최근 도심지 버스정류장의 아스팔트 포장을 콘크리트 포장으로 전환하는 추세이다. 서울시에서는 헌릉로 구간 중앙버스정류장에 현 장타설 방식의 연속철근 콘크리트 포장(CRCP)을 국내 최초로 적용하였다. CRCP는 슬래브 내부에 철근을 연속적으로 배근하며 수축줄 눈을 두지 않고 균열을 허용하는 공법으로 균열폭 거동이 공용성에 중요한 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 헌릉로 구간 중앙버스정류 장에 인력포설 방식으로 시공된 CRCP의 균열폭의 거동 특성을 계측을 통해 분석하였다. 균열폭 거동 계측은 자연발생균열 2개와 유 도균열 1개에 파이형 균열게이지를 설치하여 수행하였다. 하나의 자연균열은 일평균 균열폭 거동이 약 0.278mm로 분석되었으며 다른 하나의 자연균열은 균열폭 거동이 약 0.184mm로 분석되었다. 유도균열의 균열폭 거동은 약 0.144mm로 분석되어 자연균열에 비해 균 열폭 거동이 다소 작게 분석되었다. 이와 같이 도심지의 버스정류장에 적용한 CRCP는 시공초기에 균열폭이 매우 미소하여 이물질과 수분의 침투를 억제하며 줄눈 콘크리트 포장의 줄눈부에서의 스폴링 등 포장 파손을 저감하는데 효과적일 것으로 분석되었다.

국내 고속도로의 콘크리트 포장은 줄눈 콘크리트 포장 공법을 주로 적용해 왔으나 잦은 줄눈부 파손으로 인해 최근에는 공용성이 우수한 연속철근 콘크리트 포장(CRCP)을 확대 적용하고 있는 추세이다. CRCP는 우수한 공용성을 가지고 있지만 다량의 철근 사용으 로 인해 초기 시공비가 높은 단점이 있다. 이러한 CRCP의 단점을 보완하고 공용성을 보다 향상시키기 위해 신개념 철근콘크리트 포 장(ARCP)이 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 ARCP의 공용성 검증을 위해 고속도로 제14호선 함양~울산 구간에 시공된 ARCP와 동일한 구 간에 시공된 CRCP의 균열조사를 수행하였으며 균열형상 및 균열간격 등을 비교 분석하였다. 분석 결과 ARCP에서 발생한 균열은 CRCP와 비교하여 대부분 직선 형상으로 발생하였으며 균열간격도 보다 균일한 것을 확인하였다. 또한, ARCP에서는 좁은 균열간격, 지그재그 균열, 분리균열 등 부적절한 균열의 발생이 매우 적은 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 ARCP의 균열형상 분석 결과로 보아 ARCP 는 CRCP의 우수한 공용성을 보다 향상시킬 수 있는 공법이라는 것을 검증하였다.

신개념 철근콘크리트 포장인 ARCP(Advanced Reinforced Concrete Pavement)는 연속철근 콘크리트 포장인 CRCP(Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement)에서 균일하지 않게 발생하는 균열과 다량의 철근 사용으로 인한 높은 시공비를 개선한 기술이다. ARCP 는 고속도로 제1호선 언양~영천 구간에 최초로 시공하였으며 고속도로 제14호선 밀양~울산 구간에도 시공하였다. 이전의 시공 과정 및 초기 공용성을 기반으로 ARCP의 주요 기술 요소인 부분철근과 균열유도장치의 형상을 개선하여 고속도로 제14호선 창녕~밀양 구 간에 적용하여 시공하였다. 기존 균열유도장치는 반달형의 GFRP 재질로 제작되었으며 지지대를 이용하여 설치하였으나 개선된 균열 유도장치는 L형의 철재로 부분철근에 용접된 어셈블리 형태로 제작되어 설치가 간단하다. 기존 부분철근은 2개의 부분철근을 서로 연 결시킨 형상이었으나 개선된 부분철근은 연결부를 두지 않고 독립적인 형상으로 설치하였다. ARCP 시공 이후 초기 현장조사 결과, 균 열유도장치가 설치된 곳에서 적절한 균열이 발생하는 것을 확인하였으며 슬래브 표면 침하도 발생하지 않았다. 따라서 개선된 부분철 근과 균열유도장치를 적용함으로써 ARCP의 시공성 및 공용성을 한층 더 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

In the contemporary era, 3D printing technology has become widely utilized across diverse fields, including biomedicine, industrial design, manufacturing, food processing, aerospace, and construction engineering. The inherent advantages of automation, precision, and speed associated with 3D printing have progressively led to its incorporation into road engineering. Asphalt, a temperature-responsive material that softens at high temperatures and solidifies as it cools, presents distinctive challenges and opportunities in this context. For the effective implementation of 3D printing technology in road engineering, 3D printed asphalt (3DPA) must exhibit favorable performance and printability. This requires attributes such as good fluidity, extrudability, and buildability. Furthermore, materials utilizing 3DPA for crack repair should possess high viscosity, elasticity, toughness, superior high-temperature stability, and resistance to low-temperature cracking. These characteristics ultimately contribute to enhancing pavement longevity and ensuring worker safety.

