Climate change is expected to become a considerable threat to life on earth and it already affects certain tourism destinations like mountain regions and costal destinations. For instance, Switzerland is regarded as one of the most popular ski destination worldwide, but today’s ski resorts in Switzerland is facing significant difficulties as weather condition has been particularly harsh for the ski industry in the last years. While ski resorts start to use various rate fences to implement differential pricing, there is relatively little research how their customers perceive these new pricing approaches. Therefore, this study tried to identify how various rate fences adopted in ski resorts, including the use of weather forecasts in differential pricing, are perceived by customers and consequently which of them could be successfully implemented to provide the industry with long-term benefits. In particular, this study focused on the effect of framing and gender on price perception. The study found that female are generally more sensitive to differential pricing and have the tendency to perceive it as less fair.

The ride quality (i.e. smoothness) is a key factor for evaluating the construction quality of expressway asphalt pavement. Conventionally, three paving devices are widely used to control the surface layer thickness: leveling sensor (i.e. LS), short-range-surfacing-contact-ski (i.e. SSCS) and long-range-surfacing-contact-ski (i.e. LSCS). However, each of these levelling tools presents one major drawback. In the case of LS, if the original sub-layer evenness is poor, the final asphalt pavement surface and its smoothness will be negatively affected. The SSCS cannot assure satisfactory smoothness when relatively long paving section (in the order of 10 km) are paved. While the LSCS would reduce the drawback of the SSCS, its weight on the one hand and its length on the other discourage its use in the paving site especially for curved sections. In this paper, a next generation pavement smoothness leveling equipment, known as non-contact-digital-ski (i.e. NCDS) was implemented, evaluated and compared to the conventional equipment leveling device. The international Roughness Index (IRI m/km) was measured on sections paved with and without NCDS and the results visually and statistically compared. In addition, for the same sections, the modulus of the pavement layers was computed and compared by means of Falling Weight Deflectometer (i.e. FWD). It was observed that when NCDS is used for asphalt pavement overlay of existing concrete pavement, significant improvement in IRI (i.e. IRI<1.0m/km) and consistently uniform elastic modulus could be achieved compared to the conventional levelling and paving method.

