This study investigates the effects of various Throttle Position Sensor (TPS) signal anomalies and throttle body defects on automotive acceleration and safety by experimentally reproducing and analyzing eight distinct fault scenarios. The results demonstrate that the Electronic Control Unit (ECU) consistently detects signal anomalies and activates fail-safe modes, limiting throttle response and engine output to maintain automotive control. In all fault conditions, sudden unintended acceleration was effectively prevented, and braking performance remained unaffected. These findings underscore the robustness of the throttle control system against electrical and mechanical defects and offer valuable insights for the design of safer drive-by-wire systems.

This study investigates the impact of both direct and indirect moisture ingress into an automotive engine control unit(ECU) on vehicle behavior and operational safety. Two experimental conditions were examined: exposure to an environment with 100% relative humidity(indirect ingress) and direct injection of 1.0~2.0 cc of water onto the ECU(direct ingress). The results showed no abnormal behavior under indirect moisture conditions. However, direct moisture ingress caused engine malfunctions, warning light activations, and irregular vehicle behavior. Notably, the vehicle's safety logic functioned as intended, resulting in engine shutdown without leading to unintended acceleration. These findings provide quantitative data valuable for future reliability assessments of ECUs and investigations into sudden unintended acceleration phenomena.

Purpose: This study was aimed to explore and analyze the experiences of nurses regarding department transfers following the sudden closure of a ward due to the collective resignation of residents. Methods: Data were collected from November 1 to 29, 2024, and a qualitative content analysis was employed. The participants were 11 nurses who were transferred to different departments following a ward’s sudden closure owing to the residents’ collective resignation. Results: A total of six themes and 24 sub-themes were identified. the first theme is ‘After the resident left, the ward was closed’. The second theme is ‘Various job placements were assigned after the ward’s unfortunate closure’. The third theme is ‘Difficulty adjusting to the new environment and leaning to adapt’. The fourth theme is ‘Changes in the nurse-physician relationships’, and the subtheme is ‘Surprised by doctors seeking nurses' opinions due to the absence of residents. The fifth theme is ‘Become an expert at adapting’. The sixth theme is ‘Worries about the future and a faint glimmer of hope’. Conclusion: This study highlights the challenges nurses encountered in adjusting to new departments following the unprecedented mass resignation of residents and the ensuing ward closure. Nurses initially faced difficulties, feeling expendable in the new environment. However, through the support and collaboration of their colleagues, they demonstrated resilience and adapted effectively. The study also noted that, despite the absence of residents, direct communication between medical staff and patients continued to function smoothly, facilitating their involvement in treatment planning alongside specialists and professors. Although departmental transfers can lead to increased job stress for nurses, successful adaptation during these transitions fosters professional growth by enhancing their knowledge, skills, and influence. Furthermore, knowledge sharing among nursing staff contributes to the overall development of the organization. To promote both personal growth and organizational advancement, nursing managers must actively listen to nurses’ perspectives about departmental transfers and provide compassionate support to assist in their adaptation. Creating an organizational culture that recognizes and values the contributions of colleagues who have undergone transfers is essential. By establishing a systematic approach that facilitates successful adaptation and fostering a positive, accepting nursing culture, departmental transfers can be transformed into an effective strategy for enhancing the professionalism and capabilities of nursing staff.

Recently, there has been growing anxiety about automotive due to accidents suspected to be caused by sudden unintended acceleration. A study was conducted on the effect of automotive defects on Sudden Unintended Acceleration. Experimental results were derived and analyzed by simulating the situation of sudden unintended acceleration while driving a automotive. It was experimentally confirmed that the defect in the TPS sensor had no direct effect on the rapid increase in RPM. It has been confirmed that the vehicle brakes normally when the brakes are applied even if there is a TPS sensor defect. In the future, it is necessary to investigate the correlation between automotive defects and sudden unintended acceleration through various experiments.

