Paddy fields provide important habitats for biodiversity conservation within the agricultural ecosystem. Their importance is gradually increasing as their ecological value is better understood. Benthic macroinvertebrates dominate paddy fields. They play an essential role in maintaining the biodiversity of paddy ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and main environmental factors affecting the distribution of golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata). Results showed that the diversity index (H ′) of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was the highest at the Sangju site (St. 12) but the lowest at the Sancheong site (St. 18). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) values were the highest in Gimhae and Yeongam based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Numbers of P. canaliculata (m-2) were relatively low in Gunsan and Iksan where water temperatures were high. Therefore, changes in geographical characteristics and environmental factors might affect the distribution of P. canaliculata and characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Results of this study can be used as primary data for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service evaluation in agroecosystems.

Ecological occupation in irrigation ponds is a well-acknowledged fact that is essential for biodiversity conservation in agricultural ecosystems. However, there are few studies on the ecological functions and relationship between a paddy field and irrigation using macroinvertebrates in an environmentally friendly paddy field. The objective of this study is to identify the community and distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrates in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond ecosystems, and to provide basic data on the ecological function of an environmentally friendly paddy field. Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted from May to September in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond in an environment-friendly paddy field in Boryeong city. We conducted a study to identify the distribution characteristics using macroinvertebrate species analysis, such as Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs), Habitat Oriented Groups (HOGs), rarefaction curve, and a two-way dendrogram. A total of 37 species of macroinvertebrates in 28 families, 13 orders were collected study during the period of the investigation. Dominant taxa of macroinvertebrates included Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata. In terms of FFGs, predators and gathering collectors accounted for approximately 70%, in relation to HOGs, and climbers and swimmers occupied more than 50% from both the paddy field and irrigation pond. With respect to the rarefaction curve, the irrigation pond (July) was high as E (S, 141)=18 species, while the paddy field (May) was comparatively low as E (S, 141)=9 species. In conclusion, our results revealed that macroinvertebrates, such as Notonecta triguttata, Peltodytes intermedius, Appasus major, Laccotrephes japonensis, Appasus japonicus, Sigara substriata, Enochrus simulans, and Sternolophus rufipes, were used as a habitat and spawning ground in both paddy field and irrigation pond. The irrigation pond appears to be a very important spawning ground for macroinvertebrates.

전국 136개 시군에 있는 690개소 벼 관찰포에서 12종의 주요 해충을 6월 1일부터 9월 16일까지 15일 간격으로 총 8회 조사한 결과를 국가농작물병해충관리시스템(NCPMS)을 통하여 수집하였다. 2018년도 벼 주요해충 12종의 총 발생 추정면적은 94,049ha로 재배면적 대비 12.7%에 발생되었다. 발생면적이 가장 많았던 해충은 먹노린재로 해충 총 발생면적의 34.9%인 32,779ha(재배면적 대비 4.4%)에서 발생이 확인되었다. 2018년 먹노린재 발생은 평년의 346%, 전년의 155% 수준으로 최근 몇 년간 계속해서 발생이 증가되고 있는 추세이다. 특히 전남(15,191ha)과 충남 (10,041ha) 지역에서 발생이 많은 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 먹노린재 다음으로는 벼물바구미 17,711ha(재배면적 대비 2.4%), 흰등멸구 14,885ha(재배면적 대비 2.0%), 혹명나방 9,130ha(재배면적 대비 1.2%), 애멸구 4,960ha(재배면적 대비 0.7%) 순으로 발생이 많았다. 10년간 평균간 비교하여 발생이 증가된 해충은 먹노린재 1종이었으며 나머지 11종은 발생이 감소된 것으로 확인되었다. 결론적으로 2018년 벼 주요해충의 발생정도는 전년대비 59%, 10년간 평균 대비 38% 수준으로 발생이 낮은 경향임을 알 수 있었다.

