This study aimed to identify the optimal winter storage temperature for preserving bulbil vigor and enhancing the efficiency of spring bulbil cultivation in garlic. Bulbils from the cultivars ‘Daeseo’ and ‘Hongsan’ were categorized into three size grades (#1: <3 mm; #2: 3–4 mm; #3: 4–5.5 mm) and stored for five months (September 2024–February 2025) under four conditions: conventional warehouse storage, 4°C, 15°C, and 25°C. The bulbils were sown in rows in an open field on 20 February 2025 and harvested on 30 May 2025. After curing for 2–3 days and air-drying for about one month, the harvested bulbs were evaluated for the number and characteristics of round bulbs. For both ‘Hongsan’ and ‘Daeseo’, storing bulbils in either a conventional warehouse or at 4°C during winter resulted in higher harvest rates. Larger bulbils consistently produced a greater number of harvested bulbs and heavier bulb weights. In ‘Hongsan’, only the #3 bulbils stored at 25°C yielded a small proportion ( 1. 2%) of multi-clove bulbs, while a ll o ther treatments resulted in single-clove bulbs exclusively. Mean bulb weight was lowest after storage at 25°C and tended to be higher under warehouse storage. In ‘Daeseo’, there was no significant difference in harvest percentage between warehouse and 4°C storage; however, the mean harvest percentage was higher and the variation among replicates was lower at 4°C. Notably, multi-clove bulbs were observed only with warehouse storage (#2: 0.35%; #3: 1.8%), while 4°C storage resulted exclusively in single-clove bulbs. Mean bulb weight increased with bulbil size across all treatments, and conditions that produced more multi-clove bulbs generally also showed heavier mean bulb weights. Overall, for spring cultivation of bulbils, 4°C storage is optimal for enhancing single-clove bulb production in ‘Daeseo’, while conventional winter storage is sufficient for ‘Hongsan’.

This study evaluated the insecticidal effectiveness of eco-friendly crop protection agents against two major pests of spring onion (Allium fistulosum L.), Thrips tabaci and Spodoptera exigua. Four biopesticides—dill seed oil, paraffin oil, neem extract, and an anthraquinone (AQ) formulation— were compared to the chemical standard, carbosulfan. Both carbosulfan and dill seed oil achieved nearly 100% corrected mortality for both pests across all observation dates, with no significant difference between them (F5,45=441.88,p < 0.001). Paraffin oil and neem extract demonstrated moderate efficacy, resulting in approximately 31-33% mortality, while the AQ formulation had the lowest mortality rate at 3%. For Spodoptera exigua larvae, dill seed oil exhibited a delayed insecticidal effect: mortality was 0% at 1 day after treatment (DAT), increasing to 44.8% at 2 DAT and 51.7% at 3 DAT (F5,45=8.75,p < 0.001). Neem extract and paraffin oil also showed gradual increases in mortality, although these were not statistically significant. Overall, the findings suggest that dill seed oil is a promising eco-friendly alternative and provide valuable insights for developing pest- and growth stage-specific control measures within integrated pest management (IPM) programs for sustainable onion cultivation.

This study investigates how long-term changes in mesoscale wind systems have influenced near-surface PM10 concentrations in central Korea, focusing on Chungcheongbuk-do (Chungbuk Province) during spring from 2000 to 2024. Observational data reveal a nationwide decline in near-surface wind speeds, particularly during spring in the 2010s. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of 850 hPa wind speed anomalies indicates that this weakening trend is linked to synoptic-scale atmospheric variability over the East Asia-North Pacific region. As transboundary contributions of PM10, particularly from eastern China, have declined in recent years, the role of mesoscale wind patterns in shaping local PM10 concentrations in central Korea has become increasingly significant. To assess the influence of weakened mesoscale winds, two contrasting years were analyzed: 2011, marked by anomalously strong winds, and 2023, characterized by anomalously weak winds. Eulerian PM10 flux convergence (PMFC) analysis revealed a shift from divergence-driven dispersion in 2011 to weak PM10 convergence and accumulation in 2023. Despite these stagnant conditions in 2023, PM10 concentrations continued to decline in both Chungbuk and across Korea, underscoring the dominant effect of anthropogenic emission reductions. These findings suggest that although weakened wind conditions can limit pollutant dispersion, sustained emission control measures remain effective in improving air quality.

