본 연구를 통해 미기록종 Acronicta gigasa (큰뿔무늬저녁나방, 신칭)를 한국에 최초로 보고한다. 이 종에 대한 진단과 분류학적 기재문을 작성 하였고, 성충과 생식기 도해사진을 함께 제공하였다.

본 연구는 검거세미밤나방(Agrotis ipsilon) 성페로몬 트랩에 혼재하여 유살되는 은무늬밤나방아과 형태적 분류와 동정법 수립을 위해, 날개 무늬의 형태계측학 분석을 실시하였다. 은무늬밤나방아과 개체는 2023년 11월 부터 12월까지 제주도 애월읍 일대에서 채집되었으며, 콩 해충으로 알려진 콩은무늬밤나방(Ctenoplusia agnata) 을 비롯하여, 다양한 농작물을 가해하는 것으로 알려진 붉은금무늬밤나방(Chrysodeixis eriosoma)의 수컷 성충이 포획되었다. 앞날개의 형태 및 무늬를 가지고 현장에서 쉽게 동정할 수 있는 형태적 특징을 도출하기 위하여, 각 성충 개체의 앞날개를 잘라 현미경 카메라로 촬영하고, 앞날개의 내횡선, 아외연선, 반점 크기 등 15개의 형질 을 측정하였다. 또한 각 형질 간의 상관관계를 분석하였으며 빈도분포를 통하여 두 종간 분리되는 형질을 파악하 였다. 최종적으로 다변량 분석법을 적용하여 두 집단이 어떻게 군집을 이루는지 분석하고, 날개형태만으로 붉은 금무늬밤나방과 콩은무늬밤나방을 구분할 수 있는 방안을 제시하였다.

The genus Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 is known as a forest pest. The acronictine species is widely distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian, and Neartic regions. This study presents a new record of an acronictine species from Korea, including descriptions, illustrations, and diagnostic characteristics. Additionally, the CO1 barcode data of the newly recorded species is compared with the global barcode reference at the species level. New data on the recently recorded species has been obtained from this study. This information will aid in the prompt identification and preparation for potential pest outbreaks.

Spodoptera eridania and S. ornithogalli (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which are polyphagous pests that damage various crops such as tomatoes and beans are regulated quarantine species that are highly likely to invade South Korea. Therefore, it is crucial to promptly and accurately identify the presence of S. eridania and S. ornithogalli in crop fields to effectively eradicate as a regulated quarantine species. In this study, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, which allows for rapid in-field identification. To develop the LAMP　assay, we selected target species-specific genomic regions from the whole-genome sequences of one target and 13 other lepidopteran species. We validated each five and six primer sets that consistently produced positive reactions in S. eridania and S. ornithogalli, respectively. To test the sensitivity of the each locus, LAMP reactions were performed using various reaction times using crude DNA, which was extracted from various types of adult tissues. All sensitivity tests were also successful.

뒷흰가는줄무늬밤나방은 쌀, 밀, 옥수수와 같은 농작물에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 본 연구에서는 국내 뒷흰가는줄무늬밤나방의 미토콘드리아 게놈(15,314b)을 분석하였다. 13개의PCG와2개의 rRNA (13,376bp)를 연결한 서열을 사용한 계통발생 분석 결과, 뒷흰가는줄무늬밤나방과 멸 강나방 사이의 가장 높은 노드 수치로 자매분류군을 형성하였다. 밤나방상과(Noctuoidea)의 각 과(Noctuidae, Euteliidae, Nolidae, Erebidae 및 Notodontidae)들은 가장 높은 노드수치로 단계통을 형성하였다.

벼밤나방[Sesamia inferens (Walker, 1856)](나비목: 밤나방과)은 벼 줄기를 가해하는 해충이다. 본 연구는 국내 몇 지역에서 벼밤나방의 연 중 세대수를 추정하였다. 북위 38° 부근의 세 지역에서 벼밤나방 성충이 성페로몬트랩에 포획되었다. 이는 국내 모든 지역에서 벼밤나방이 서식하 는 것을 나타냈다. 조사된 지역 대부분에서 단일사인곡선의 유효적산온일도 모델로 추정된 세대별 성충 발생 시기는 관찰된 성충 세대의 발생 시기 와 차이가 없었다. 이 모델을 사용하여 추정된 월동유충은 성충 마지막 세대로부터 유래할 가능성이 있다고 추정되었다. 중남부지역에서 가을동안 벼 포장에서 채집된 유충들을 25°C에서 사육하였을 때, 번데기의 약 70%가 용화전 유충 탈피를 보이지 않았다. 경남 고성에서 3월초에 채집된 유 충은 25°C 사육에서 유충 탈피 없이 용화하여 이 지역에서는 주로 마지막 유충 영기로 월동할 것으로 추정되었다. 모든 결과를 종합하여 벼밤나방 은 북위 38° 부근 지역에서는 주로 2세대, 북위 35.3° ~ 37.3° 사이 지역에서는 3세대가 경과할 것으로 결론지었다. 별도로, 시토크롬 c 산화효소 1 유전자의 염기서열을 분석한 결과, 성페로몬트랩에 포획된 종의 35%가 다른 종이었고, 이들은 형태적으로 벼밤나방과 혼동되지 않았다.

