우리나라에서 노린재류는 여러 과수에 피해를 주는 해충이다. 우리는 핵과류 4종(매실, 체리, 자두, 복숭아)의 과실에 발생하는 노린재의 종류와 상대적인 풍부도를 2017년부터 2019년까지 3년에 걸쳐 조사하였다. 핵과류 과수원에서 과실에 발생하는 노린재는 가시노린재, 알락수 염노린재, 썩덩나무노린재, 갈색날개노린재 등 4종이었다. 조사기간 중에 4종의 상대적인 풍부도는 썩덩나무노린재(65%), 갈색날개노린재 (26%), 가시노린재(7%), 알락수염노린재(2%) 순이었다. 썩덩나무노린재는 매실, 체리, 복숭아에서 우점종이었던 반면, 자두에서는 갈색날개노린재가 가장 많이 발견되었다. 핵과류 과실에 발생하는 노린재는 성충이 81%이었고 약충이 19%이었다. 한편 핵과류 과종별 노린재의 발생은 생육초기보다는 생육후기에 더 많았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 핵과류 과수원에서는 수확기에 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재의 관리방안에 대한 전략이 개발되어야 할 것으로 보인다.

최근 기후변화와 더불어 사과원 병해충 방제 횟수, 주변 식생 등의 변화로 인해 노린재류의 발생 밀도가 증가하고 피해가 점점 늘어나고 있다. 사과원 노린재류의 방제는 주로 살충제를 이용하고 있으나 이들의 강한 이동성과 농약 잔류, 작업자에 대한 농약 노출 등의 문제를 야기하는 단점이 있어 이러한 문제를 해결할 수 있는 새로운 해충 방제 수단이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 사과원의 주요 노린재 중 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재의 알을 이용하여 사과원 주변의 알 기생봉을 탐색하고 이들에 대한 야외 기생률을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 저온 저장된 두 종의 알을 사과원에 배치하고 이후 수거하여 알에서 채집된 기생봉을 동정한 결과 썩덩큰검정알벌(Trissolcus japonicus Ashmead)로 확인되었다. 야외 기생률은 썩덩나무노린재의 경우 약 27%, 갈색날개노린재는 21%로 나타났다. 추후 이 기생봉에 대한 생태 특성, 인공 사육, 야외 방사 기술 등의 생물적 방제제로 활용하기 위한 다양한 연구를 진행할 예정이다.

노린재류는 복숭아, 매실, 자두, 살구 등 핵과류 과실을 가해하는 해충으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 아직 핵과류 과원에서 과실을 가해하는 노린재 종에 대한 자세한 정보가 없어 효과적인 방제대책을 수립하기 어려운 실정이다. 우리는 2017년과 2018년에 핵과류 과실을 가해하는 노린재의 종류와 발생 밀도를 다양한 계절에 여러 지역에서 육안으로 조사하였다. 핵과류 6종(매실, 자두, 복숭아, 양앵두, 플럼코트, 살구)을 가해하는 노린재류는 총 4종으로써 썩덩나무노린재, 갈색날개노린재, 가시노린재, 알락수염노린재였다. 매실, 복숭아, 양앵두, 살구를 가해하는 우점 노린재는 썩덩나무노린재였던 반면, 자두에서는 갈색노린재의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 핵과류를 가해하는 노린재 중에서 썩덩나무노린재가 차지하는 비율은 64.2%였고, 갈색날개노린재는 23.7%를 차지하여 이 2종이 약 88%를 점유하였다. 따라서 핵과류에서 피해가 가장 큰 썩덩나무노린재의 체계적인 관리방안에 대한 연구가 필요하다.