덕유산국립공원의 설천봉은 해발 1,520m의 아고산지대 로 뛰어난 자연경관을 보유하고 있으며 생태학적으로 중요 한 핵심지역이다. 그러나 설천봉 일원의 스키장 활용으로 인한 하부식생의 성장이 저해되고 있으며, 이런 인위적인 요인으로 훼손되어 나지화된 구간이 분포하고 있다. 본 연 구는 훼손된 구간 중 현재 미사용 스키슬로프 구간에 분포 하는 관속식물상과 식생 조사 및 분석을 통해 보전을 위한 근거를 마련하고 효과적이고 체계적인 관리방안을 수립하 고자 수행되었다. 조사지역은 미사용 스키슬로프 지역 중 3지점을 선정하 였으며, 3지점 및 주변지역의 식물상 및 식생을 조사였다. 미사용 스키슬로프 전체 관속식물 조사 결과 48과 102속 116종 1아종 23변종 3품종으로 총 143종이 조사되었으며, 이것은 한국산 관속식물 4,191종류 (Nakai, 1952)의 3.41% 에 해당한다. 이 중 식물구계학적 특정종은 Ⅲ등급에 해당 하는 산오이풀, 시닥나무, 개회나무, Ⅱ등급에 해당하는 눈 개승마, 붉은병꽃나무, 곰취, 톱풀, Ⅰ등급에 해당하는 박달 나무, 참느릅나무, 투구꽃 등 총 12종이 조사되었다. 조사된 귀화식물은 오리새, 왕포아풀, 소리쟁이, 붉은토끼풀 등을 포함해서 총 12종이 조사되었으며, 이 중 생태계교란야생식 물은 돼지풀과 미국쑥부쟁이 2종이 조사되었다. 사이트1의 관속식물 조사 결과 26과 46속 44종 8변종 1품종으로 총 53종이 조사되었으며, 식물구계학적 특정종 은 Ⅲ등급에 해당하는 개회나무, Ⅱ등급에 해당하는 눈개 승마, 붉은병꽃나무, Ⅰ등급에 해당하는 박달나무, 투구꽃, 들메나무 등 총 7종이 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 오리새, 토끼 풀, 개망초, 서양민들레 등을 포함해서 총 4종이 조사되었으 며, 이 중 생태계교란야생식물은 조사되지 않았다. 사이트2의 관속식물 조사 결과 31과 51속 46종 7변종 1품종으로 총 54종이 조사되었으며, 식물구계학적 특정종 은 Ⅲ등급에 해당하는 시닥나무, Ⅱ등급에 해당하는 붉은 병꽃나무, 톱풀, Ⅰ등급에 해당하는 박달나무, 들메나무 등 총 5종이 조사되었다. 조사된 귀화식물은 서양민들레, 개망 초, 달맞이꽃, 비짜루국화 등을 포함해서 총 7종이 조사되었 으며, 이 중 생태계교란야생식물은 조사되지 않았다. 사이트3의 관속식물 조사 결과 21과 33속 43종 3변종 1품종으로 총 47종이 조사되었으며, 식물구계학적 특정종 은 Ⅰ등급에 해당하는 박달나무, 참느릅나무, 들메나무 등 총 3종이 조사되었다. 귀화식물은 오리새, 소리쟁이, 붉은토 끼풀, 달맞이꽃 등을 포함해서 총 8종이 조사되었으며, 이 중 생태계교란야생식물은 조사되지 않았다. 미사용 스키슬로프의 주요 식생은 박달나무군락, 붉은병 꽃나무군락, 호랑버들군락, 버드나무군락, 김의털군락, 오 리새군락, 쑥군락 등이 우점하고 있으며, 오픈스페이스 구 간은 신갈나무가 치수형태로 분포하고 있으며, 관목 이상의 형태로는 분포하고 있지 않다. 미사용 스키슬로프 구간의 천이 단계는 쑥 → 산딸기 → 싸리, 국수나무 → 붉은병꽃나 무 → 박달나무 → 철쭉, 당단풍 → 신갈나무, 소나무 순으 로 진행될 것으로 예상된다. 사이트 1의 주요 식생은 아교목층에 호랑버들군락, 박달 나무군락, 버드나무군락이 우점하고 있으며, 관목층에는 붉 은병꽃나무군락, 호랑버들군락, 박달나무군락, 미역줄나무 군락 등, 초본층에는 김의털군락, 미역취군락, 산수국군락, 쑥군락이 우점하고 있다. 사이트 2의 주요 식생은 아교목층에 박달나무군락, 들메 나무군락, 호랑버들군락이 우점하고 있으며, 관목층에는 붉 은병꽃나무군락, 들메나무군락, 병꽃나무군락, 산수국군락, 산딸기군락 등, 초본층에는 관중군락, 김의털군락, 쑥군락 등이 우점하고 있다. 사이트 3의 주요 식생은 아교목층에 박달나무군락, 버드 나무군락, 선버들군락, 혹느릅군락, 싸리군락이 우점하고 있으며, 관목층에는 산딸기군락, 싸리군락, 조록싸리군락, 혹느릅군락, 칡군락 등, 초본층에는 붉은토끼풀군락, 오리 새군락, 쑥군락, 삿갓사초군락 등이 우점하고 있다. 덕유산국립공원의 미사용 스키슬로프 식생 조사 결과 조 사대상지의 경우 식생의 건강성은 매우 양호하며, 덕유산 식생천이의 일반적 천이진행 과정의 전형성을 나타내고 있 다. 미사용 스키슬로프 주변 사용 중인 슬로프의 경우 덕유 산의 식물상 및 식생의 전형성 및 건강성을 위협하고 있는 외래종, 교란종, 침입종(산림식생의 종조성과 이질적종)이 상당히 많은 개체수와 면적을 차지하고 있는 것으로 나타났 지만 미사용 스키슬로프의 위치, 지형, 미세기후 등을 고려 하여 식생의 건강성을 판단해 볼 때 모든 조사구간 및 조사 구간 이외의 지점 등 대부분의 식생은 자연성이 크게 유지 되면서 천이가 진행되고 있으며, 천이의 진행정도는 산림식 생 천이의 초기 및 중기 식생천이의 종조성을 나타내고 있 어 어느 정도 시간이 경과하면 스키슬로프 조성 이전의 식 생 유형 및 종조성을 유지할 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 현재 의 식생천이를 계속적으로 모니터링 하면서 자연성 및 식생 의 전형성으로 진행되고 있는 미사용 스키슬로프에 대한 인위적 관리 행위는 하지 않아야 하며, 현재의 식생에 어떠 한 복원, 복구, 관리행위를 하지 않아야 한다.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells; however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinizationto predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rats, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of the corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-Ski)was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggests that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular pro-oncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-onco protein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of this study was, by means of immunohistochemical methods, to locate Ski protein in the rat ovaries during ovulation and corpora lutea(CL) formation to predict the possible involvement of Ski in luteinization. In addition, to examine whether the initiation of luteinization with luteinizing hormone(LH) directly regulates expression of Ski in the luteinized granulosa and luteal cells after ovulation by in vivo models. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone(LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum(CL). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the luteinized granulosa cells and luteal cells of CL during luteinization, and suggest that Ski may play a role in luteinization of granulosa cells.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine whether the initiation of luteinization with luteinizing hormone (LH) directly regulates expression of Ski in the luteinized granulosa and luteal cells after ovulation by in vitro models. RT-PCR and real time PCR analysis respectively revealed that LH had no effect on c-Ski mRNA expression in the cultured granulosa cells regardless of LH treatment. Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-Ski) was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggested that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally. Moreover, expression of mRNA of Arkadia, an E3 ubiquitin ligases, in luteinizing granulosa cells in vivo was assessed by realtime-PCR. The levels of Arkadia mRNA expression were unchanged during follicular growth and postovulatory luteinization. These findings suggest that Ski protein level may be regulated during luteinization at translational and/or post-translational level but not by Arkadia.