PURPOSES: In this study, algorithms were proposed for determining the crack condition of an asphalt pavement image using deep learning methods. METHODS: For the configuration of a deep learning network, the study used a Convolution Neural Network and You Only Look Once algorithms. To obtain input data for analysis, a camera was mounted on the bonnet of the vehicle to obtain images of asphalt pavement and to mark the ground-truth cracks in the asphalt pavement image. In addition, an algorithm suitable for the automatic determination function of Deep Learning was proposed in order to calculate the crack ratio and crack rating. RESULTS: The result of analysis showed that the recall rate of cracks in this system was higher from FPPW 5.0E-06 to 96.03%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the grading system was found to be 100%, enabling the determination of very accurate ratings. The rate of processing per image was 0.4448 seconds on average, and the real-time analysis of pavement images presented no problem because the assessment took place within a short time. CONCLUSIONS : Applying this system to the pavement management system is expected to reduce the time required in finishing work and to determine a quantitative crack rating.

Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP) is placed by roller compaction of a mixture of less cement and unit water content and more aggregates and provides excellent early strength development with the help of interlocking of aggregates and hydration. The unit cement content of RCC pavements accounts for 85% of conventional pavements, with low drying shrinkage. As low drying shrinkage leads to smaller crack widths than ordinary concrete, RCC pavements can help elevate reflecting crack resistance if applied to a base layer of a composite pavement system. In a composite pavement with an asphalt surface laid over a concrete base, pavement temperature change is important in predicting pavement performance. As movement of the lower concrete layer is determined by temperature depending on pavement depth, temperature data of the pavement structure serves as an important parameter to prevent and control reflecting crack. Among the causes of reflecting crack, horizontal behavior of the lower concrete layer and curling-caused vertical behavior of joints/cracks are considered closely related to temperature change characteristics of the lower concrete course (Baek, 2010). Previous studies at home and abroad about reflecting crack have focused on pavement behavior depending on daily and yearly in-service temperature changes of a composite pavement (Manuel, 2005). Until now, however, studies have not been conducted on initial temperature characteristics of concrete in composite pavements where asphalt surface is placed over an RCC base. Annual temperature changes of in-service concrete pavements go up to 60 ℃, and those of asphalt overlays become around the twice at 110 ℃. This study evaluated initial crack behavior of composite pavement by investigating pavement temperature by depth of an RCC base and analyzing joint movement depending on change to temperatures of continuously jointed pavements. Findings from the study suggest that in composite pavements and asphalt overlays, time of laying asphalt has an important impact on crack behavior and reflecting crack.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various crack inducers to be used in the advanced reinforced concrete pavement (ARCP) by conducting yard tests. Some of cracks are induced in ARCP to reduce the stresses in steel bars and to form more uniformly spaced cracks so that the required steel bar amount can be decreased and at the same time the pavement performance can be improved. In this study, an experimental ARCP was constructed for the length of 22.4 m, width of 1.12 m, and thickness of 0.26 m. The anchor lugs were placed at both ends of ARCP to pretend continuities of the system. 8 crack inducers with a uniform spacing of 2.8 m were installed in different manners when placing concrete, so the test length of the experimental ARCP was 19.6 m. The variables of crack inducers included the shape, material, installed depth, and installing method. The basic shape of the crack inducer represented a round face and a flat opposite face with a height of 50 mm and a width of 10 mm. The slightly different shaped crack inducers were installed for inducing cracks at both ends of ARCP. The crack inducers were primarily made of glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) but a crack was induced using a polyethylene sheet inducer. The installed depths of the crack inducers were 30, 40 and 70 mm to the top of the crack inducer from the pavement surface. Most crack inducers were preinstalled on the transverse steel bar locations before concrete pouring, but 2 crack inducers were installed just after concrete placement when concrete was still fresh. The temperature measurement sensors of i-Buttons and thermocouples were installed at the top, middle and bottom of slab to measure the temperature variations of slab. The displacement transducers were also installed at the crack locations to measure the crack width movements. The experimental results showed that the cracks were induced at all the locations where the crack inducers were placed. In addition to the induced cracks, just one crack was formed naturally. The crack patterns on the surface of pavement were all comparable. The crack width measurement data showed that there were slight differences in the crack width movements among the cracks but all the cracks including both the induced and naturally formed cracks moved little within a 0.1 mm range. Therefore, any type of the crack inducers employed in this study can be used to initiate cracks in ARCP.