Recently, the number of elderly driver accidents has been steadily increasing. EDR(Event Data Recorder) helps a lot in understanding traffic accidents. In particular, as anxiety about SUA(Sudden Unintended Acceleration) increases, EDR data is playing an important role in accident analysis. In this study, EDR data of an accident vehicle suspected of SUA was analyzed to identify traffic accident circumstances and detailed accidents. Experimental results were derived and analyzed by simulating the situation of SUA while driving a car. As a result, it was found that normal braking is performed when the brake pedal is operated even in dangerous situations such as mechanical defects and driver malfunctions. Rather than finding the cause of an accident after a traffic accident, countermeasures are needed to prevent mechanical defects and driving malfunctions before a traffic accident.

본 논문에서는 지진 하중으로 인한 급격한 구조손상탐지를 수행하기 위해 분산점 칼만필터(Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF)와 파티 클 필터(Particle Filter)를 소개하고 지진 손상 시나리오에 적용 및 비교･검토하였다. 이때, 비선형 전단 빌딩을 모사하기 위해 Bouc-Wen 모델을 사용하였고, 급격한 변화를 추정하기 위해 추가적으로 적응형 기법(Adaptive rule)인 Adaptive Jumping Method를 두 필터 모두에 적용하였다. 적용 결과 두 오리지날 필터 모두 급격한 손상 시점과 정도를 파악하지 못하였고, 적응형 기법을 반영하였 을 경우에만 시점 파악이 가능하였다. 하지만, 여전히 손상 정도를 정확히 파악하지 못하였고, 두 방법 모두 제안된 적응형 기법을 새 로이 조정하였을 경우에 정확한 추정이 가능함을 확인하였다. 최종적으로 계산시간을 고려하였을 때, 새로운 형태의 적응형 기법을 적용한 UKF 사용을 제안하는 것으로 비교 검토를 수행하였다.

A 11 year-old, female, shih-tzu mixed-breed dog was presents with history of sudden blindness for 2 days. An ophthalmic test was conducted to find the cause of blindness, including an intraocular pressure test, a fundus test, and an electroretinogram. As a result of the test, the abnormality in the eye could not be confirmed, so MRI request was made. MRI confirmed mass areas with 1.0 × 0.5 mm T2W/FLAIR heterogeneous hyperintense, T1W isointense, and enhancement that spread widely from the dorsal part of the sella turcica to the anterior optical chiasm. Cystic lesion was identified in the front of the lesion, and it had the characteristics of an extra-axial tumor such as a broad base attachment surface and a dural tail signal. Based on these tests diagnosed blindness caused by brain tumors. Clinical symptoms began to improve three days after taking chemotherapy, and all clinical symptoms disappeared after a week. This case report demonstrated that clinical sign, diagnostic imaging and successful treatment result with chemotherapy in canine brain tumor patient.

본 논문에서는 다중 시그마포인트 세트(MSP)를 사용하는 분산점 칼만필터(UKF)인 UKF-MSP를 소개한다. 비선형 동적시스템을 표현하기 위해 널리 알려진 Bouc-Wen 모델을 사용하였고, 비선형성 고려가 가능한 칼만필터 중 UKF를 선정하였다. 그런데 UKF는 두 가지 인공오차와 시그마포인트의 분포를 결정하는 스케일링 파라미터의 값을 튜닝(Tuning)하는 과정을 통해 적절히 설정해야만 대상 동적시스템의 추정하고자 하는 상태(State)를 정확히 추정할 수가 있다. 본 논문에서는 후자의 스케일링 파라미터 설정 문제를 완화하고자 하였으며, MSP를 사용함으로써 기존 UKF에 비해 칼만필터 튜닝 과정에 덜 민감한 UKF-MSP를 제안하였다. 지진으로 인한 급격한 구조손상 시나리오에 대해 UKF-MSP의 안정성을 검증하였다. 제안된 방법은 튜닝과정을 완화함과 동시에 다른 칼만필 터 파라미터인 인공오차에 대해서도 덜 민감한 거동을 보임을 확인하였다.