2017년 국내 육성 사과 ‘아리수’ 품종에서 노린재류에 의한 피해와 유사한 반점 증상이 확인되었다. 사과 과실 전면에 발생하는 이 반점 증상은 크기가 2∼4 mm이며 진한 갈색, 짙은 고동색으로 반점 중심부가 약간 함몰되는 형태를 가진다. 이 연구는 이러한 반점증상의 원인이 노린재에 의한 피해인지 여부를 알기 위해 수행하였다. 노린재류는 접종 전 채집하였고, 6월 초순부터 ‘아리수’ 사과에 약 15일 간격으로 썩덩나무노린재와 갈색날개노린재를 각각 접종하였다. ‘아리수’ 사과의 수확기인 9월 초순까지 총 5회(6월 상순, 7월 상순, 7월 중순, 8월 상순, 8월 중순) 접종하였으며, 접종후 접종시기별로 피해 양상을 확인하였다. 6월 상순에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 과실은 비대하지 못하거나 낙과하였다. 다른 시기에 노린재에 의해 가해 받은 접종 1~2일후 흡즙구멍을 확인할 수 있었고, 5일 후부터는 가해 받은 부위 주변이 붉게 착색되는 halo 증상이 나타났다. 노린재류에 의한 ‘아리수’ 사과의 피해양상은, 기 보고된 ‘후지’ 품종에서의 피해양상과 거의 유사하였다. 실험결과 2017년 ‘아리수’ 사과에 발생한 반점증상은 노린재에 의한 것이 아님을 확인할 수 있었다.

Family Pentatomidae has a worldwide distribution, and is considered as one of the largest groups within the Heteroptera. The family is subdivided into 10 different morphological lineages (subfamilies): Aphylinae, Asopinae, Cyrtocorinae, Discocephalinae, Edessinae, Pentatominae, Phyllocephalinae, Podopinae, Serbaninae and Stirotarsinae, however the internal phylogeny and subfamily level relationships of the group remain unstudied. In this talk, molecular markers COI, 16S RNA, 28S RNA and 18S RNA with more than 200 species have been used to test their monophylies and relationships. Based on the results, reclassification and reinterpretation of the characters and groupings should be necessary to understand the evolutionary lineages that make up the Pentatomidae family.

콩, 팥, 들깨 및 매실원에서 집합페로몬 로케트트랩에 의한 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유인효과를 조사하였다. 콩포장에서 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무노린재의 집합페로몬(aggregation pheromone; AP)를 각각 및 조합하여 로케트트랩에 주입하여 콩포장 내 10, 5 및 0m(콩포장 가장자리) 지점과 콩포장 바깥 5m(휴반) 지점에 설치한 결과 톱다리개미허리노린재의 유인수는 콩포장 바깥 5m(휴반)에서 가장 높았으며, 다른 설치지점간에는 차이가 없었다. 이러한 경향은 썩덩나무노린재의 유인수도 같은 경향을 나타내었다. 또한 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무 노린재의 AP를 각각 및 조합하여 로케트트랩에 주입하여 팥포장내 5m, 팥포장의 가장자리, 들깨포장내 5m, 팥과 들깨포장의 경계, 팥포장밖 5m 지점에 설치하여 톱다리개미허리노린재와 썩덩나무노린재의 유인수를 조사한 결과 이들 노린재류의 유인수는 팥 포장밖 5m 지점에서 가장 높았다. 한편, 매실원에서 집합페로몬 로케트트랩의 설치지점 에 따른 노린재류의 유인수는 톱다리개미허리노린재는 가장자리에서 가장 많았고, 다음은 과원내>과원밖 5m>과원밖 10m>과원밖 15m>과원밖 20m 순으로 나타났으며, 썩덩나무노린재는 가장자리에서 가장 많았고, 다음은 과원밖 5m>과원밖 10m>과원밖 15m>과원밖 5m 및 과원내의 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로 보아 농작물 재배포장에서 집합페로몬에 의한 노린재류의 유인효과는 로케트트랩의 설치지점과 밀접하게 관련이 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

납작먹좀벌과(Platygasteridae)의 큰검정알벌속(Trissolcus)에 속하는 T. japonicus (Ashmead) (썩덩큰검정알벌, 신칭)이 과수원에서 과일 에 심한 피해를 일으키는 해충인 썩덩나무노린재의 알에 기생하는 것으로 확인되었고, 생물적 방제인자로써 가능성이 기대된다. 또한 천마큰검정 알벌(T. itoi Ryu)이 북쪽비단노린재 알을, 검은다리큰검정알벌(T. nigripedius Nakagawa)이 알락수염노린재 알을 숙주로 각각 기생하는 것이 확 인되었다. 동정을 위한 진단형질 및 영상자료와 한국에 분포하는 큰검정알벌속(Trissolcus)의 종들에 관한 숙주목록을 제공하였다.