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular protooncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of this study was, by means of immunohistochemical methods, to locate Ski protein in the rat ovaries during ovulation and corpora lutea (CL) formation to predict the possible involvement of Ski in luteinization. In addition, we performed to examine whether the initiation of luteinization with luteinizing hormone (LH) directly regulates expression of Ski in the luteinized granulosa and luteal cells after ovulation by in vivo models. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum (CL). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the luteinized granulosa cells and luteal cells of CL during luteinization, and suggest that Ski may play a role in luteinization of granulosa cells.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinization to predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-Ski) was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggested that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular protooncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to predict the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development and atresia. First, expression of c-Ski mRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase- mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in immature hypophysectomized rats having a single generation of developing and atretic follicles by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles, and suggest that Ski plays a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.

Ski protein is implicated in proliferation/differentiation in a variety of cells. We had previously reported that Ski protein is present in granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in preovulatory follicles, suggesting that Ski has a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells. The alternative fate of granulosa cells other than apoptosis is to differentiate to luteal cells, however, it is unknown whether Ski is expressed and has a role in granulosa cells undergoing luteinization. Thus, the aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in the rat ovary during luteinization to predict the possible role of Ski. In order to examine the expression pattern of Ski protein along with the progress of luteinization, follicular growth was induced by administration of equine chorionic gonadtropin to immature female rat, and luteinization was induced by human chorionic gonadtropin treatment to mimic luteinizing hormone (LH) surge. While no Ski-positive granulosa cells were present in preovulatory follicle, Ski protein expression was induced in response to LH surge, and was maintained after the formation of corpus luteum (CL). Though Ski protein is absent in granulosa cells of preovulatory follicle, its mRNA (c-ski) was expressed and the level was unchanged even after LH surge. Taken together, these results demonstrated that Ski protein expression is induced in granulosa cells upon luteinization, and suggested that its expression is regulated post-transcriptionally.

