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Vol.34 No.4 (2024년 6월) 15건

1.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Customized carbon composite nanomaterials for the mitigation of emerging contaminants: a review of recent trends
S. Balakumar, N. Mahesh, M. Kamaraj, T. Saranya, P. Suresh Babu, J. Aravind, Woong Kim, M. Govarthanan
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1091-1114 한국탄소학회
The most significant threat to the ecosystem is emerging pollutants, which are becoming worse each year and harming the planet severely and permanently. Many organic and inorganic contaminants are present and persistent due to various world events and population growth. As a result, there is a greater need for new technology and its application to address the problems caused by developing pollutants. Carbon composite nanomaterials have significant potential in the fight against numerous environmental contaminants due to their distinctive attributes. This review discusses the reports of customized carbon composite nanomaterials to meet the need for specific elimination of emerging contaminants. Physical and chemical features such as high surface area, conductivity (thermal and electrical), and vibroelectronic properties, size, shape, porosity, and composite nature are making these tailored materials of carbon-based nanomaterials an emerging and sustainable tool to remove persistent compounds like emerging contaminants in aqueous solution. Different composite materials are well discussed in this review, along with their adsorption efficiency of diverse emerging contaminants, including Bisphenol A, estradiol, metformin, etc. This review provides insight into the recent trends limited to 2017–2023. The limitations of carbon-based nanomaterials, such as regeneration and cost-effectiveness, have also been overcome in recent years by diverse modifications in the production process, which can be further improved to make these materials well suited for an extended group of emerging contaminants.
6,100원
2.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
High efficiency of boron doping and fast growth realized with a novel gas inlet structure in diamond microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system
Yan Teng, Weikang Zhao, Kun Tang, Kai Yang, Gengyou Zhao, Shunming Zhu, Jiandong Ye, Shulin Gu
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1115-1128 한국탄소학회
In this work, we have designed a novel gas inlet structure for efficient usage of growth and doping precursors. Our previous gas injection configuration is that the gas is mixed to one pipe first, then divided into two pipes, and finally entered the chamber symmetrically above the substrate without a jet nozzle. The distance between gas inlet and substrate is about 14.75 cm. Our new design is to add a new tube in the center of the susceptor, and the distance between the new tube and substrate is about 0.5 cm. In this new design, different gas injection configurations have been planned such that the gas flow in the reactor aids the transport of reaction species toward the sample surface, expecting the utilization efficiency of the precursors being improved in this method. Experiments have shown that a high doping efficiency and fast growth could be achieved concurrently in diamond growth when methane and diborane come from this new inlet, demonstrating a successful implementation of the design to a diamond microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition system. Compared to our previous gas injection configuration, the growth rate increases by 15-fold and the boron concentration increases by ~ 10 times. COMSOL simulation has shown that surface reaction and precursor supply both have a change in determining the growth rate and doping concentration. The current results could be further applied to other dopants for solving the low doping efficiency problems in ultra-wide-band-gap semiconductor materials.
4,600원
3.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Comparative study between micro‑ and nano‑carbon with epoxy for gamma shielding applications
Mona M. Gouda, Ahmed M. El‑Khatib, Mona M. Khalil, Mohamed Abd‑Elzaher, Mahmoud I. Abbas
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1129-1141 한국탄소학회
In the current study, the epoxy material was mixed with 10%, and 30% weight percent carbon material as filler in different thicknesses (1 cm, 1.5 cm, and 2 cm). Transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements showed the average size of the nano-carbon was 20 nm with a standard deviation of 5 nm. The morphology of samples was examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which showed the flatness of the epoxy surface, and when the content of carbon increases, the connection between the epoxy array and carbon increases. The compression test indicates the effect of nano-size on enhancing the mechanical properties of the studied samples. To survey the shielding properties of the epoxy/carbon composites using gamma-rays emitted from Am-241, Ba-133, Cs-137, Co-60, and Eu-152 sources, which covered a wide range of energies from 0.059 up to 1.408 MeV, the gamma intensity was measured using the NaI (Tl) detector. The linear and mass attenuation coefficients were calculated by obtaining the area under each peak of the energy spectrum observed from Genie 2000 software in the presence and absence of the sample. The experimental results obtained were compared theoretically with XCOM software. The comparison examined the validity of experimental results where the relative division rate ranged between 0.02 and 2%. Also, the measurement of the relative division rate between linear attenuation coefficients of microand nano-composites was found to range from 0.9 to 21% The other shielding parameters are calculated at the same range of energy, such as a half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP), tenth-value layer (TVL), effective atomic number (Zeff), and the buildup factors (EBF and EABF). The data revealed a consistent reduction in the particle size of the shielding material across various weight percentages, resulting in enhanced radiation shielding capabilities. The sample that contains 30% nano-carbon has the lowest values of TVL (29.4 cm) and HVL (8.85 cm); moreover, it has the highest value of the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), which makes it the best in its ability to attenuate radiation.