The spined soldier bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a generalist predator commonly found in North America. The spined soldier bug can feed on more than 70 species of insects including immature stages of Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. The spined soldier bug can inhabit various agricultural ecosystems (i.e. crop fields, forests, and grasslands) and plays a key role in the control of major insect pests. The spined solider bug has high the potential for augmentative biological control because it has a high reproduction rate. In 2016, 500 eggs of the spined soldier bug were introduced to South Korea from U.S.A. under the cooperative research project between West Virginia University and the National Institute of Agricultural Science (NIAS), Rural Development Administration. Currently the spined soldier bug is being reared in a quarantined facility at NIAS. In this presentation, we will describe the natural history of the spined soldier bug in North America including its feeding ability as a generalist predator, its potential for biological control of various agricultural and forest pests, and its response to aggregation pheromone. In addition, current research at West Virginia University including mass rearing and aerial release using unmanned aerial vehicles (a.k.a. drones) of the spined soldier bug will be presented.

Halyomorpha halys(Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), also known as Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB), is a recent invasive pest in America and Europe. It originated from East Asia such as Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Genus Trissolcus (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) which is regarded as important species for biological control of H. halys, was described 6 species previously in Korea. But biology and taxonomic character of this genus is poorly known in Korea. Herein, we report two species from Korea, T. japonicus Ashmead, 1904 and T. plautiae Watanabe, 1954. We have investigated the morphological characters and COI sequence, and conducted an experiment about parasitic preference on BMSB's egg. Morphological key and picture of two species, and result of sequence investigation and experiment will be presented.

Since 2000, the damages of hemipteran pests have severely increased. This study was performed to find the proper monitoring methods and investigate seasonal occurrences of the two apple-infesting stink bug species by the year and to evaluate the orchard rate of infestation and rate of damaged apple. Also the preferences of stink bugs to the crabapple cultivars were investigated in orchards. Compared data obtained from monitoring methods using visible counts, aggregation pheromone traps or mercury light traps, the occurrence density of apple-infesting stink bugs (Plautia stali and Halyomorpha halys) could be monitored more effectively in aggregation pheromone trap than visible count or mercury light trap. The occurrence densities of two species during growing season were low in 2013, but increased in 2014. From the investigations at 25 orchards of eight districts was the infestation rate was at 16.7% in 2013 and 62.1% in 2014 . The occurrence density of stink bugs in crabapples was highest in ‘Purple lemoine’ followed by ‘Professor sprenger’ ‘M. baccata’, ‘Robinson crab’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, damaged fruit rate. The number of damaged holes was high in order as ‘Hopa-A’, ‘Sandong pingguo’, ‘Adam’s crab’, ‘Professor sprenger’, ‘Purple lemoine’.

Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive species from Asia causing major economic losses in agricultural production in the United States. H. halys is also well known for nuisance problems as massive numbers of adults often invade human-made structures to overwinter inside protected environments. However, overwintering ecology of H. halys in natural landscapes is virtually unknown. We explored forested landscapes in the mid-Atlantic region to locate and characterize natural overwintering structures used by this invasive species. We also confirmed the identified overwintering structures by training and using detector canines in the natural landscapes. Overwintering H. halys were recovered from dry crevices in dead, standing trees with thick bark, particularly oak (Quercus spp.) and locust (Robinia spp.); these characteristics were shared by 11.8% of all dead trees in surveyed landscapes. Dispersal ecology of H. halys were evaluated in the laboratory and field to understand how this pest disperses among its overwintering sites, cultivated crops and wild hosts. In the laboratory, we evaluated the baseline flight capacity of H. halys using flight mill systems. Both foraging and overwintering populations flew on average 2.5 km over a day with some exceptional individuals flying >20 km. In the field, direction observations indicate that H. halys are not likely to initiate flight when temperatures are below 17oC. In addition, H. halys did not initiate flight even under very mild wind (2.4 m/s). We also evaluated the potential of using a portable harmonic radar system to individually track H. halys movements in the field. Our study demonstrates that a portable harmonic radar can be used to track adult H. halys without affecting its survival, walking mobility or flight capacity. In diverse semi-field settings, the success rates of locating radar-tagged H. halys were >85%. The knowledge of overwintering and dispersal ecology reported here would serve as baseline to develop and enhance the management programs of H. halys at landscape levels.

