)에 도입된 성능기반내풍설계 개념을 토대로 구조물의 성능을 평가하였다. 해석 결과 공기역학적 형상변화를 갖는 구조물의 경우나 성능기반내풍설계를 적용했을 경우(또는 모두에 해당할 경우) 공진성분을 줄 여 구조물의 응답이 크게 감소함을 확인하였다.

This review paper aimed to comprehensively assess the ventilation methods and ventilation rates of livestock sheds, various livestock odor mitigation technologies, and the design flow rate of odor mitigation devices. The most efficient ventilation method for livestock odor control was found to be mechanical ventilation. When livestock odor is at its most severe during summer, ventilation systems are operated at the maximum ventilation rate, which is 5-25 times higher than the ventilation rate in winter. Therefore, the mitigation facilities of livestock odor must be designed while considering the maximum ventilation rate. There is a significant amount of research data on various livestock odor control technologies using various physical, chemical, biological, and complex technologies applied to livestock farms. Biofiltration and photocatalytic oxidation are considered the most promising methods due to their cost-effectiveness and simplicity. Biofiltration is effective for removing hydrophilic odors, but requires improvement for the efficient removal of hydrophobic odors and the control of accumulated excess biomass. The advantages of the photocatalytic oxidation method include its excellent hydrogen sulfide and ammonia removal rates and relatively low ozone emissions. However, it requires technology to reduce nitrous oxide emissions. Investment in installing and operating these odor mitigation technologies is only realistic for large-sized farms. Therefore, it is imperative for small and medium-sized livestock farms to develop odor mitigation technology that is inexpensive and has low installation, operation, and maintenance costs.

PURPOSES : This study aims to develop a congestion mitigation strategy at lane drop bottleneck with low Connected and Automated Vehicle (CAV) penetration. METHODS : The proposed strategy is designed to assign a role of a moving bottleneck to CAVs to reduce low-speed lane changes at bottleneck locations, which are the main cause of bottleneck capacity drop. Through this, it aims to induce proactive upstream lane changes for Human-Driven Vehicles (HDVs,). Therefore, this study includes the control algorithm for CAVs, and the evaluation of the strategy assumes penetration rates of 5% and 10% in a Microsimulation VISSIM environment. The assessment is conducted by comparing the capacity drop and total travel time. Additionally, a sensitivity test for the parameter of the CAV control algorithm, reduced speed, is performed to find the optimal parameter. RESULTS : In this study, three scenarios, a) Base, b) CAV with no control, and c) CAV with control, are designed to evaluate the effects of the CAV control strategy. Analysis of segment density and lane change distribution reveals that the control strategy effectively prevented vehicle congestion due to the bottleneck effect. Additionally, the analysis of capacity changes before and after the bottleneck and total travel time shows the effectiveness of the control strategy. The sensitivity test on CAV control speed emphasized the importance of selecting an appropriate speed for maintaining efficient traffic flow. Lastly, as the CAV penetration rate increased, the control strategy exhibited greater effectiveness in mitigating capacity drop. CONCLUSIONS : The proposed strategy is intended for use at low CAV penetration rates and is expected to provide assistance in mitigating congestion at bottlenecks during the early stages of CAV commercialization. Furthermore, since the role of CAV in the strategy can be performed by CVs or even HDVs, it can be applied not only immediately but also in the near future.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Liriope platyphylla and organic acids on enteric methane mitigation in goats using an open-circuit simplified respiration chamber system. Methane recovery was evaluated by injecting 3% standard methane gas for 30 min at 3 L/min. The percentage of methane recovery from the four chambers was 99±5.4%. Following the recovery test, an animal experiment was conducted using eight castrated Boer goats (body weight 46.6±7.77 kg) using a 2×2 crossover design. Experimental diets were as follows: 1) Control (CON), commercial concentrate and tall fescue, and 2) Treatment (MIX), concentrate supplemented with L. platyphylla and organic acids and tall fescue. Goats were offered feed at 2% of body weight (dry matter basis) in equal portions twice daily at 8:00 and 15:30. The goats were adapted to the feed and methane chamber for 10 and 3 days, respectively. Methane emission was measured one day per goat using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, and temperature and airflow measurements were used to estimate methane emissions. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, and methane emission were measured during each period. Methane production with CON and MIX was 24.48 and 22.68 g/d, respectively, and 26.81 and 24.83 g/kg DMI, respectively. Although the differences were not significant, the use of supplements resulted in a numerical reduction in methane in MIX compared with CON. Collaboration with experts in other areas, including various engineering departments, is imperative to measure methane emissions using a chamber system accurately.