In this study, using a continuous behavior measurement technique, the short-term behavioral responses and tolerance limits of red seabream Pagrus major fingerlings to sudden exposure to low salinity in a controlled environment were observed. The activity of the fingerlings suddenly exposed to 21.4, 17.3, and 9.8 psu increased temporarily at the initial exposure to show irregular swimming behavior, but then recovered a stable activity pattern through rapid salinity adaptation. However, the organisms suddenly exposed to 7.3 and 4.3 psu could not withstand the salinity stress, and their swimming behavior was severely disturbed and all individuals died within 48 hours. The findings suggest that red seabream underwent a temporary salinity stress process at the beginning of the exposure to concentrations of 10.0 psu or higher. At these concentrations, osmotic control was possible within at least 11 hours, so stable metabolic activity was also possible. However, organisms suddenly exposed to concentrations below 5.0 psu exceeded the tolerance to low salinity and the sublethal limit. In red seabream exposed to this concentration range, severe behavioral and metabolic disturbances were observed, and death was observed due to osmotic control failure. In conclusion, a salinity range of 5.0 to 10.0 psu can be predicted to correspond to a concentration range in which the osmotic control ability of the red seabream fingerlings is lost, and sub-lethal reactions occur.

Naturally occurring left ventricular hyperplasia is a rare but lethal disease. There are very few reports of this cardiac disease in captive nonhuman primates. In a colony of Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey) at California National Primate Research Center, a large number of rhesus macaques were diagnosed by autopsy with naturally occurring left ventricular hypertrophy without obvious underlying diseases over a 22-year period. The confirmatory diagnosis of ventricular hypertrophy was based on findings of notable left ventricular concentric hypertrophy with reduced left ventricular lumen, which is very similar to human ventricular hypertrophy cases. This report discusses an 11-year-old Macaca fascicularis monkey (Cynomolgus monkey, crab-eating macaque), weighing 2.95 kg, that was presented for enrollment in a pharmacokinetic (PK) study. During the PK experiment, the monkey died following a sudden decrease in percutaneous oxygen saturation and heart rate. Gross and histological examinations of the heart were performed. On gross pathology, the left ventricular wall was thickened, and the chamber lumen was reduced. In histopathological examination using hematoxylin- eosin and Masson-trichrome stains, fibrosis and myocyte disarray were not observed, but an increased cell density, compared to the normal heart, was confirmed. The autopsy results confirmed left ventricular hyperplasia as the major cause of death.

본 논문에서는 『육조단경』에 나타난 무상(無相)과 무주(無住)의 의미 를 통해 돈오(頓悟)와 무념(無念)의 관계를 이해하고자 하였다. 『육조단경』에서 드러나는 육조 혜능의 선사상은 『열반경』의 불성사상과 『금강경』의 반야사상을 배경으로 하고 있다. 혜능은 일체중생이 본래 구족하고 있는 반야의 지혜와 자성(自性)의 청정한 본성을 깨달아 망상과 미혹에서 벗어나 지혜인(智慧人)이 되도록 설법하고 있다. 이처럼 지혜와 자성을 단박에 깨닫도록 하는 혜능의 주장은 남종선의 근본적인 깨달음의 입장과 일치한다. 남종의 반야사상은 수증의 실천론으로서 무념, 무상, 무주의 선법(禪法)에서 정점으로 드러나고 있다. 혜능은 모든 중생에게 동일한 불성이 존재한다는 초기 선종의 흐름을 따르면서 자성(自 性)과 자심(自心)의 불성 관점을 구체화 시키고 있다. 『육조단경』은 선 사상의 핵심으로 돈오(頓悟)를 제창하면서 수행론인 동시에 궁극적으로 달성해야 할 경지로서 무념, 무상, 무주의 관점을 제시하고 있다. 이와 같이 『육조단경』에서 돈오의 배경으로 제시된 불성론과 반야론 입장에서 무념, 무상, 무주의 관계를 고찰하는 것이 본 논문의 목적이다.