4,500원
4.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Interface engineering enhanced g‑C3N4/rGO/Pd composites synergetic localized surface plasmon resonance effect for boosting photocatalytic CO2 reduction
Yang Wan, Qi Liu, Zenghui Xu, Jinze Li, Huijie Wang, Mengyang Xu, Chenlong Yan, Xianghai Song, Xin Liu, Huiqin Wang, Weiqiang Zhou, Pengwei Huo
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1143-1154 한국탄소학회
CO2 photocatalytic reduction is a carbon–neutral renewable energy technology. However, this technology is restricted by the low utilization of photocatalytic electrons. Therefore, to improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers and enhance the performance of CO2 photocatalytic reduction. In this paper, g-C3N4/Pd composite with Schottky junction was synthesized by using g-C3N4, a two-dimensional material with unique interfacial effect, as the substrate material in combination with the co-catalyst Pd. The composite of Pd and g-C3N4 was tested to have a strong localized surface plasmon resonance effect (LSPR), which decreased the reaction barriers and improved the electron utilization. The combination of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) created a π–π conjugation effect at the g-C3N4 interface, which shortened the electron migration path and further improved the thermal electron transfer and utilization efficiency. The results show that the g-C3N4/ rGO/Pd (CRP) exhibits the best performance for photocatalytic reduction of CO2, with the yields of 13.57 μmol g− 1 and 2.73 μmol g− 1 for CO and CH4, respectively. Using the in situ infrared test to elucidate the intermediates and the mechanism of g-C3N4/rGO/Pd (CRP) photocatalytic CO2 reduction. This paper provides a new insight into the interface design of photocatalytic materials and the application of co-catalysts.
4,300원
5.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
The fluorescent and colorimetric dual‑response sensor based on carbon dots doped with nitrogen and sulfur for detecting copper ions
Mengxue Zhang, Hongna Yin, Libin Wan, Haidong Gao, Song Liu, Yeru Liu
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1155-1164 한국탄소학회
Heavy metal ions pollution has become of worldwide critical concern, thus, it is particularly important to monitor it in the environment and food for ensuring human health. In this study, p-phenylenediamine and 2-mercaptothiazoline were used to prepare nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped carbon dots (N/SCDs) for fluorescent and colorimetric detection of Cu2+. The fabricated N/SCDs with bright green fluorescence showed excellent optical characteristics and favorable water solubility. In an aqueous system, a significant fluorescence quenching of N/SCDs at 512 nm is obtained in the presence of Cu2+. It also caused a significant colorimetric response with the color of prepared N/SCDs solution changed from colorless to yellow. Under optimal conditions, the analytical results showed that the linear range spanning from 5 to 400 μM, with a detection limit of 0.215 μM in fluorescence and 0.225 μM in colorimetric detection. In addition, N/SCDs displayed high selectivity toward Cu2+. No obvious interference was observed over other metal ions. Furthermore, we have also used N/SCDs to monitor Cu2+ in tap and lake water. The recovery of Cu2+ ranged between 89.6% and 113.1%. Exhibiting remarkable sensitivity and selectivity, the designed sensor offers a promising detection method for Cu2+ detection in the real sample.
