본 연구는 양식산 참돔과 넙치를 Cochlodinium polykrikoides 적조에 노출시켜 노출 시간에 따 른 생존율, 호흡수, 혈중 스트레스 지표 및 조직학적 변화를 비교 조사하였다. 대조구는 자연해 수를 사용하였고, 실험구는 C. polykrikoides 밀도를 5,500±200 cells/ml로 설정하였다. 그 결과, 참돔은 적조 노출 1시간 이내, 넙치는 적조 노출 5시간 이내 전량 폐사하였다. 생리학적 반응 을 분석한 결과, 참돔은 적조 노출 후 혈중 Glucose 농도가 감소하였으며, 혈중 GOT 및 GPT 농도는 증가하였고, 혈중 SOD 농도는 감소하고, CAT 및 GPx 농도는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 넙치는 적조 노출 후 혈중 Cortisol 및 GOT, GPT 농도가 증가하였고, 혈중 Glucose 농도는 적조 노출 1시간째 증가한 이후 감소하였으며, 혈중 SOD, CAT, GPx 농도는 노출 1시간째 감소한 이후 증가하였다. 조직학적 분석 결과, 참돔과 넙치의 아가미에 구조적인 손상이 발생하였다. 결론적으로 5,500 cells/ml 밀도의 C. polykrikoides 적조 노출은 양식산 참돔과 넙치에게 산화 적 스트레스로 작용하여 체내 항산화 방어 기작을 활성화하고, 간과 아가미의 손상을 발생시 키는 것으로 나타났다.

하계 우리나라 연안내만에서 빈번하게 발생하는 유해적조생물 제어는 수산피해를 최소화하기 위한 중요한 국가적 현안문제이다. 본 연구에서는 Thiazolidinedione 유도체 물질인 GreenTD 농도 구배별로 유해 미세조류 4종(Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Cochlodinium polykriokides, Heterocapsa circularisquama)과 무해 미세조류 3종 (Chaetoceros simplex, Skeletonema sp., Tetraselmis sp.)에 대해 생물 고밀도 실험군과 저밀도 실험군에서 살조물질 농도별 살조효율과 선택성을 조사하였다. 유해종에 속하는 침편모조류 C. marina와 H. akashiwo는 각각 GreenTD 0.5와 0.2 μg L-1 농도에서 단시간에 확실한 효과를 보였으며, 14일 동안의 관찰에서도 재성장을 보이지 않았다. 적조생물 C. polykrikoides은 GreenTD 0.2 μg L-1 이상의 농도에서 광합성활성이 현저하게 떨어졌고, 살조효율 역시 80% 이상으로 나타났다. 특히, GreenTD 0.2 μg L-1에서도 C. polykrikoides가 재성장하지 않은 것으로 보아, 본 물질은 C. polykrikoides에 대한 살조효과가 우수할 것으로 판단된다. H. circularisquama는 고밀도 실험군에서 GreenTD 0.5 μg L-1, 저밀도 실험군에서는 GreenTD 0.2 μg L-1 농도에서부터 일정하게 영향을 받는 것으로 파악되었다. 규조류 C. simplex와 Skeletonema sp.에 대해서는 생물농도가 고밀도일 때 GreenTD 0.2 μg L-1에서는 크게 영향을 받지 않았으며, 초기 일정한 영향을 받은 후 시간 경과와 더불어 재성장이 이루어졌다. 특히 녹조류 Tetraselmis sp.는 최고농도인 GreenTD 1.0 μg L-1에서도 일정하게 높은 값을 유지하였다. GreenTD 농도와 생물밀도에 따른 차이가 뚜렷하게 나타났으나, 전반적으로 살조물질의 효과는 침편모조류>와편모조류>규조류>녹조류 순으로 나타났다. 결과적으로 GreenTD 물질은 유해종에는 높은 살조능력이 있고, 무해종에는 일시적으로 광합성활성에 영향을 주지만, 시간의 경과에 따라 회복되는 것을 알 수 있다. 따라서, 적조생물 C. polykrikoides 제어하기 위해서는 고밀도 실험군에서 80.8%의 살조효과를 보인 GreenTD 0.2 μg L-1의 농도가 적절할 것으로 판단되며, 현장 적용시 일시적인 희석등을 고려하여 적정농도보다 높게 살포하면 일정하게 높은 살조효율을 가질 것이며, 이는 경제성을 고려하여 충분한 경쟁력이 있는 물질로 기대된다.

This paper analyzed economic feasibility of aquacultural construction which of large-scale. The results of the economic analysis, cage cultural and water recycling cultural by post-water treatment were analyzed that NPV is 2,083,685 thousand won and －14,105,896 thousand won and B/C ratio is 0.590 and 0.855, respectively. These were shown economic infeasibility. But, running water culture by pre-water treatment(small scale) and running water culture by pre-water treatment(large scale) were analyzed that the one is 5,555,747 thousand won and 15,048,589 thousand won and the other is 1,154 and 1,1221, respectively. these were shown economic feasibility. In addition, measurement of B/C ratio through a sensitivity analysis on running water cultural by prewater treatment(small scale) and running water cultural by pre-water treatment(large scale) is economic feasibility in all cases. However, these were analyzed when the selling price was falling to 20 percent, it has shown economic infeasibility and when the selling price rises to 20 percent, water recycling culture by post-water treatment has economic feasibility. The significance of the study analyzed a sensibility as well as economic feasibility by methods and scales. It is expected that used as basic materials when constructing and operating of land aquaculture in order to minimize the damage from natural disasters.