갈색날개매미충은 2010년 8월 국내에서는 처음으로 충남 공주, 예산의 사과와 불루베리를 가해하는 것이 발견되었으며, 미국선녀벌레는 2005년 8월 김해 한림의 단감원에서 처음으로 성충이 발견되어 2008년과 2009년에 김해, 수원 등지에서 확인된 후 최근까지 전국으로 확산되고 있다. 꽃매미는 2004년 천안에서 처음 발견되어 2006년부터 발생이 꾸준히 증가되다 2013년을 정점으로 다소 감소하는 추세를 나타내고 있다. 2018년도 돌발해충들의 국내 발생분포와 현황을 확인하고자 전국 농경지 및 농경지 주변을 대상으로 3월(3.5-3.23)에는 월동난, 7∼8월(7.31-8.10)에는 약·성충 발생을 조사하였다. ‘18년 갈색날개매미충 월동난 조사결과 89개 시군에서 4,628ha로 전년보다 발생지역 7개 시군이 증가 되었으나 발생면적은 8.1% 감소되었으며, 꽃매미는 80개 시군에서 701ha로 발생되어 갈색날개매미충과 유사하게 전년보다 발생지역은 3개 시군이 증가되었으나 발생면적은 10.5% 감소되었다. ‘18년 약·성충 조사에서는 꽃매미는 95개 시군, 1,171ha, 갈색날개매미충은 94개시군, 7,867ha, 미국선녀벌레는 123개시군, 14,779ha에서 발생을 확인하였다. 전체적으로 발생지역은 확대되는 경향이었으며, 발생면적은 전년대비 꽃매미는 1,047ha, 갈색날개매미충은 967ha 감소되었으나 미국선녀벌레는 4,475ha 증가되었다. 특히 미국선녀벌레의 경우 경기와 경남지역에서 급증하는 경향을 나타내었다.

In Korea, there has recently been a hot debate around the theory of sudden enlightenment by Jinul, one of the two greatest scholar monks in the history of the Buddhist tradition of Korea. This debate was provoked by a contemporary monk named "Seongcheol," who criticized Jinul's theory is not perfect due to its emphasis on the need of gradual practice for the ultimate awakening. Since Jinul literally embraces the idea of sudden enlightenment with gradual practice, Seongcheol's criticism has some persuasive power. This debate is important in that it might shed light on the nature of human mind in general in the aspect of its fundamental characteristics. Daosheng, the original proponent of sudden enlightenment in China, emphasizes that the sudden enlightenment of Buddha nature in one's own mind consists in overcoming the objective observation of Buddha nature and perceiving Buddha nature through a spontaneous and subjective self-awakening. Since the ultimate identity of human person in its subjectivity has recently been challenged by some scientists and philosophers, the significance of sudden enlightenment in East Asia, especially in regard with Jinul's theory, might be reexamined in the context of this contemporary challenge so that it can contribute to the deeper discussion on the uniqueness of the nature of human subjectivity.

The magnetosphere is often perturbed by impulsive input such as interplanetary shocks and solar wind discontinuities. We study how these initial perturbations are propagating within the magnetosphere over various latitude regions by adopting a three-dimensional numerical dipole model. We examine the wave propagation on a meridional plane in a time-dependent manner and compare the numerical results with multi-satellite and ground observations. The dipole model is used to represent the plasmasphere and magnetosphere with a realistic Alfven speed profile. It is found that the effects of refraction, which result from magnetic field curvature and inhomogeneous Alfven speed, are' found to become important near the plasmapause. Our results show that, when the disturbances are assumed at the subsolar point of the dayside magnetosphere, the travel time becomes smaller to the polar ionosphere compared to the equatorial ionosphere.