Recently, peach orchards Plautia stali, Halyomorpha halys, Apolygus spinolae, etc. several species of stink bugs continually damaged. This study using a aggregation pheromone were Riptortus clavatus forecasting investigated at cheongdo, Gyeongsan, Youngchun, etc. gyeongbuk province. As a result, emergence time and population density differences, respectively. The population density of R. pedestris the first time that occur was in mid-April in 2011 and 2012. In March 2013, under the influence of high temperatures in the first occur early April after a temporary increase in the first occur, due to low temperature occur in the early or mid May. Stink bugs leaf damage late April until mid-May increased, while the decrease rainy season increased again in the early August. fruit is severe damaged from mid-May to mid-June and early or mid August. Time period pesticide applications to examine the control effect of stink bugs from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. separated by four kinds of insecticides treatment. when spray insecticides 7 a.m. the control effect was higher in the treatment group. These results suggest that, stink bugs of the peach fruit through the feeding area, young fruit stage Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni and maturation stage Monilia fruticola secondary increased a cause of disease damage.

Understanding of dispersal ecology is a critical component to build robust and practical simulation model for insect populations. In this study, we report multifaceted approaches to examine dispersal capacity, behavior and ecology of brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). We first evaluated the baseline flight capacity of adults using flight mill systems in the laboratory. The results indicates that this species has strong flight capacity: adults were found yielding flight distances of >2 km in 24 hours with a small portion of the BMSB population capable of flight into double digits. In the field, we made direct observations on BMSB flight to examine free flight capacity and diurnal patterns. BMSB made flight when ambient temperature was >15 oC and flew with the speed of 3 m/s under field conditions, yielding its prevailing flight directions away from the sun’s position over a day. Dispersal capacity and behavior of nymphal stages (2nd through 5th) were also studied. In the laboratory, video image analysis indicates that all nymphal stages have strong walking capacity comparable to adults. In the field, the walking distance of 3rd and 5th instar nymphs on mowed grass was quantified based on direct observation of individuals. Under these conditions, 5th instars moved nearly two-fold greater distances compared with 3rd instars, but surface temperature affected both nymphal stages similarly. Shorter bouts of movement were common at surface temperatures below 25 oC, whereas individuals showed longer walking distances above 25 oC. These baseline knowledge on BMSB dispersal will be key to building and improving simulation model in order to predict spatiotemporal dynamics of the pest populations.