광양만에서 야광충 Noctiluca scintillans의 개체군 동태를 파악하기 위해서 수계지리학적 및 생리생태학적 특성을 2010부터 2012년까지 3년 동안 19 또는 20개 정점에서 조사를 수행하였다. 조사기간 동안 야광충은 하계의 수온범위가 15˚C에서 22˚C로, 염분이 25.0 psu에서 30.0 psu 사이의 환경조건에서 높은 밀도로 출현하였다. 이와 반대로, 그들의 개체군은 동계 4˚C의 낮은 수온 조건에서도 출현하였으나, 동계를 비롯하여 춘계, 추계에는 야광충의 개체수가 현저하게 감소하였다. 특히 27˚C 이상의 높은 수온과 12.0 psu 이하의 낮은 염분조건의 환경에서는 야광충 개체수의 사멸로 이어졌다. 야광충의 먹이원인 Chl.a 농도와는 동계, 춘계, 추계에는 양(+)의 상관관계가 성립되었고, 하계 야광충의 높은 밀도가 관찰되었을 때에는 Chl.a 농도와 음(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 이는 야광충의 포식압에 의한 영향으로 생각되며, 하계와 같이 야광충의 개체수밀도가 높았을 때에는 식물 플랑크톤(Chl.a)을 현저하게 포식하여 음(-)의 상관성을 나타내었을 것이고, 나머지 계절의 양(+) 상관관계는 야광충의 개체수를 유지하는데 일정량 먹이원이 필요하였다는 것을 의미한다.

A recent report has showed that potentially toxic benthic dinoflagellates obtained from macroalgae were observed in Jeju waters. These species have been reported to occur only in subtropical waters and are regarded as a producer of ciguatoxin in fishes. This finding of benthic dinoflagellates contributes to improve the monitoring surveillance for the safety of humans and marine food in Korea, which will extend to southern coastal regions. Furthermore, Cochlodinium red tide, which occurs annually each summer, will increase the distribution toward whole coastal waters in Korea because of the more northerly direction of isotherms in SST (Sea Surface Temperature) due to global warming. Consequently, the Korean government should enforce a monitoring programme against biotoxin assessment investing research abilities (i.e. manpower and funds) to better understand Korean marine ecosystem in responding to climate change.

Clay dispersion has been applied in Korean coasts since 1996 to minimize fisheries impact by Cochlodinium polykrikoides blooms. Understanding of spreading and sedimentation pattern of yellow clay in the sea after dispersion would be helpful for the counter measure of possible impact on marine environment and ecosystem by the clay. Tidal current movement and sedimentation of clay targeted on Obido island, Tongyong, Korea where clay had been frequently introduced to control red tide was calculated based on numerical model. The tidal current in the Obido channel showed northwestward flow during flood tide and southeastward flow during ebb tide with the highest water velocity of 15 cm/s, particularly, in the west mouth of the channel. Overall, the velocity of residual current in Obido channel with the highest value of 10 cm/s was higher than that between Obido and Mireukdo showing 1~3 cm/s of velocity with westward flow. Spreading and sedimentation of clay by the application of numerical model in the Obido channel was calculated under the assumption that 360 tons of clay had been introduced every day for 20 days in the area during red tide period in 2003. Clay particle spreaded toward westward in the channel and subsequently northward in the outside of the channel from the release point located in the center of the channel. It was calculated that 1.5 km2 in total nearby Obido area could be affected by the clay water with more than 1 mg/L of clay concentration within five tidal cycle after dispersion. The majority of the clay particle could be settled within 100 m from the release point with the sedimentation height of 10 mm. Also, it was calculated that the clay could show 0.2 mm of sedimentation height in the west and east mouth of Obido channel.

To understand growth characteristics of eight dominant red tide species (Prorocentrum minimum, Heterocapsa triquetra, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Akashiwo sanguinea, Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwo, Amphidinium carterae and Rhodomonas salina) in the Korean coastal water, the growth rates were examined in relation with the impacts of water temperature and bio-volume. Of these, P. minimum, C. marina, H. akashiwo, A. carterae and R. salina were eurythermal species with relatively high growth rates in a borad ranges (15 to 25􀆆C) of water temperature. On the other hand, the growth rate of H. triquetra, S. trochoidea and A. sanguinea were high in relatively mid temperature (optimum: 25􀆆C) condition. In particular, H. triquetra was well adapted in low temperature of 5 to 15􀆆C, implying that the species can survive and grows even at very low temperature. Based on results of our experiment, the growth characterestics of five eurythermal species and three mid temperature species may have dominated in Korean coastal water during summer season and fall season, respectively. Contrastively, the growth characteristics of H. triquetra make a consistently dominant during the cold winter season. In addition, the growth rates of large bio- volume species were lower than those of small bio-volume species, indicates that growth of single cells of several flagellates might be depended on the cells sizes.