Tensile stress occurs and random crack develops in concrete pavement slab when it contracts by variation of temperature and humidity. The tensile stress decreases and the random cracks are minimized by saw cutting the slab and inducing the crack with regular spacing. The sawn or formed joint depth must extend to between 1/4 and 1/3 of the pavement depth to ensure the formation of a clean crack. The ‘Crack inducers (Triangular timber)’ have been installed at bottom of concrete slab to minimize concrete disturbance during initial age. In particular, it is often used to relatively thick airfield pavement compared to road. There are slabs of various thicknesses at the airfield, but the crack inducers are often designed to be installed uniformly without analyzed the joint behaviour to slab thickness. In this paper, the installation of crack inducer considering thickness variation is analyzed and applied. As a result, random cracks or joint freezing wasn’t occurred anywhere on the runway.

A number of roller-compacted concrete pavements (RCCP) have been constructed without saw-cut joints in order to save construction cost. Then it will allow natural cracks to randomly occur at the early age after concrete placement. Crack spacing of unjointed RCCP is crucial to ensure an adequate crack width and load transfer across the cracks since large crack spacing will result in excessive crack width and reduce load transfer efficiency that may be cause faulting, excessive deflection, and further cracking in RCCP slab. Due to pavement thickness, climatic condition, and material properties, unjointed RCCP may have different natural crack spacing. In this study, an analytical approach to predict natural crack spacing of an unjointed RCCP was developed. An analytical method based on elastic theory to calculate axial restraint stress using a bilinear slab-subbase interfacial constraint assumption was conducted. Curling stress induced by temperature gradient through the depth of the slab was also considered. The analytical model incorporates the environmental effect, strength gain and modulus of elasticity, coefficient of thermal expansion, drying shrinkage, base type materials, and slab geometries. The predicted crack spacing results obtained from the predictive model were validated through field measured data. The results showed a good agreement compared with crack spacing measured in the field. Furthermore, the result from a sensitive analysis using proposed predictive model showed that crack spacing increased when thickness of RCCP increased. The predicted crack spacing results may be used as input parameters to estimate crack widths in unjointed RCCP under given climatic condition, and material properties. If estimated crack width is excessive and cannot maintain an adequate load transfer across the cracks, saw-cut joints with an appropriate spacing should be provided in order to minimize crack width, and to prevent future cracking of RCCP leading to better performance.

최근 건설재료의 자가치유 기술에 대한 많은 관심을 보이고 있으며, 유럽의 배수성 포장에 자가치유 아스팔트 포장 기술과 배수시설에 박테리아를 이용한 자가치유 콘크리트를 개발하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 유도가열 장치를 이용한 자가치유 아스팔트 포장의 자가치유 성능을 평가하고자 하였다. 스틸섬유를 아스팔트 포장에 혼입하여 아스팔트 포장을 만든 후 3점 피로균열 시험으로 균열을 유도하였다. 유도가열 장치를 이용하여 가열한 후 2-3시간의 휴지기간을 두어 3점 피로균열 시험을 다시 수행하여 자가치유 가능성을 평가하였다. 일반 골재뿐만 아니라 스틸글래그로 아스팔트 혼합물의 가열성능과 자가치유 성능도 평가하였다. 스필섬유의 분포상태를 분석하기 위하여 마이크로 CT-Scan장비를 이용하여 촬영하였다. 시험결과 스틸섬유를 이용하여 제작한 아스팔트 혼합물의 자가치유 가능성이 있었으며, 자가치유 성능정도를 분석하여 최적의 스틸섬유함량을 결정하였다. 다양한 조건에서 자가치유 성능을 평가하였으며, 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다