The mean global surface temperatures have increased since the late 19th century by approximately 0.3-0.6 o C (IPCC, 2007). The linear warming trend over the last 50 years is nearly double that of the last 100 years. The impact of climate warming on insects was studied using the southern green stink bug Nezara viridula as a model insect. This bug is known as a cosmopolitan agricultural pest that damages diverse crop plants worldwide. Effects of climate warming on insects include distribution, abundance, phenology, voltinism, physiology, behaviour, and community structure. It should be noted here that climate warming affects insects not only directly but also indirectly through interaction of species in ecosystem. 1. Northward range expansion of N. viridula in Japan. Past and current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula were compared (Tougou et al., 2009). It was found that the climate warming promoted northward range expansion of N. viridula by providing favourable overwintering conditions close to the specie’s range limit. The past and the current limits of the distribution range of N. viridula in central Japan were investigated. In the early 1960s, the northern limit of the species’ range was in Wakayama Prefecture and was limited by a +5 o C isothermal line for the mean January temperature. Forty five years later (2006–2007), a new survey in Wakayama and five neighbouring prefectures demonstrated that this northern limit shifted northward by 85km, at a rate of 19.0km/decade. The shift northward was likely promoted by milder winter conditions. The mean January–February temperature in the region was 1.03–1.91ºC higher in 1998–2007 than in 1960–1969. In the 1960s, the mean January temperature exceeded +5 ºC only in Wakayama city, but by now it has surpassed +5 ºC in Osaka and Tsu cities, located further north (52 and 59 km respectively), which corresponds to the current distribution of N. viridula. The number of cold days (with mean temperature below +5ºC) also significantly decreased, while the annual lowest temperature significantly increased. N. viridula was found mostly at or close to those locations where (1) the mean January temperature exceeded +5ºC, (2) the mean number of cold days did not exceed 26 during January–February, and (3) where the mean annual lowest temperature did not drop below –3.0 ºC. The general linear model shows that the mean January temperature and number of cold days are the most important factors controlling the northern limit of distribution of N. viridula. All the climatic data suggest that over the last 45 years environmental conditions have become more favourable for overwintering of N.viridula at many locations in central Japan. This has likely promoted the northward spread of the species, representing the direct response of the species to climate warming. A sympatrically distributed congeneric N. antennata is responding to the warming by retreat from the ocean coast towards cooler elevated habitats, which might be a complex response to elevated temperature and interspecific mating with N. viridula. This range expansion of N. viridula is now accelerating the extinction of N. antennata by the infertile interspecific copulation. 2. Ecophysiological responses of N. viridula to simulated warming. The effect of simulated climate change on N. viridula was studied close to the species’ northern range limit in Japan (Musolin et al., 2010). Insects from the same egg masses were reared for 15 months in 10 consecutive series under quasi-natural (i.e. outdoor) conditions and in a transparent incubator, in which climate warming was simulated by adding 2.5ºC to the outdoor temperature. The warming strongly affected all life-history and phenological parameters. In the spring, the simulated warming advanced the timing of body colour changes and post-diapause reproduction. In the early summer, it increased egg production and accelerated nymphal development. In the late summer (the hottest season), the effect of the simulated warming was strongly deleterious: nymphs developed slowly, suffered higher mortality and had difficulties during final moulting; the emerged females were smaller, some exhibited abnormal cuticle, produced fewer eggs and had a decreased life span. Our current studies are going to clarify that such an adverse effect of high temperature is caused by the decrease in bacterial symbiont which is harboured in the midgut of stink bugs. As in many phytophagous heteropteran species, N. viridula possesses a number of sac-like outgrowths, called crypts, in a posterior section of the midgut, wherein a specific bacterial symbiont is harbored. In previous studies on N. viridula from Hawaiian populations, experimental elimination of the symbiont caused little fitness defects in the host insect (Prado, et.al., 2006, Prado et al., 2009). N. viridula from Japanese populations consistently harbor the same gammaproteobacterial gut symbiont. However, in this case, contrary to the previous works, experimental sterilization of the symbiont resulted in severe nymphal mortality, indicating an obligate host-symbiont relationship (Tada et al., 2011). Considering the worldwide host-symbiont association and those experimental data, N. viridula is considered to be generally and obligatorily associated with the gut symbiont, while the symbiont effect on the host performance may be different among geographic populations. In the autumn, the warming accelerated nymphal development, resulted in larger female size, affected the timing of the diapause-associated adult body colour change from green to russet and enhanced preparation for overwintering. Larger females had higher winter survival rate than smaller females. The warming strongly increased survival rate in both size classes and allowed smaller females to reach the same winter survival rate as larger females had under the quasi-natural conditions. The winter survival also differed between the green and dark-coloured females under the quasi-natural, but not under the warming conditions. However, under the warming conditions, green females survived the winter even better than dark-coloured females did under the quasi-natural conditions. Moreover, the warming shortened the life span of females from the summer generations and prolonged it in those from the autumn generation. It is concluded that even a moderate temperature increase (+2.5 ºC) in the future is likely to have a complex influence upon insects, strongly affecting many of their life-history and phenological parameters.