The walking-stick insects, Ramulus mikado, are outbreaks in several mountainous areas from 2020 to 2022. In recent, some population of the insect are showed rapidly decline in their abundance, while some of them are still maintained high population density. In worldwide, insects belonging to Phasmida are reported to outbreak in their habitats as mentioned above environments, but knowledge about outbreak pattern of the walking-stick insects is still lacking. In this study, we aimed which biological and environmental factors are related to wax and wane of the insect population. From 2022 to 2023, we studied host tree preferences in natural conditions, ecological stoichiometry in major host trees, overwintering ecology of R. mikado eggs, and infection rate by entomophathogenic fungi during growing season.

Since delivery food has become a new dietary culture, this study examines consumer awareness through big data analysis. We present the direction of delivery food for healthy eating culture and identify the current state of consumer awareness. Resources for big data analysis were mainly articles written by consumers on various websites; the collection period was divided into before and after COVID-19. Results of the big data analysis revealed that before COVID-19, delivery food was recognized as a limited product as a meal concept, but after COVID-19, it was recognized as a new shopping list and a new product for home parties. This study concludes by suggesting a new direction for healthy eating culture.

This study was conducted to explore the change in the market issues on HMR (Home Meal Replacements) using local foods after the COVID-19 outbreak. Online text data were collected from internet news, social media posts, and web documents before (from January 2016 to December 2019) and after (from January 2020 to November 2022) the COVID- 19 outbreak. TF-IDF analysis showed that ‘Trend’, ‘Market’, ‘Consumption’, and ‘Food service industry’ were the major keywords before the COVID-19 outbreak, whereas ‘Wanju-gun’, ‘Distribution’, ‘Development’, and ‘Meal-kit’ were main keywords after the COVID-19 outbreak. The results of topic modeling analysis and categorization showed that after the COVID-19 outbreak, the ‘Market’ category included ‘Non-face-to-face market’ instead of ‘Event,’ and ‘Delivery’ instead of ‘Distribution’. In the ‘Product’ category, ‘Marketing’ was included instead of ‘Trend’. Additionally, in the ‘Support’ category, ‘Start-up’ and ‘School food service’ appeared as new topics after the COVID-19 outbreak. In conclusion, this study showed that meaningful change had occurred in market issues on HMR using local foods after the COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, governments should take advantage of such market opportunity by implementing policy and programs to promote the development and marketing of HMR using local foods.

Purpose: This study aimed to explore university students’ experiences of participating in online classes during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: A survey was conducted with 169 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in W City from May 5 to 22, 2021 through an online survey platform. Qualitative data were collected from 13 third- and fourth-year students at five universities in the same area through three focus group interviews between May 22 and 25 and analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The experience of online classes was rated in the following order: live lectures (92.9%) and recorded lectures (73.4%). Satisfaction with online classes was rated for recorded lectures, which were scored 3.54±1.05 (out of five), and live lectures, which were scored 3.32±1.02. Lack of interaction with faculty (37.9%) and lack of participating practicum (30.8%) were cited as dissatisfaction factors in online classes. From the qualitative data, five sub-themes were identified: “not being respected in one’s learning”, “increased burden of learning in a situation of poor communication,” “it's not that I hate online classes”, “efforts to improve the loose will and attitude toward classes”, “reduced quality of experience and uncertain future”. These sub-themes were abstracted under the theme of “everyday life of learning alone toward an uncertain future”. Conclusion: To ensure more effective online learning, it is necessary to strengthen the interaction between faculty and students, apply online teaching strategies suitable for class objectives, and support various programs to motivate students for self-directed learning.

동절기(1 ~ 2월) 시설재배지 대파에 파총채벌레(Thrips tabaci)가 발생하였다. 파총채벌레의 동정은 트랩에 포획된 개체의 DNA 바코드를 중심으로 확인하였다. 주별 파총채벌레 발생은 끈끈이판 하나당 약 240 ~ 700 마리의 포획 밀도를 나타냈다. 포획 효율은 트랩 색상에 따라 차이를 보여 황색이 청색 트랩에 보다 우수하였다. 또한 대부분(90% 이상) 대파는 이들 파총채벌레의 식흔을 보였다. 이러한 파총채벌레 발생은 특정 비닐하우스에 국한되었다. 이러한 국부적 파총채벌레의 발생 양상을 분석하고자 이들 행동을 실내외에서 관찰하였다. 실내 분석은 약 1.5 mm 정도 몸길이의 성충이 약 5 cm 까지 도약하였다. 야외에서는 이들 성충이 시설재배지 최대 높이인 2 m 까지 비행 행동을 보였다. 이러한 비행 행동은 인근(2 m 이내) 시설재배지까지 이동이 가능할 것으로 추정되었으나 실제로 전파되지 않은 것은 야외 저온 조건이 물리적 장벽을 제공하여 준 것으로 해석되었다. 따라서 겨울기간 파총채벌레의 대발생은 특정 소지역에 국한되었다.