Among Tao Yuanming’s many poetic and prose writings, Record of the Peach Blossom Spring has long been recognized as a classical masterpiece and frequently included in anthologies of traditional Chinese prose. In contrast, Poem of the Peach Blossom Spring remains relatively obscure, with limited circulation and far less influence. Numerous interpretations have emerged concerning the relationship between the two texts. This paper investigates their connection through the lens of ancient Chinese literary genre conventions, textual comparison, and the impact of transmission and dissemination. It contends that Record of the Peach Blossom Spring functions as a preface to the poem, forming with it a unified literary whole. By analyzing varying scholarly perspectives, the paper further explores interpretive inaccuracies and underlying causes of confusion—such as divergent understandings of genre, textual content, and classification—alongside issues related to edition differences and educational transmission. In doing so, this study revisits prevailing misconceptions and highlights the need for renewed inquiry into ancient Chinese genre theory.

Background: Aquatic exercise utilizing hot springs helps individuals with nonspecific knee pain by reducing joint stress and providing a safe environment for movement. It can improve muscle strength and balance, enhancing overall functional mobility. Objects: This study aims to examine the muscle strength of knee flexion, knee extension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion, as well as to investigate static and dynamic balance in middleaged females after performing hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. Methods: Twenty-two middle-aged females participated in the study. The participants performed hot spring aquatic exercise for 4 weeks. The hot spring aquatic exercise consisted of aquatic walking, aquatic stretching, aquatic side step, aquatic forward reach, aquatic squat, leg lift, and aquatic arm and leg rotation. Muscle strength was measured using microFET2, while static balance was assessed through the one-leg stance test, and dynamic balance was evaluated using the Y-balance test. This study utilized the paired t-test for statistical analysis, with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The muscle strength of bilateral knee flexion showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05), and the muscle strength of bilateral knee extension also improved significantly (p < 0.05). In addition, a significant increase was observed in the muscle strength of bilateral dorsiflexion (p < 0.05). The one-leg stance test performed while supporting on the right leg showed a significant increase in the pre- and post-comparison (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the dynamic balance measurements performed while supporting on both the right and left legs demonstrated significant improvements in both legs when compared before and after the intervention (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In individuals with nonspecific knee pain, a 4-week hot spring aquatic exercise program can contribute to the improvement of lower extremity strength, as well as static and dynamic balance ability.

This study focused on Issey Miyake’s 14 womenswear collections from spring 2018 to fall 2024. Reviews and reports on these collections and the designer were collected from the American Vogue and the Women’s Wear Daily websites using the keyword “Issey Miyake.” Drawing upon the dress criticism model, this study analyzed the form of Miyake’s fashion designs identifying styles, descriptive features, and aesthetic values through the collection photographs. Implicit evaluations were derived through external interpretations and sociocultural analysis based on reviews and reports of Miyake’s collections and designs. The results were as follows: Miyake’s fashion design is avant-garde in style. Descriptively, Miyake introduced variations in silhouette through the three-dimensionality of pleats, exploring a new sculptural order. The aesthetic values of Miyake’s works extend beyond the fashion show realm, embodying natural beauty wearable in daily life, artistic beauty through the three-dimensionality of pleats, and a pursuit of new aesthetic values challenging existing systems and traditional norms. Externally interpreted, Issey Miyake is recognized for his diverse, practical, and innovative designs, and as the first Japanese designer to present shows in Paris. Sociocultural interpretations characterize of Issey Miyake’s works as a blend of tradition and modernity, an expansion of form through pleats and three-dimensional sculptural qualities, the result of ongoing research and development, possessing timeless qualities transcending eras, and a pursuit of practicality and artistic excellence.

In this study, a layout was designed to adjust the location of the LPG fuel tank by combining a Z-Spring and an Airbag in an LPG 1-ton truck air suspension assembly, and a structural analysis based on the finite element method was performed considering the load conditions of extreme situations based on the weight taken into account. The study was performed under a total load condition of 2.1 tons per axle with a safety factor of 2, and it was confirmed that the maximum stress value occurring in each part is within the yield strength value of the material. Through these results, it was confirmed that the designed LPG 1-ton truck air suspension assembly is a system with secured structural stability.