왕담배나방은 기주범위가 넓은 다식성으로 토마토, 옥수수, 담배, 해바라기, 땅콩, 면화, 콩 등 다양한 작물에 피해를 주는 해충이며, 장거리 이동성 해충으로도 유명하다. 본 연구에서는 기존 자료를 바탕으로 월동번데기의 성충으로 우화모델(2종)를 작성하고 포장 실측자료와 비교하여 평가하였다. 월동 번데기는 휴면을 종료한 후 안점소실 과정을 거쳐 정상의 번데기로 이행되고 비로소 성충으로 우화하는 것으로 가정하였다. 첫 번째 모형(모 형 1)은 2단계 휴면후발육 우화모형으로 안점소실에 필요한 적산온도 59.9DD (발육영점온도 15.9℃)와 번데기 발육완료에 필요한 192.3DD (발육영점온도 10.2℃)로 구성하였다. 두 번째 모형(모형 2)은 온도자극 우화모형으 로 17.63℃의 온도자극 이후에 번데기 발육을 개시하는 모형이었다. 적산온도는 단순 평균온도법과 사인곡선법 으로 계산하여 비교하였다. 포장자료와 비교 결과 모형 1에 사인곡선법을 적용했을 때 실측치와 편차가 3일보다 작거나 차이가 없었다. 반면 사인곡선법을 적용한 모형 2는 3~6.5일의 편차가 있었다. 평균온도법을 적용한 경우 두 모형 모두 실측치와 편차가 증가하였다. 모형을 활용하여 예측 우화시기와 트랩유살자료를 비교하여 왕담배 나방의 비래 가능성에 대하여 고찰하였다.

Spodoptera litura is an omnivorous pest that damages more than 120 types of crops. It is widely distributed throughout the tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones. It is a major pest that causes damage by explosively increasing in density in a short period of time due to its excellent mobility and reproductive ability. S. litura was studied at five constant temperatures (15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, and 35.0℃), 65±5% relative humidity (RH), and 14L:10D photoperiods. The development period for eggs and larvae tended to become shorter as temperature increased. The growth period of egg, larva, and pupa by 25℃ temperature was 4.0, 32.3, and 12.6 days, respectively.

Spodoptera species (S. exigua and S. litura) are important pests of several crops and vegetables in Korea. We investigated development processes of Spodoptera species under constant temperatures (20, 25 and 30 oC) regimes and relative humidity (RH) (30-35, 50-55, 70-75, and 90-95%) conditions. We collected eggs of Spodoptera species by releasing them into a rectangular box inner walls covered with a sheet of white paper. Temperature and RH significantly impacted on oviposition, immature survival, adult emergence and longevity of Spodoptera species. Maximum number of eggs, shorter developmental time, higher adult emergence with longer longevity were reported in 70-75% at 30 oC. Minimal eggs and larval survival were recorded in 30-35% and 90-95% RH, respectively. This results suggest that temperature and RH had individual apparent effect on the developmental processes of Spodoptera species instead interactive effect. Therefore, there is chance to cause a significant damage to field crops and vegetables in 70-75% at 30 oC.

One of cosmopolitan pest, Agrotis ipsilon, causes serious economic damages in horticultural crops. This study compared the host fitness of A. ipsilon among nine major horticultural crops in Korea. Among the nine crops, the population of A. ipsilon failed to complete its development in spinach, cucumber, melon, and kidney bean. The host effects on development and reproduction of A. ipsilon were further investigated in the remained five crops. Host plants significantly (P < 0.05) affected the development-related factors of A. ipsilon eggs, larvae, and pupae. They also affected the adult reproduction-related factors including preoviposition period, oviposition period and number, and longevity except for the prepupa stage. A positive relationship was found be tween biological factors. Among the nine crops in this study, napa cabbage showed the highest suitability for the A. ipsilon populations. These findings in this study would be helpful to understand the ecology and develop the man agement tactics of A. ipsilon in horticultural crops.

Ctenoplusia agnata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest that damage on crops belonging to the Fabaceae and Brassicaceae, and it is known as a migratory pest. In this study, we investigated pattern of occurrence to trace invasion characteristics using sex pheromone traps and conducted genetic analysis of captured individuals while also exploring their correlation with air currents. Our findings suggest that C.agnata exhibits an annual occurrence of four generations in Korea, with the second or third generation, primarily active from July to September, posing a significant threat to soybean. Genetic analysis revealed the presence of 17 haplotypes, and trajectory modeling confirmed the influence of air currents from Kyushu, Japan and Zhejiang, China etc. These results are expected to be used as a comprehensive management of C.agnata and other migratory moth species.