본 보고는 2020년 산림 지역에서 대발생하여 큰 피해를 준 매미나방과 대벌레에 의한 피해면적과 피해수종에 대해 기술하였다. 매미나방에 의한 식엽 피해는 강원(1,638 ha), 경기(1,134 ha), 충북(726 ha), 서울(476 ha) 등 중부지방을 중심으로 심각하였다. 대벌레는 서울시 은평구와 고양시 덕양구 사이에 위치한 봉산(약 19 ha)에서 대발생하였다.

We report a massive outbreak of human Q fever cases, which occurred at totally 11 humans. The occurrence was related to a goat farm where Coxiella burnetii infection was diagnosed from goat tissues and environmental specimens. From January of 2018, continuous abortions from 6 goats occurred. Laboratory tests from 77 goat specimens for C. burnetii showed that 54 (70.1%) and 63 (81.8%) goats were positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The infection was also confirmed from the farmer, his wife and 9 persons from all 16 veterinary officials who had visited the farm for protective measures and preparing goat specimens for laboratory tests. The farm was found to be extensively contaminated with C. burnetii from the examination to the environmental specimens and epidemiological inspections, which might be the main source of C. burnetii infection to humans. The extensive contamination to the farm was derived from the uncareful handling of postpartum animal tissues or discharges by the farm owner. This report will contribute to the establishment of educational system on the biosecurity to novice farmers.

본 연구의 목적은 코로나 19 이후, 유아자녀를 둔 어머니의 양육스트레스, 결혼만족도, 자녀 스마트 폰 과의존 등 삶의 질을 조사하는 것이다. 연구 참여자는 서울, 수도권지역 유아자녀를 둔 어머니 총 186명이다. 비확률 임의표집으로 표본을 취합하고 온라인 설문을 실시하였다. 취합된 데이터는 SPSS 21.0 프로그램을 활용하여 기술통계, t-test, 일원배치 분산분석, Scheffe 검증 및 Cronbach’s α로 제시하였다. 연구결과, 코로나19는 유아자녀를 둔 어머니 삶에 일정한 인식 변화―경도(輕度)에서 중도(中度)로의 인식 변화―를 가져온 것으로 밝혀졌다. 그리고 사회적 거리 두기로 인하여 가정에서 자녀 및 배우자와 시간을 오래 보내게 됨에 따라 양육 스트레스, 결혼만족도 저하, 유아자녀의 스마트폰 과의존 등이 나타나게 되었고, 이는 어머니의 삶의 질을 낮추는 원인이 되었다. 이같은 결과는 유아자녀를 둔 어머니들이 사회적 거리 두기로 인하여 심적 고통을 경험하고 있다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구는 코로나 19 이후 유아자녀를 둔 어머니들의 심리적 방역을 실시하는 데 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

김 황백화에 대한 원인을 파악하기 위하여 전라북도 김 양식장에 2011년부터 2014년까지 양식환경 특성과 황백화 피해 엽체의 형태 및 세포구조를 확인하였다. 연구 결과 금강 하구역에 위치한 개야도에서는 황백화가 확인되지 않았고 새만금방조제 주변의 도청리, 비안도, 무녀도와 선유도에서 황백화가 발생하였다. 김의 황백화 피해는 2011년 11월, 2014년 4월과 11월에 확인되었으며, 황백화 피해 엽체는 엽체 퇴색과 세포 내 액포 비대가 발생하였 다. 연구기간 동안 황백화는 DIN과 DIP의 농도가 각각 5 μM와 0.4 μM 이하에서 발생하였다. 용존무기질소 (DIN)와 용존무기인 (DIP)의 비를 통해 결핍된 용존무기영양염을 확인한 결과 DIN 결핍은 양식 초기, 낮은 DIP 농도는 양식 말기 영향을 미치는 것으로 추정되었다.

The beet armywom, Spodoptera exigua Hübner, originated from Southeast Asia is one of important agricultural pests worldwide. The moth having no diapause mechanism has highly migratory capacity which contributes to population outbreaks and geographic expansion. Although the moth was first reported in 1926 from Korea, it has been important since the late 1980s. In July 2018, the species outbreaked in Gimje, Jeonbuk Province causing serious damage to soybean in several paddy fields. In this study, we investigate the genetic diversity of the outbreaking populations using a partial sequence of mitochondrial DNA COI gene. 37 COI sequences obtained from specimens collected at the fields of Gimje, Korea were compared with 249 COI sequences from GenBank. In total, 25 haplotypes were detected from 18 countries. Three haplotypes (H1, H2, and H5) found in Korea were all shared with those in China. Haplotypes H1 and H2 were prominent in Korea as well as in invasive regions worldwide. This suggest that outbreaking populations in Korea were invaded from China. The migration source was estimated using backward trajectory analysis, and found to be Zhejiang Province, China.