1991-2020년의 30년 동안 봄철(3-5월)에 북극-동아시아 지역의 지표면 부근 대기 온난화가 북극 진동에 따라 한국의 서울에서 발생하는 황사 사례일의 종관 기상 특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 북극-동아시아 지역의 봄철 온 난화 증가는 한국의 서울에서 황사 사례일을 6일을 감소시켰고, 황사 사례일의 PM10 질량 농도도 –1.6 g m3 yr1으로 강도를 약화시키는데 기여하고 있었다. 2010년대 한국에서 감소하고 있는 황사 사례일에 대한 동아시아 지역의 종관 기상 특성은 음()의 잠재소용돌이도(Potential Vorticity Unit; PVU)로 나타나는 고기압성 활동이 증가하고 있었다. 또한, 한국에서는 음()의 북극진동지수(Arctic Oscillation Index; AOI)에서 황사 사례일이 증가하고 양(+)에서는 감소하는 정적 편포를 보였다. AOI가 음()인 황사 사례일에서는 중국 대륙에 온난한 고기압이 강화되고 있었다. 더불어 한대 제트의 중심 위치가 북쪽으로 이동하면서 몽골과 중국 북부에서는 한대 기단의 남하에 의한 저기압성 활동이 약해지고 있었다. 황사의 발생이 감소하였을 뿐 아니라 발원지로부터 한국으로 황사를 수송하는 풍속이 감소하고 있었다. 반면, AOI가 양(+)인 황사 사례일에서는 중국 대륙에 광역적으로 온난하고 정체적인 고기압이 위치하고 있었으며, 한대 제트 의 북쪽이 더욱 냉각되어 있었다. 몽골-중국 북부-한국에 이르는 지역에서 하층 대류권의 현저한 풍속 감소가 황사 발 생을 감소시킬 뿐 아니라 장거리 수송을 약화시키는 원인이 되는 것으로 보인다.

광릉 숲의 곤충상 조사는 1932년으로 거슬러 올라간다. 광릉 숲의 경로조사법에 의한 나비상 모니터링 연구는 1998년부터 2023년까지 지속되었다. 26년 동안 총 223회 조사를 실시한 결과 118종, 20,181개체가 확인되었다. 봄철 출현하는 나비중 8종(노랑나비, 대만흰나비, 먹부전나비, 멧팔랑나비, 쇳빛부전나비, 애호랑나비, 큰줄흰나 비, 흰줄표범나비)은 첫 출현일이 빨라지는 경향을 보였으며, 평균 5.2일 빨라졌다. 조사된 나비중에서 큰줄흰나 비, 뿔나비, 남방부전나비 순서로 많은 개체수가 확인되었으며, 연 출현 빈도는 큰줄흰나비가 26회로 가장 많았다. 확인된 나비의 분포, 서식지, 식성에 따라 분류한 결과 분포는 북방계 27%, 남방계 14%이며, 서식지는 산림 경계 36%, 산림 내부 33%, 초지 30% 그리고 식성은 다식성 8%, 단식성 42%, 협식성 51%로 이루어진 것이 확인되었다. 또한, 기후변화 따른 나비류 생활주기 변화 여부를 검토하여 지구온난화 지표 자료로 활용할 계획이다.

This study was conducted to determine the optimal spring seeding dates for alfalfa yield and feed value. The experiment was conducted annually for three years (2021~2023) at the field in the Department of Animal Resources Development, NIAS, located in Cheonan. The treatments involved six seeding dates ranging from February 24 to April 14, with 10days intervals. Alfalfa was harvested four times a year at the early flowering stage. Dry matter yield showed a tendency to decrease with delayed the seeding date. However, depending on the climatidc condisions in the seeding year, the dry matter yield on March 14 or 24 was comparable to that on February 24. Annual dry matter yield varied, influenced by the daylight conditions each year. The average feed value did not significantly differ within in the same year with delayed seeding dates (p>0.05). Therefore, the most stable period for alfalfa spring seeding in the central area of South Korea is considered to be from February 24 to April 4, with February 24 indentified as the optimal date.