Safe management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is a key issue to determine sustainability of current light water reactor (LWR) fleet. However, none of the countries are actually conducting permanent disposal of SNFs yet. Instead, most countries are pursuing interim storage of spent nuclear fuels in dry cask storage system (DCSS). These dry casks are usually made of stainlesssteels for resistibility against cracking and corrosion, which can be occurred over a long-term storage period. Nevertheless, some corrosion called Chloride-Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking (CISCC) can arise in certain conditions, exacerbating the lifetime of dry casks. CISCC can occur if the three conditions are satisfied simultaneously: (i) residual tensile stress, (ii) material sensitization, and (iii) chloride-rich environment. A residual tensile stress is developed by the two processes. One is the bending process of stainless-steel plates into a cylindrical shape, and the other is the welding process, which can incur solidification-induced stress. These stresses provide a driving force of pit-to-crack transition. Around the fusion weld areas, chromium is precipitated at the grain boundary as a carbide form while it depletes chromium around it, leading to material susceptible to pitting corrosion. It is called sensitization. Finally, coastal regions, where nuclear power plants usually operate, tend to have a higher relative humidity and more chloride concentration compared to inland areas. This high humidity and chloride ion concentration initiate pitting corrosion on the surface of stainless-steels. To prevent initiation of CISCC, at least one of the three conditions should be removed. For this, several surface engineering techniques are under investigation. One of the most promising approaches is surface peening method, which is the process that impacts the surface of materials with media (e.g., small pins, balls, laser pulse). By this impact, plastic deformation on the surface occurs with compressive stress that counteracts with pre-existing residual tensile stress, so this approach can prevent pit-to-crack transition of stainless-steels. Also, cold spray deposition can prevent CISCC. Cold spray deposition is a method of spraying fine metal powder to a substrate by accelerating them to supersonic velocity with propellant gas. As a result, a thin coating composed of the feedstock powders can protect the substrate from outer corrosive environments. In addition, the impact of the feedstock powder on the substrate during the process provides compressive stress, similar to the peening method.

A molten salt reactor (MSR) is a conceptual nuclear reactor that uses molten salt with liquid fuel as its primary coolant. Based on the thermophysical and neutronic properties, MSR has advantages such as high efficiency, safety, combustion of transuranic (TRU) elements, and availability of miniaturization and on-power refueling. Various research on MSR such as system development, neutronic analysis, material development, and molten salt property analysis has been conducted, but the biggest problem is the molten salt corrosion. The molten salt corrosion on structural materials can be explained by two processes; electrochemical and chemical reactions. The reduction of oxidative ions such as fuel and TRU elements is one of the major causes of molten salt corrosion. Contamination by humidity and oxygen is also known as the accelerating factor of molten salt corrosion. Also, molten salt corrosion behaviors on structural material deteriorate when dissimilar alloys are introduced in the molten salt system. Various techniques to mitigate molten salt corrosion in fluoride system has been developed, but these are not well-verified in chloride system. In this research, various methodologies to mitigate molten salt corrosion are studied. The corrosion behaviors of 80Ni-20Cr alloy in molten eutectic NaCl-MgCl2 salt at 973 K are analyzed with various applications such as salt purification, sacrificial metal injection, and salt redox potential control. Oxygen and water impurities that can accelerate molten salt corrosion have been removed by electrochemical and chemical methods; Applying the reduction potential for H+/H2 and oxidation potential for O2-/O2, introducing HCl and CCl4 gas, and introducing the metallic Cr and recovering the ionized Cr. Corrosion acceleration/deceleration effects were analyzed when introducing the reducing reagent such as Mg and Nb or oxidizing reagent such as metallic Mo and the effect of inert metallic element (W) was also investigated. The salt potential was controlled by applying the potential to the salt and adjusting the Eu3+/Eu2+ ratio.

Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) and, its daughter, technetium-99m (Tc-99m) are the most commonly used medical isotope covering more than 85% of the nuclear diagnostics. Currently, majority of Mo-99 supplied in the market is fission-based Mo-99 produced by the fission of U-235 in research reactors. In spite of substitutive production schemes, fission-based Mo-99 is the major source for its significant advantages of high specific activity and large production capacity. The new research reactor (KJRR) is under construction in Gijang, Busan, Korea. The project is aiming 2,000 Ci/week Mo-99 production. For the objective, KAERI has been developed Mo-99 production process using HANARO. Weekly production of 2,000 Ci (100,000 Ci/yr, 6-day calibration) Mo-99 can cover 100% domestic needs, as well as 20% of international demand. However, overall cost for the fission-based Mo-99 production is continuously increasing. Previously, the most Mo-99 producers used weapon-grade highly enriched uranium (HEU) targets. Recently, the use of HEU in private sector is limited for non-proliferation. As a result, major Mo-99 producers are forced to convert their targets from HEU to low enriched uranium (LEU, 19.75% U-235 enrichment). The conversion of Mo-99 target caused waste issue. It is not only because of the 50% less yield in production, but also increment of the radioactive waste by 200%. Therefore, designing optimal radioactive waste treatment strategy for fission-based Mo-99 production is becoming more important than ever. During the process, irradiated LEU targets are dissolved in alkaline solution in hot cells. Fission products other than Mo-99 removed from the solution via series of separation steps. Then Mo-99 is eluted and purified to meet international standard as an active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Radioisotopes of xenon (Xe) and krypton (Kr) generated from the fission of U-235 during the irradiation of the target in the research reactor. Then, the radioactive gas released during the process. The emission of radioactive noble gas from the medical radioisotope production facility can be controlled via delayed release through large charcoal beds. KAERI developed compact xenon adsorption module with chilled carbon column to meet 5 GBq/ day of CTBTO recommendation. Small volume of chilled charcoal can satisfy the guideline, replacing massive gas tank system. Therefore, development of optimized radioactive gas treatment system for the Mo-99 production is one of the essential piece for the successful construction, licensing and operation of the KJRR project.

As awareness about the danger of radon in indoor air has increased, various studies have been conducted to reduce the source of radon. This study was performed to investigate the effect of radon mitigation technology in a railway tunnel. Radon barrier paint and radon shield membrane developed to reduce the concentration of radon in soil and construction material were applied in the tunnel. The tunnel was divided into three sections, A, B, and C, and radon barrier paint, a buffer section, and radon shield membrane were applied, respectively. After securing a sealing screen to the floor and division of each section, radon concentrations were measured and compared before and after each product was applied, and statistical significance was confirmed through the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Measurement was performed with the In-Situ Method and Closed Chamber Method. Radon concentration measured by the in-situ method changed in A section to 124.1 Bq/m2/day from 614.1 Bq/m2/day (79.8%, z=-2.521, p<0.05), in B section to 416.2 Bq/m2/day from 467.1 Bq/m2/day (10.9%, z=-0.980, p=0.327), and in C section to 47.3 Bq/m2/day from 645.6 Bq/m2/day (92.7%, z=-2.521, p<0.05). Radon concentration measured by the closed chamber method recorded a decrease in A section to 88.8 Bq/m3 from 364.2 Bq/m3 (75.6%, z=-2.201, p<0.05), in B section to 471.8 Bq/m3 from 583.3 Bq/m3 (19.1%, z=-0.700, p=0.484), and in C section to 115.9 Bq/m3 from 718.8 Bq/m3 (83.9%, z=-2.521, p<0.05). In addition to soil, it is very important to mitigate radon from building materials with a high contribution rate of radon in order to manage radon by source. Due to the spatial characteristics of railway tunnels, soil and wall concrete structures are exposed as they are, so it is considered that radon mitigation actions are required utilizing verified methods with high mitigation efficiency.

Urban areas in watersheds increase the impervious surface, and agricultural areas deteriorate the water quality of rivers due to the use of fertilizers. As such, anthropogenic land use affects the type, intensity and quantity of land use and is closely related to the amount of substances and nutrients discharged to nearby streams. Riparian vegetation reduce the concentration of pollutants entering the watershed and mitigate the negative impacts of land use on rivers. This study analyzes the data through correlation analysis and regression analysis through point data measured twice a year in spring and autumn in 21 selected damaged tributary rivers within the Han River area, and then uses a structural equation model to determine the area land use. In the negative impact on water quality, the mitigation effect of riparian vegetation was estimated. As a result of the correlation analysis, the correlation between the agricultural area and water quality was stronger than that of the urban area, and the area ratio of riparian vegetation showed a negative correlation with water quality. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found that agricultural areas had a negative effect on water quality in all models, but the results were not statistically significant in the case of urban areas. As a result of the model estimated through the structural equation, BOD, COD, TN, and TP showed a mitigation effect due to the accumulation effect of river water quality through riparian vegetation in agricultural areas, but the effect of riparian vegetation through riparian vegetation was found in urban areas. There was no These results were interpreted as having a fairly low distribution rate in urban areas, and in the case of the study area, there was no impact due to riparian forests due to the form of scattered and distributed settlements rather than high-density urbanized areas. The results of this study were judged to be unreasonable to generalize by analyzing the rivers where most of the agricultural areas are distributed, and a follow-up to establish a structural equation model by expanding the watershed variables in urban areas and encompassing the variables of various factors affecting water quality research is required.