4,000원
6.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Dual heteroatoms doped nanocarbons: electrocatalysts for hydrogen peroxide synthesis
K. Sudhakara Prasad, M. H. Naveen, H. Manisha, A. B. Suriani, T. G. Satheesh Babu, Yoon‑Bo Shim
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1165-1171 한국탄소학회
Metal-free N–S- and N–P-doped nanocarbon (SCNP and PCNP) electrocatalysts prepared through sustainable microwaveassisted synthesis using hemigraphis alternata plant leaves. The prepared heteroatom-doped nanocarbon materials are active catalysts for the two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) to produce 65–70% of hydrogen peroxide. As evidenced from the XPS, most proportion of the doped heteroatoms contain the oxygen functional groups in the nanocarbons. These attributes are the critical factors to see the selective two-electron transfer ORR for the PCNP and SCNP. This approach shed light on the critical role of dual heteroatoms doping and the oxygen functionalities in nanocarbon towards the selectivity of ORR. We believe that this method would allow the preparation of heteroatom that contains oxygen functionalities. Our work paves a sustainable way of preparation of nanocarbon based ORR catalysts that are only selective for two-electron transfer process.
4,000원
7.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Facile synthesis of laser‑induced graphene oxide and its humidity sensing properties
Jin Woo An, Seok‑Ki Hyeong, Kang Min Kim, Hee Ra Lee, Ji‑won Park, Tae‑Wook Kim, Sukang Bae, Seoung‑Ki Lee
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1173-1185 한국탄소학회
In this study, laser-induced graphene oxide (LIGO) was synthesized through a facile liquid-based process involving the introduction of deionized (DI) water onto polyimide (PI) film and subsequent direct laser irradiation using a CO2 laser (λ = 10.6 μm). The synthesized LIGO was then evaluated as a sensing material for monitoring changes in humidity levels. The synthesis conditions were optimized by precisely controlling the laser scribing speed, leading to the synthesis of LIGO with different structural characteristics and varying oxygen contents. The increased number of oxygen-containing functional groups contributed to the hydrophilic properties of LIGO, resulting in a superior humidity sensing capabilities compared with laser-induced graphene (LIG). The LIGO-based sensors outperformed LIG-based sensors, demonstrating approximately tenfold higher sensing responsivity when detecting changes at each humidity level, along with 1.25 to 1.75 times faster response/recovery times, making LIGO-based sensors more promising for humidity-monitoring applications. This study demonstrated laser ablation in a renewable and natural precursor as an eco-friendly and energy-efficient approach to directly synthesize LIGO with controllable oxidation levels.
4,500원
8.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
CNT–PDMS film‑based flexion sensor for examining physical activity in humans
Indu Elizabeth, C. Athira, Sharon J. Paul, Bhanu P. Singh
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1187-1195 한국탄소학회
Sensors for monitoring human body movements have gained much attention in the recent times especially in the health-care sector as these devices offer real-time monitoring of vital physiological signs, enabling health-care professionals to evaluate health conditions and provide remote feedback. In this work, we have fabricated carbon-nanotube (CNT)/ polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite sensor through simple dispersion and freezing method for monitoring flexion movements in humans. Sensors with different CNT loadings, namely 0.1 wt %, 0.5 wt %, and 1 wt % were fabricated and analyzed to find the best performing sensor. Several characterizations like Raman, X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile strength measurements, and piezoresistive studies were carried out to study the features of the sensors. Among the fabricated sensors, the one with the loading concentration of 0.5 wt% is found to be most sensitive for flexion applications with higher gauge factor of 533 at 60% strain level, response time of ~ 140 ms and lower hysteresis loss. The feasibility of the sensor for monitoring flexion like finger bending, wrist bending, elbow bending, and knee bending is also analyzed making it ideal for use in sports for athletes, physicians, and trainers to investigate physical performance and well-being.
4,000원
9.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Facile synthesis of Ni‑based oxides nanocatalyst: effect of calcination temperature on NRR properties of NiO
Xiaoyan Huang, Xiujing Xing, Wei Xiong, Hao Li
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1197-1206 한국탄소학회
Compared with the traditional Haber Bosch process, green and pollution-free electrocatalytic nitrogen reduction (NRR) has received considerable attention in the electrocatalysis field in the last decade. To address the issue of its low reactivity as well as the existence of competitive reactions, efficient electrocatalysts are particularly important. In this paper, NiO nanomaterials were synthesized by a simple water bath reaction. The effect of different calcination temperatures on the structure of NiO catalyst and its catalytic activity was studied. Uniform NiO-600 nanoparticles (56 ± 9.3 nm) obtained at 600 ℃ showed the best electrocatalytic NRR activity with an NH3 yield of 12 μg h− 1 mg− 1 and a Faraday efficiency of 5.5% at -0.5V (vs.RHE). The small particle size of the nanoparticles provided more active sites and the oxygen-rich vacancies facilitated the adsorption and activation of N2, which improved the catalytic activity of NiO-600. This study highlights the need for calcination temperature regulation and the huge impact on catalyst structure.