Sloan-Kettering virus gene product of a cellular protooncogene c-Ski is an unique nuclear pro-oncoprotein and belongs to the Ski/Sno proto-oncogene family. Ski plays multiple roles in a variety of cell types, it can induce both oncogenic transformation and terminal muscle differentiation when expressed at high levels. The aim of the present study was to locate Ski protein in rat ovaries in order to predict the possible involvement of Ski in follicular development and atresia. First, expression of c-Ski mRNA in the ovaries of adult female rats was confirmed by RT-PCR. Then, ovaries obtained on the day of estrus were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Ski and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in combination with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL). Ski was expressed in granulosa cells that were positive for TUNEL, but negative for PCNA, regardless of the shape and size of follicles. Expression of Ski in TUNEL-positive granulosa cells, but not in PCNA-positive granulosa cells, was also verified in immature hypophysectomized rats having a single generation of developing and atretic follicles by treatment with equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG). These results indicate that Ski is profoundly expressed in the granulosa cells of atretic follicles, but not in growing follicles, and suggest that Ski plays a role in apoptosis of granulosa cells during follicular atresia.

The objective of this study was to classify dining-out customers' behaviors at ski resorts based on their restaurant selection factors. Data were collected one-on-one via interview questionnaires of 178 customers at the ski resorts. The mean scores of important attributes (4.12) and satisfactory attributes (3.08) for the sport&leisure purpose group were analyzed. For the date&family trip purpose group, the important attributes (4.13) and satisfactory attributes (3.06) were evaluated, resulting in a significant difference between the two visiting-purpose groups by independent t-test (p<0.05). The recognized important attributes for the sport&leisure purpose group were food taste (4.54), hygiene (4.53), menu variety (4.22), menu price (4.15), and convenience (4.12), and the most recognizable satisfactory attributes were related to convenience (3.52), waiting time (3.95), and employee service (3.90). For the date&family trip purpose group, recognized important attributes were hygiene (4.83), food taste (4.67), menu price (4.40), convenient (4.33), menu variety (4.25), waiting time (4.21), and employee service (4.10), and marked satisfactory attributes were convenience (3.65), hygiene (3.31), atmosphere (3.25), employee service (3.23), waiting time (3.17), and food taste (3.00). These results suggest that restaurant selection attributes would be useful tools to restaurant managers in controlling the quality of foodservice and satisfying service requirements for dinning-out customers at ski resorts.

This paper reorganized five service qualities dimensions of ski-resorts, then derived the improvement priority order of the service quality through a satisfaction measure considering the importance. There’re more competitive situations to guarantee custom

합리적 주목 관리의 기초자료를 얻고자 강원도 정선군 하이원 스키장 건설지역에 분포하는 주목 323개체(이식된 57 체 포함)에 대하여 수고, 근원경, 흉고직경, 줄기상태, 동공의 크기, 초두부 상태, 가지고사율, 엽생육상태, 신초생장, 2년생엽 탈락율, 뿌리상태 및 수형을 조사하였다. 조사항목들을 생육상태가 나쁠수록 높은 점수가 되도록 등급화하였다. 조사대상지에 생육 중인 주목은 주로 해발고가 높은 능선부나 북사면에서 자라고 있었다. 백운산 주목의 생육상태는 국내 다른 아고산지대의 주목과 구상나무의 생육상태에 비하여 상대적으로 양호한 것으로 판단된다. 피해주목들은 이식작업에서 뿌리제거, 잔존 목으로 슬로프 공사 시 복토, 터파기로 인한 뿌리 손상 등이 대부분이었다. 주목보존을 위한 몇 가지 방안이 제시되었다.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of dining-out customers by their behaviors based on geographical regions and visiting days in relation to restaurant attraction at ski resorts in Korea. The data were collected from six ski resorts. Three of the ski resorts were located in Kyunggi Province close to a metropolitan area, namely Seoul. The other three resorts were located in Kangwon Province, which is considered to be distant from the Seoul metropolitan area. A total of 599 usable questionnaires were utilized in the data analysis. Descriptive statistics and a cross tabulation analysis with chi square were used to examine the demographic characteristics of the respondents and the significant differences between geographical regions as well as between weekdays and weekends. The responding customers consisted of 57.3% (n=343) males and 42.7% (n=256) females. With respect to age, 15.5% were less than 20 yr., 44.6% were 20~30 yr., and 28.0% were 30~40 yr. The most recognizable occupations were student (32.9%) followed by office worker (33.2%). Twentyseven percent of the respondents had less than one year of skiing experience and the maj야ity (32.9%) had more than 1 ~ 3 yr of experience. The major findings obtained from this study include statistically significant differences in the customers’ demographical characteristics of age, occupation, skiing expenence， and residential area according to the geographical regions of Kyunggi Province and Kangwon Province (p<0.05). All six of the customers' behavioral attributes, including transportation, reason to visit, staying days, purpose of visit, spending expenses and usage of discount programs, showed significant differences between geographical groups (p<0.05). Finally, restaurant attraction was associated with the purpose ofvisiting and spending expenses by customers at the ski resorts (p<0.001).