The aim of our study understands the influence of meteorological factors relating to the formation of the red tide, and monitors the red tide by satellite remote sensing. The meteorological factors have directly influenced on red tide formation. Thus, it was possible to predict and apply to red tide formation from statistical analyses on the realtionships between red tide formation and meteorological factors, and also to realize the near real time monitoring for red tide by satellite remote sensing.

We carried out a study on thermohaline structure and phytoplankton com munity in the East China Sea during early summer in 2005. As a result of marine environment and phytoplankton community, three characteristics of water type were identified. The former

본 연구는 1998년 7월부터 9월까지 득량만 19개 정점 표층에서 수질, 식물플랑크톤 군집의 구조와 동태 및 적조의 특징을 규명하였다. 조사기간 중 월별 평균 수온은 24.0~28.6℃, 염분은 25.0~28.6‰로 월별 및 정점간 변이가 컸다. 본 해역의 Chlorophyll-α의 농도는 7월과 8월에 평균 11.59mg/m3, 7.52mg/m3를 나타내어 일차생산이 높았으며,

본 종설은 우리나라에서 발생하고 있는 적조현상을 정리하여 적조의 정의, 명칭, 년도별 연구상황, 적조발생 원인 및 생물, 독성, 인명 및 수산물의 피해, 피해저감 및 방제기술에 대하여 소개하였다. 우리나라의 초기의 적조는 돌말류에 의해 발생되었으나, 해양오염이 심각한 1970년대 말부터 무독성 와편 모조류에 의해 그리고 1980년대 말에는 유독성 편모조류에 의해 발생되고 있다. 적조발생 규모는 초기에는 국지적이었으나 근래에는 광역화이기 때문에 수산업에

Ground seawater quality was investigated, and the algal growth potential (AGP) tests were performed along the Tongyeong coast to examine the inflow of materials, which is needed for the red tide species Cochlodinium polykrikoides to grow. The study was conducted to determine the mechanism for C. polykrikoidesred tides. Water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen (DO) ranged from 16.05 to 20.74°C, 18.20 to 32.11 psu, 6.00 to 7.61, and 3.41 to 7.91 mg/L (41.4– 96.1%), respectively. No seasonal variation was observed in water temperature. The salinity, pH, and DO saturations at most stations were lower than those of coastal seawater at Tongyeong. The NH4 +-N, NO2+3 --N, PO4 3--P concentrations ranged from 0.43 to 16.00μM, 1.50 to 132.38μM, and 1.30 to 6.29μM, respectively; the values at some stations were much higher than observed in Tongyeong coast seawater. Using seawater from station B, C. polykrikoides grew consistently, with a high growth rate, similar to the red tide in nature. This seawater appeared to contain materials needed by C. polykrikoides to grow. Therefore, C. polykrikoides red tides seem to occur wherever the ground sea water contains materials that are needed for its growth.

Eco-physiological research and the control of Cochlodinium polykrikoides was carried out to elucidate eco-physiological characteristics of red tide organism through culture experiment depending on the condition of photon irradiance. Oxygen consumption of C. polykrikoides was high with a value of 1.12mg/L/hr in the dark compared with that of 0.13mg/L/hr at 100μEm-2s-1. DO values in a circular chamber with the lapse of time in seawater containing C. polykrikoides were declined in the dark period. DO values of seawater containing C. polykrikoides in the dark were declined from 7.01mg/L to 2.65mg/L in 30cm depth and from 7.01mg/L to 6.63mg/L in 5cm depth depending on the depth of circular culture vessel. Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus and file fish, Stephanolepis cirrhifer exposed to Cochlodinium showed the separation of the lamella epithelium from gill filament, which disrupted the respiratory process at the gill level.

To investigate the influence of water area calmness on the red tide development, runoff phenomena due to antecedent precipitation of red tide development day were analyzed. There were examined the water quality variation properties at about the same time of the red tide develop. The red tide was developed when the stage and discharge nearly had not changed. It was estimated that the stability of particle behavior in the mouth of river effected on the red tide develop. Also, the concentrations of CODMn were increased about 241~629% when the red tide developed.

Large scale of loess has been applied on the south sea shore of the Korean peninsula to treat red tides, due to many fishery's devastation by red tides every year. However, coastal ecosystem is ruined by the huge amount of loess applied every year. Almost all creatures, living under water such as sea weeds, clams, and fishes, where loess was applied, are disappearing. In this paper, alternative methods of the loess application are investigated. The amount of loess could be reduced by the alternative methods. Especially, loess mixed with calcium oxide has excellent effects to reduce Cochlodinium polykrikoides numbers. It was found that when loess is used with calcium oxide(CaO), removal efficiency of red tides is highly increased. Moreover, the amount of loess could be reduced dramatically.