4,000원
10.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Evaluation of the catalytic and antioxidant activity of in situ green synthesized graphene‑gold nanocomposite
Syed Akhil, Porala Jayanth Kumar, Venkata Sai Sriram Mosali, V. G. Vasavi Dutt, Satish Kasturi, Bhanu Mullamuri, Nagaprasad Puvvada, Pravas Kumar Panigrahi, Rama Krishna Chava, Basavaiah Chandu
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1207-1218 한국탄소학회
Integration of noble metals on graphene is renowned for their catalytic and antioxidant prowess. However, utilization of toxic chemicals in the synthesis creates environmental pollution and poisonous nature of chemically synthesized materials. To address this, an economical and eco-friendly method for synthesizing graphene-gold (BRG-Au) nanocomposite by anchoring gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) onto reduced graphene oxide sheets using betel leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent is presented. Comprehensive structural characterizations through UV–Visible, Raman, FT-IR, and XRD analyses confirm the successful formation of the BRG-Au nanocomposite. Morphological assessments utilizing FE-SEM and TEM techniques revealed the presence of transparent, twinkling graphene sheets embellished with 20 to 60 nm of Au NPs in various shapes, including spherical, triangular, pentagonal, circular, and trapezoids. The catalytic and antioxidant activities of the BRG-Au nanocomposite were thoroughly evaluated. In catalytic trials, the nanocomposite exhibited remarkable efficiency in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, accomplishing this transformation within a mere 30 min during the initial cycle and maintaining stable catalytic performance over three consecutive cycles. Additionally, antioxidant analyses employing Total Antioxidant Activity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl methods demonstrated that BRG-Au nanocomposite possessed equal or superior antioxidant activity than the ascorbic acid standard. This research thus underscores the promising potential of environmentally benign synthesis method for graphene-gold nanocomposite with enhanced catalytic and antioxidant properties.
4,300원
11.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Revealing the effect of graphite source on the properties of synthesized graphene oxide
Yulia Ioni, Timur Khamidullin, Ivan Sapkov, Vasiliy Brysko, Ayrat M. Dimiev
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1219-1228 한국탄소학회
Despite enormous popularity of graphene oxide (GO) several open questions remain regarding the structure and properties of this material. One of those questions is the role of a graphite precursor on the properties of GO product. In this study, we investigate the oxidation process and the structure of GO products, made from the four different graphite precursors: synthetic graphite, two natural flaky graphites, and expanded graphite. The highest rate of the oxidation reaction was registered for the small particle size synthetic graphite. Thermal expansion of natural flaky graphite did not significantly affect the rate of the reaction. The nature of the graphite precursor does not notably affect the chemical composition of the synthesized GO products. However, it affects stability of respective aqueous dispersions. The solutions of the three GO samples, prepared from the natural graphite sources demonstrate excellent stability due to complete exfoliation of GO to single-atomic-layer sheets. GO from synthetic graphite forms unstable dispersions due to the presence of numerous multi-layered particles. This, in turn, is explained by the presence of not fully graphitized, amorphous inclusions in synthetic graphite. Our observations suggest that synthetic graphite should not be used as GO precursor when the ability to completely exfoliate and the stability of dispersions are critical for intended applications.
4,000원
12.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Hierarchically porous polyaromatic carbon spheres decorated NiMn2O4 nanocomposite: efficient selective azo dye degradation from aqueous water and reduction of p‑nitrophenol to p‑aminophenol
Reddi Mohan Naidu Kalla, T. Kaliraja, Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana, Seong‑Cheol Kim, Il Kim
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1229-1237 한국탄소학회
We have intended and preparation of hierarchically absorbent materials were covered with a NiMn2O4 and acts as a catalyst for azo dye degradation. The polyaromatic-based (PA) absorbent compounds were initially constructed by bromomethylated aromatic hydrocarbons which undergo self-polymerization in presence of ZnBr as a reagent and cross linker is bromomethyl methyl ether. The absorbent black materials with a 3D network were prepared by direct carbonization and activation of the as-prepared PA. The hydrothermal method was adapted for the preparation of carbon hybrid material C@NiMn2O4 powder's catalytic activity is effective in reducing p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol and decolorizing carbon-based dyes like methyl orange (MO), methyl yellow (MY), and Congo red (CR) in aqueous media at 25 °C when NaBH4 is added. UV–visible spectroscopy was used to analyze the dyes' breakdown at regular interval.