국내 유입 가능성이 높은 검역 관리해충인 Spodoptera eridania 및 S. ornithogalli는 전 세계적으로 토마토, 콩 등 여러 종의 작물을 가해하는 광식성 해충이다. 이에 따라 국내 유입 시 해당 작물에 높은 경제적 피해를 입힐 가능성 이 있으므로 신속 정확한 진단이 필요한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 상기 두 종을 대상으로 현장 활용이 가능한 LAMP 진단법 개발을 수행하였다. 표적종 두 종 및 비표적종 11종(국내 발생 Spodoptera 종 및 동일 기주 가해종 등)의 전장유전체 정보를 확보한 후 비교 분석을 통해 각 표적종 별 특이적 영역을 확보한 후 해당 영역을 대상으로 LAMP 프라이머를 제작하였다. DNA 농도 10 ng/μL, 반응시간 40분을 기준으로 LAMP 진단을 수행한 결과, Spodoptera eridania는 5개의 LAMP 진단 마커를 개발하였고, S. ornithogalli는 3개의 LAMP 진단 마커를 개발하였다.

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Western Hemisphere is now annually arrives in Korea. In this study, we developed loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, one of the main merits of which is a rapid identification of target species. Five among 11 FAW-specific loci tested successfully provided a consistent reaction when ten FAWs, which were collected from eight localities in four countries were tested, whereas the 13 non-target species were not amplified. To increase in-field applicability of the method all life stages, reaction time, and different periods after death was tested using the quick extracted DNA. Our FAW diagnostic protocol can be completed within 30 min, from the process of extracting genomic DNA from an egg or a 1st instar larva to species determination.

Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious crop pest with a long-distance migratory flight. To date, the DNA barcode region has been widely used in genetic diversity analysis studies of Spodoptera litura. However, the DNA barcode region showed maximum variation rate of S. litura, which from 18 regions in South Korea, was 0.608% (nine haplotypes) in previous study. In this study, four mitochondrial genes (ND4, ND4L, ND1, 16s rRNA) have higher intra-specific variation rates than the DNA barcode region. Among the four genes, The variation rate of the 16s rRNA region was confirmed to be a minimum of 0.203% (2bp) and a maximum of 1.824% (18bp). Finally, the 16s rRNA region with the highest PCR amplification efficiency and highest variation rate was selected as a high-efficiency molecular marker.

Since 2007, diamide insecticides have been widely used in Korea to control various types of lepidopteran pests including Spodoptera exigua. For nearly a decade, diamide resistance in field populations of S. exigua across 18 localities has been monitored using bioassays. Based on the LC50 values, some field populations showed a high level of resistance against chlorantraniliprole, although regional and temporal variations were observed. To investigate resistance at a molecular level, mutations (Y4701C, I4790M, and G4946E) were examined in the ryanodine receptor (RyR), which is the primary mechanism underlying diamide insecticide resistance. As a result, only I4790M mutation was found in most of field populations. As resistance levels varied significantly despite the uniform presence of the I4790M mutation, we considered the presence of another resistance factor. Further, the I4790M mutation was also found in S. exigua specimens collected prior to the commercialization of diamide insecticides in Korea as well as in other countries, such as the USA. This finding led us to hypothesize that the I4790M mutation were predisposed in field populations owing to selection factors other than diamide use. For further clarification, we conducted whole-genome sequencing of S. exigua (449.83 Mb) and re-sequencing of 18 individuals. However, no additional non-synonymous mutations were detected in the RyR-coding region. Therefore, the high level of diamide insecticide resistance in Korean S. exigua is not caused by mutations at the target site, RyR, but is attributed to other factors that need to be investigated in future studies.

Some of Helicoverpa species (Noctuidae: Heliothinae) are among the worst Lepidopteran agricultural pests in the world, such as H. armigera, H. assulta, H. zea, and H. punctigera. Despite different distribution areas, these species possibly migrate long distances both with and without human transportation, mixing insecticide resistance alleles along the way. As these species are morphologically similar at the larval stage, diagnostic methods have been developed and utilized for their identification. Here, we developed a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid and effective species diagnosis, along with PCR, to identify Korean field-collected or overseas samples. Species-specific primers were designed by aligning and comparing the mitochondrial genomes of related species, including four species. There are differences depending on the species and the optimal temperature and reaction time of the LAMP assay, depending on the set of four essential primers. For instance, H. armigera sensitivity is good enough to allow visual discrimination when reacted at 61°C for 30 minutes. This simple and accurate LAMP assay can be used for intensive field monitoring and integrated management of these species.

To elucidate the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera, the study explored three possibilities based on deltamethrin as a model pyrethroid; 1) the existence of mutations in the target site of deltamethrin, 2) the existence of variation at the genomic level between insecticide-susceptible and resistant strains, 3) differences in gene expression patterns between the strains. Based on these hypotheses, three levels of resistant strains and a susceptible strain as well as nine Korean field populations were used. As results, 1) any point mutations were not detected in sodium channel gene. 2) based on newly set Korean reference genome (GCA_026262555.1), approximately 3,369,837 and 1,032,689 variants (SNPs and Indels) were revealed from genome and ORFs, respectively. However, any specific variants were not found to be highly correlated with the level of insecticide resistance. 3) based on DEG analysis, some of detoxification enzyme genes were differently expressed particularly cytochrome P450 genes. Therefore, H. armigera possibly acquires deltamethrin resistance through a combination of actions, including over-expression of various detoxification enzymes such as CYP3 subfamilies and cuticular proteins.