본 연구는 유비쿼터스 환경에 적합한 시나리오를 기반으로 한 인텔리전트 의류의 어플리케이션을 개발하고 이를 실제 작동되는 디자인 및 구현을 목적으로 하였다. 스키장 응급구조 대원용 도우미 기능을 갖춘 인텔리전트 의류인 '패트롤 재킷'의 응용 시나리오를 개발하고, 이에 적합한 디자인을 선정하고 이를 실제로 구동 가능하도록 제작하였다. 이를 위하여, 전자/이미지 태그 기술 중 하나인 칼라 코드를 응용한 애플리케이션을 도출하고 이를 기반으로 컨셉 디자인과 실물 모델을 개발한 후 평가 및 수정 단계를 거쳐 최종 디자인 모형을 완성하였다. 이러한 일련의 과정을 거쳐 일상적인 외관의 인텔리전트 의류인 '패트롤 재킷'의 디자인 모형을 개발하였다.

최근 화장품 시장에서 안티폴루션 효능이 있는 화장품은 새로운 피부 건강을 위한 해결책으로 나타나고 있다. 외부(대기) 오염물질에 의해 피부의 산화 기전을 매개하는 주요 원인 인자들로 오존, UV, 미세먼지 및 담배연기 등을 꼽을 수 있다. 담배 연기의 노출은 직⋅간접적으로 피부 표피 내 지질의 산화를 야기한다. 피부의 지질 산화에 의해 squalene과 squalene monohydroperoxide의 비율 변화가 발생하고, malondialdehyde (MDA)가 지질산화 산물로 생성된다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 담배연기 노출 시 발생하는 피부 산화에 대하여 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 방지할 수 있는 효능이 있는지에 대하여 MDA의 생성량으로 관찰하였다. 시험대 상자 전박부를 세 영역(음성대조, 양성대조, 시험제품)으로 나누어 각 지름 3.3 cm의 원으로 구획하고, 15분간 담배연기에 노출 후 피부 표면으로부터 지질막을 걷어낸 후 TBARS assay를 통하여 MDA를 정량 하였다. 음성 대조(무도포, 미노출)에 비해 양성대조(무도포, 담배연기 노출)의 MDA 생성량이 3.7배 증가된 결과로, 오염물 질인 담배연기에 의한 피부의 산화적 손상을 확인하였다. 반면에 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품을 미리 도포한 영역은 양성대조에 비해 MDA 생성량이 25% 감소하는 결과를 나타내었다. 결론적으로, 담배연기 노출은 피부 표피 내 지질 산화를 야기하며, 레드비트를 함유하는 화장품이 이러한 대기환경오염으로부터 방어적 효과(안티 폴루션 효과)를 보이는 것을 확인하였다.

With the increase in leisure life, the population of ski resorts is rapidly increasing. The activity at the ski resort is likely to receive a direct chance of natural sunlight or space ray. Because it is located in the mountains where altitude exists. As a general rule, it is widely known that the higher the elevation rate, the more increasing the natural radiation dose. However, the natural radiation dose rate for the ski slopes has not been reported yet. Various ski resorts exist in Korea, but this study had chose 4 ski resorts to measure the natural dose of natural radiation. As a result, the natural radiation dose for the ski slope was measured at a relatively high dose of ordinary living areas. However, the level of natural radiation dose was not worrisome. It is recommended to wear ski wear or goggles to minimize natural radiation exposure at the ski slopes