4,000원
13.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Assessment of carbon nanotube sheet densification level
Nilüfer Çakmakçı, Byungkwon Yoo, Hosin Lee, Youngjin Jeong
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1239-1245 한국탄소학회
This research introduces an innovative approach for evaluating the degree of densification of carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets produced through direct spinning and subsequently treated with organic solvent (specifically ethanol). Analysis of the morphological features of the CNT sheets from the FE-SEM image affirms that the sheet’s structure becomes more densified following the treatment. Based on this, the treated CNT sheet was comprehensively evaluated using Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate a downward shift in the G′ band, signifying the densification of the CNT sheet’s structure due to the C–C bond weakening by the cohesive force. Following ethanol treatment, the CNT sheet exhibited enhanced electrical conductivity and tensile strength, measuring approximately 1.7 × 105 S m− 1 and 138.7 MPa, respectively, a remarkable improvement of roughly 300% compared to the untreated CNT sheet. This study underscores the efficacy of Raman spectroscopy as a powerful tool for assessing the densification of CNT sheets.
4,000원
14.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
High efficiency and flux separation of water‑in‑oil emulsions of superhydrophobic microporous carbon aerogels
Seongjae Myeong, Chaehun Lim, Seongmin Ha, Chung Gi Min, Naeun Ha, Young‑Seak Lee
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1247-1257 한국탄소학회
It was found in this study that fluorinated microporous carbon aerogels with enhanced hydrophobicity could be successfully prepared by direct fluorination to separate water-in-oil emulsions at high flux. The fluorinated carbon aerogel (F-CA) surface treated by the fluorination method had a water contact angle of 151.2° and could immediately absorb oil. In addition, the unique network structure of F-CA and its hydrophobicity allow surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions to be effectively and simply separated under gravity without requiring external forces such as vacuum or pressurization. The network structure of F-CAs consists of randomly connected spherical particles that form fluorinated permeation channels, which induce high flux during emulsion separation. The F-CA spherical particles have nanosized pores and high hydrophobicity, which repel and trap water droplets to increase the separation purity. Therefore, F-CA exhibited excellent performance, such as high filtrate purity (up to 99.9954%) and flux (up to 11,710 L/m2h). Furthermore, F-CA reusability was demonstrated as it did not lose its hydrophobicity and maintained its performance even after repeated use. This type of aerogel has great potential to be utilized throughout various environmental fields, including oil remediation.
4,200원
15.
2024.06 구독 인증기관 무료, 개인회원 유료
Effect of metallic copper on the electrothermal properties of carbon nanofibers
He‑Dong Huang, Hao Pu, Jun‑Wei Fan, Bing Su, Hong‑Yang Liu, Xin‑Yi Ha, Yong‑Fei Ren, Ze‑yu Guo
Carbon Letters Vol.34 No.4 pp.1259-1267 한국탄소학회
Cu2+/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers were prepared by electrospinning, and then Cu/carbon nanofibers (denoted as Cu/ CNF-X; X = Cu content, 0, 3, or 5 wt%) were formed by calcining them. The effects of Cu2+ content and carbonization temperature on the conductivity and electrothermal conversion of Cu/CNF-X were investigated. The results revealed that the conductivity and electrothermal properties of Cu/CNF-X improve with the increase in the Cu2+ content and carbonization temperature. When the carbonization temperature was 800, 900, or 1000 °C, the conductivity of Cu/CNF-5 (0.08, 0.68, or 2.48 S/cm, respectively) increased to 1.6, 1.5, or 1.6 times that of Cu/CNF-0, respectively. The highest instantaneous surface temperatures of Cu/CNF-5 calcined at 800, 900, and 1000 °C (36, 145, and 270.2 °C, respectively) increased by 4, 25.5, and 44.6 °C, respectively, compared with those of the corresponding Cu/CNF-0 samples (32, 120.3, and 225.6 °C, respectively). Thus, the addition of a small amount of Cu2+ effectively improved the conductivity and electrothermal conversion performance of Cu/CNF-X, which has potential application value in industrial products in the future.
4,000원
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