PURPOSES:The objectives of this study are to develop a new cold-applied crack sealant and to evaluate its properties and field applicability by comparing with other conventionally used crack sealants.METHODS :A new cold-applied crack sealant was developed by using neoprene latex to improve material properties. The fundamental properties such as viscosity, residue %, penetration, and softening point of the developed crack sealant were tested by TxDOT criteria to evaluate crack sealing capability. Moreover, the performance of the developed cold-applied crack sealant was evaluated under both laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory, the bond property was evaluated using the developed cold-applied crack sealant and conventional hotapplied crack sealant by the bond-properties test standardized under ASTM D 6690. In the field, test sections were constructed on three areas: a trunk road, bus-only lane, and motorway, with the developed crack sealant and three conventional crack sealants. After construction, early field-inspection was performed on the test sections.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS :Overall, the developed cold-applied crack sealant demonstrates reasonable storage stability, durability, and bond property compared to conventional hot-applied crack sealants. From the test sections, it was established that the developed cold-applied crack sealant does not pose construction issues. Moreover, the early performance was verified through field inspection. However, as the field inspection was conducted a week after the construction, it is necessary to conduct an inspection of performance from a long-term point of view.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to investigate characteristics of crack spacing and crack width and their relationship in continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) based on the data obtained from long-term field observations. METHODS: The crack spacings and crack widths are measured periodically over 10 years at two different CRCP sections: one with asphalt bond breaker beneath concrete slab, and the other with bonded lean concrete base beneath concrete slab. The effects of steel ratio, type of underlying layer, terminal treatment method, and seasonal temperature change on the crack characteristics are evaluated by analyzing the measured data. RESULTS: The CRCP with lean concrete base shows smaller crack spacings than those of the CRCP with asphalt bond breaker. As the steel ratio increases, both the crack spacing and crack width tend to decrease. The crack width becomes larger as the crack age increases, but once the crack age is over a certain value the crack width tends to converge. When the terminal anchor lug system is not used and the expansion joints are employed at the terminals, the crack spacings and crack widths increase near the terminal sections. The crack spacing and crack width seem to be proportional each other, but not necessarily linearly, and their relationship is more distinguished in the summer when the crack widths become smaller. CONCLUSIONS : The steel ratio, underlying layer type, terminal treatment method, and seasonal temperature change affect the characteristics of cracks and the crack spacing and crack width are related to each other.

In a wide spectrum of pavement rehabilitation techniques, the application of thin asphalt overlay on existing concrete pavements have shown its ability to restore the functional capacity of the pavement system as well as maintain structural capacity. Although, prior researches stated that it does not add to the structural capacity of the existing pavement, the insulation generated by the asphalt overlay can affect the behavior of the discontinuities in the continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) system by reducing the magnitude of its movement. The investigation of crack movement behaviors of the CRCP in Chungbu Expressway was conducted in 2-phases: without overlay and with overlay. Crackmeters were installed at selected crack locations and measurements were collected. In the second phase of the investigation, crackmeters were installed at the concrete layer of the CRCP before a 2-inch asphalt overlay was applied. Results have shown that the crack movements under a thin asphalt overlay have reduced by 80% which indicates an effective insulation of the CRCP.

Cracking is an inevitable fact of asphalt concrete pavements and plays a major role in pavement deterioration. Pavement cracking is one of the main factors determining the frequency and method of repair. Cracks can be treated with a number of preventative maintenance actions, including overlay surface treatments such as slurry sealing, crack sealing, or crack filling. Pavement cracks can show up as one or all of the following types: transverse, longitudinal, fatigue, block, reflective, edge, and slippage. Crack sealing is a frequently used pavement maintenance treatment because it significantly extends the pavement service life. However, crack sealant often fails prematurely due to a loss of adhesion. Because current test methods are mostly empirical and only provide a qualitative measure of the bond strength, they cannot accurately predict the adhesive failure of the sealant. This study introduces a laboratory test aimed at assessing the bonding of hot-poured crack sealant to the walls of pavement cracks. A pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) was adopted to measure the bonding strength of the hot-poured crack sealant as a function of the curing time and temperature. Based on a limited number of test results, the hot-poured crack sealants have very different bonding performances. Therefore, this test method can be proposed as part of a newly developed performancebased standard specification for hot-poured crack sealants for use in the future. PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the adhesion and failure performance of a crack sealant as a function of its curing time and curing temperature. METHODS: A pneumatic adhesion tensile testing instrument (PATTI) was adopted to measure the adhesion performance of a crack sealant as a function of the curing time and curing temperature. RESULTS: With changes in the curing time, curing temperature, and sealant type, the bond strengths were found to be significantly different. Also, higher bond strengths were measured at lower temperatures. Different sealant types produced completely different bond strengths and failure behaviors. CONCLUSIONS: The bonding strength of an evaluated crack sealant was shown to differ depending on various factors. Two sealant types, which were composed of different raw materials, were shown to perform differently. The newly proposed test offers the possibility of evaluating anddifferentiatingbetweendifferentcracksealants.Basedonalimitednumberoftestresults,this test method can be proposed as part of a newly developed performance-based standard specification for crack sealants or as part of a guideline for the selection of hot-poured crack sealant in the future.