In the event of an outbreak of fire in an underground subway station, the speed of movement slows down as many people try to evacuate at once and bottlenecks might begin to occur in some locations, potentially resulting in catastrophic accidents. This study aims to analyze egress routes depending on, among other factors that influence evacuation in the event of an outbreak of fire, the characteristics of occupants and the initial points of fire using the GongEgress simulation program. The simulation result shows that the evacuation time of the vulnerable users is found to take 18% longer than that of ordinary people, and the transfer passageways have lower survival probability compared to that of the platforms. Through the analysis of the results, the structural features of the underground subway station and the points of fire are proved to be the major factors that determine the survival probability of the occupants. Therefore, safety training for passengers through conducting fire drills at the station or fire accident simulations can be established in the evacuation route and plan for reaction at the station or fire accident simulations. Key Words : Underground subway station, Fire accident simulations, Evacuation route, Vulnerable users, Transfer station

The frequency and time of the outbreak of insect diseases were investigated among the insect-rearing farms by regional groups. The purpose of this study was to predict the insect diseases and reduce the spread of diseases. From February to October 2016, 87 of diseased insects were collected in seven regions. It turned out that the pathogens for fungal diseases were identified as Metarhizium anisopliae. But in case of bacterial diseases, the pathogenicity of the bacteria isolated from the diseased insects were not confirmed. Bacterial diseases occurred mainly in June and August in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do, while in Chungcheong-do, bacterial and viral disease raged. In Jeolla-do, both fungal and bacterial diseases occurred in June. Generally, bacterial diseases occurred mainly from June to October, while the frugal diseases occurred from January to March. It was concluded that the entomopathogenic fungi, Metarhizium anisopliae, tended to cause diseases during late-winter and early spring and bacteria, uncertain, was prone to cause diseases during summer. Therefore, it necessary to adequately control depending on the type of the entomopathogen.

A severe outbreak of gray mold on kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) was observed on kenaf grown in the research field of Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Services, Jinju, Korea in 2014. Gray mold appeared on young plants as gray-brown velvety mold covering stems and leaves. Infections that girdled the stem caused wilting above the infected area and developed a canker. The casual fungus formed grayish brown colonies on potato dextrose agar. The conidia were one celled, mostly ellipsoid or ovoid in shape, colorless or pale brown in color, and 6–18 × 4–10 μm in size. The conidiophores were 15–32 μm in length. These measurements and taxonomic characteristics were most similar to those of Botrytis. DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer rRNA gene region confirmed that the fungal isolates were indeed Borytis cinerea. Koch's postulates were supported by pathogenicity tests conducted on healthy plants. On the basis of mycological characteristics and pathogenicity test on host plants, the fungus was identified as Botrytis cinerea. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a gray mold caused by B. cinerea on kenaf in Korea.

본연구는 ‘메르스’에 대한 재난 뉴스 이용매체와 뉴스 이용정도 및 뉴스의 신뢰여부가 미디어 이용자의 인지된 심각성, 취약성, 자기 효능감 및 대처비용에 영향을 미치며 이것을 매개로 하여 최종적으로 개인과 공중의 건강 보호 행위의도에 미치는 영향을 검토한다. 이상의 연구 결과를 종합적으로 보면, SNS와 인터넷뉴스가 TV보다 메르스의 심각성을 지각하게 했지만 메르스에 대한 대처역량을 키우거나 하지는 않았다. 개인과 공중의 보호행위의지에도 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 그러나 메르스에 대한 뉴스 이용정도는 메르스에 대한 취약성과 심각성 지각 뿐 만 아니라 자기효능감과 대처비용의 대처평가에도 영향을 미침으로써 메르스 뉴스 이용정도가 메르스 사태의 본질을 인지하게 하였다. 그리고 개인과 공중의 보호행위의지에 영향을 주었다. 특히 지각된 심각성과 자기효능감을 매개로 하여 개인건강보호행위를 강화하였고 지각된 심각성, 자기효능감, 대처비용에 의해 공중건강보호행위를 강화하였다. 뉴스신뢰도는 자기효능감에만 영향을 미쳐 실제로 메르스 사태를 평가하는데 영향을 미치진 못하였다. 그리고 지각된 심각성과 자기효능감을 매개요인으로 하여 개인보호행위의도를 증진시키는 데 영향을 미쳤지만 공중의 보호행위의지에는 영향을 미치지 못하였다.