This study was conducted to provide the basic information on environment effects on appearance of ichthyoplankton in the Yeongsan River Estuary in Spring and Summer from 2018 to 2020. Data were obtain from the database of ‘Coastal Ecosystem’ in “National Survey of Marine Ecosystem.” Among the abundance ichthyoplankton species, the Gobiidae spp. dominated, accounting for 85% of the total abundances with the secondary dominant species being the Parablennius yatabei, representing 3% of the abundances. Cluster analysis results revealed a composition differentiated between spring and summer. The Yeongsan River Estuary is known to be significantly influenced by the opening and closing of estuarine gates. In this study, the fluctuation in the number of occurrence groups and abundance among the years and season is attributed to the phenomenon of high water temperature period and the freshwater discharge.

This study deals with the vibration transmissibility of a vibration isolation device, which is composed of frictional damping and nonlinear softening springs, when its base is harmonically excited. The SCAP method, a type of averaging method, is employed to obtain steady-state responses. The vibration characteristics due to excitation of the base are investigated through the analysis of displacement transmissibility in the steady-state response. In this process, displacement transmissibility for design parameters is analyzed, and the stability of the response is also investigated. The vibration isolation effect due to frictional damping is found to be more effective in the case of the softening spring than in the case of the hardening spring. Additionally, the pattern of the jump phenomenon observed during frequency sweeping, both upward and downward, has been identified.

1개월과 3개월 장기 예보를 지원하기 위해 기상청에서 현업운용 중인 GloSea6 기후예측시스템에는 대기 중 대 기화학-에어로졸 물리과정(UKCA)이 연동되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 저해상도의 GloSea6와 여기에 대기화학-에어로 졸 과정을 연동시킨 GloSea6-UKCA를 CentOS 기반 리눅스 클러스터에 설치하여 2000년 봄철에 대한 예비적인 예측 결과를 살펴보았다. 현업 고해상도 GloSea6 모델이 방대한 전산자원을 필요로 한다는 점을 고려할 때, 저해상도 GloSea6와 GloSea6-UKCA 모델은 대기화학-에어로졸 과정의 연동에 따른 효과를 살펴보기에 적합하다. 저해상도 GloSea6와 GloSea6-UKCA는 2000년 3월 1일 00Z부터 75일 간 구동되었으며, 두 모델이 예측한 2000년 4월 지상 기온과 일평균 강수량의 공간 분포를 ERA5 재분석자료와 비교하였다. GloSea6-UKCA가 예측한 기온과 강수 분포는 기존 GloSea6에 비해 ERA5 재분석자료에 보다 더 유사해졌다. 특히 우리나라를 포함한 동아시아 지역에 대해 과대 모의 경 향이 있던 봄철 지상 기온과 일평균 강수량의 예측 결과의 개선이 주목할 만하다. 또한 적분 시간에 따른 예측된 기온 과 강수량의 시계열에서도 GloSea6-UKCA가 GloSea6보다 재분석자료에 더 가까워진 시간 변화 경향을 살펴볼 수 있었 다. 이는 대기화학-에어로졸 과정이 GloSea6에 연동되었을 때 동아시아지역 봄철 예측 성능이 개선될 수 있음을 보여준다.

This paper explores the standards for selecting language materials during the study of the diachronic grammar of Classical Chinese. The accuracy of language materials is crucial for ensuring the scientific validity of research conclusions. Due to previous limitations in research on the language materials of the Spring and Autumn period, such as posteriority and singularity, this paper argues that the increasing availability of excavated documents, especially ancient literary texts, provides a reliable research foundation for describing the grammar of Classical Chinese during this period. Therefore, this paper attempts to answer the following questions: 1) Which language materials should be used for the study of the grammar of Classical Chinese during the Spring and Autumn period? 2) Why should these language materials be selected? 3) What are the standards for selecting language materials during this period? The purpose of this study is to provide a reference for the diachronic study of Classical Chinese grammar.

The seismic retrofits of existing structures have been focused on the control of structural responses which can be achieved by providing displacement capacity through inelastic ductile action at supplemental devices. Due to their hysteretic characteristics, it is expected to sustain damage through repeated inelastic behaviors including residual deformation which might increase repair costs. To solve such drawbacks of existing yielding devices, this study proposes a self-centering disc spring brace that sustains large axial deformation without structural damage while providing stable energy dissipation capacity. The hysteretic behaviors of suggested brace are first investigated based on the quasi-static cyclic test procedure. Experimental results present the effective self-centering behavior and an analytical model is then suggested in order to reasonably capture the flag-shaped hysteretic behavior of the disc spring brace.