갈색날개매미충은 2010년 8월 국내에서는 처음으로 충남 공주, 예산의 사과와 불루베리를 가해하는 것이 발견되었으며, 미국선녀벌레는 2005년 8월 김해 한림의 단감원에서 처음으로 성충이 발견되어 2008년과 2009년에 김해, 수원 등지에서 확인된 후 최근까지 전국으로 확산되고 있다. 꽃매미는 2004년 천안에서 처음 발견되어 2006년부터 발생이 꾸준히 증가되다 2013년을 정점으로 다소 감소하는 추세를 나타내고 있다. 2018년도 돌발해충들의 국내 발생분포와 현황을 확인하고자 전국 농경지 및 농경지 주변을 대상으로 3월(3.5-3.23)에는 월동난, 7∼8월(7.31-8.10)에는 약·성충 발생을 조사하였다. ‘18년 갈색날개매미충 월동난 조사결과 89개 시군에서 4,628ha로 전년보다 발생지역 7개 시군이 증가 되었으나 발생면적은 8.1% 감소되었으며, 꽃매미는 80개 시군에서 701ha로 발생되어 갈색날개매미충과 유사하게 전년보다 발생지역은 3개 시군이 증가되었으나 발생면적은 10.5% 감소되었다. ‘18년 약·성충 조사에서는 꽃매미는 95개 시군, 1,171ha, 갈색날개매미충은 94개시군, 7,867ha, 미국선녀벌레는 123개시군, 14,779ha에서 발생을 확인하였다. 전체적으로 발생지역은 확대되는 경향이었으며, 발생면적은 전년대비 꽃매미는 1,047ha, 갈색날개매미충은 967ha 감소되었으나 미국선녀벌레는 4,475ha 증가되었다. 특히 미국선녀벌레의 경우 경기와 경남지역에서 급증하는 경향을 나타내었다.

전국 136개 시군에 있는 690개소 벼 관찰포에서 12종의 주요 해충을 6월 1일부터 9월 13일까지 15일 간격으로 총 8회 조사한 결과를 국가농작물병해충관리시스템(NCPMS)을 통하여 수집하였다. 2017년도 벼 주요해충 12종의 총 발생 추정면적은 158,942ha로 재배면적 대비 21.1%에 발생되었다. 발생면적이 가장 많았던 해충은 애멸구로 43,875ha(재배면적 대비 5.8%)이였고, 그 다음으로는 혹명나방 34,112ha(재배면적 대비 4.5%), 벼물바구미 22,802ha(재 배면적 대비 3.0%), 먹노린재 21,118ha(재배면적 대비 2.8%)순 이었다. 평년보다 발생면적이 많았던 해충은 애멸구, 멸강나방, 먹노린재로 애멸구는 평년보다 113%수준, 멸강나방은 평년대비 136% 수준, 먹노린재는 269% 수준이었다. 먹노린재의 발생이 점차 증가하고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 2017년 벼 주요해충의 발생정도는 전년 대비 96% 수준으로 유사하였지만, 평년대비는 56% 수준으로 발생이 낮은 경향임을 확인하였다.

담배훈연을 이용한 진딧물의 살충효과를 검정하기 위해 건조 담뱃잎을 이용하여 실험실과 온실에서 훈연시험을 실시하였다. 아크릴케이지 에서 담배를 훈연하였을 때 담배품종은 버어리종이 황색종보다 싸리수염진딧물에 대한 살충력이 높게 나타났다. 세 종의 진딧물 복숭아혹진딧 물, 목화진딧물, 싸리수염진딧물을 각각 기주를 이용하여 아크릴케이지에서 50 mg의 담뱃잎으로 훈연시험을 실시한 결과 살충율은 싸리수염진 딧물(97.2%)>목화진딧물(94.4%)>복숭아혹진딧물(63.9%) 순으로 나타났다. 복숭아혹진딧물은 기주를 가지로 했을 때 훈연에 의한 살충율이 배추를 기주로 했을 때보다 높게 나타났다. 100 m 2 규모의 온실에 황색종의 담뱃잎을 2시간 훈연 시 200 g을 이용하였을 때 싸리수염진딧물에 대 해 95.4%의 방제가를 보여주었으나 100 g을 이용하였을 때는 28.9%의 방제가를 보여주었다. 100 g의 담뱃잎은 14시간 훈연하였을 때는 2시간 훈연보다 살충효과가 2배 이상 높아졌다. 오이재배 농가 온실에서 담배훈연을 하였을 때 처리 후 목화진딧물의 방제효과는 80% 이상이었다. 온 실 환경에 따라 적절한 양과 시간을 선택해 사용한다면 담배훈연은 온실 내 발생하는 진딧물에 대한 효과적인 방제방법으로 사용할 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 유기재배와 관행재배 단감의 탈립성과 과품질을 조사 비교하였다. 해발 100~300 m에 위치한 유기재배 단감 과수원과 해발 70~250 m에 위치한 관행재배 단감 과수원을 선정하여 조사하였다. 재배품종은 ‘부유(Fuyu)’이며, 단감나무의 평균 수령은 19.8년으로 유기재배가 관행재배보다 평균 5년 적었다. 토양 양분관리는 관행재배의 경우 대부분 화학비료를 선호하는 편이었고, 유기재배의 경우 가축분을 주로 사용하였으며 헤어리벳치나 호밀을 녹비로 재배하고 부족한 미량원소의 공급을 위해 해조추출물이나 발효산약초추출물 사용하였다. 해충 방제를 위해 관행재배의 경우 화학농약을 년간 14~16회 살포하였고, 유기재배의 경우는 Matrine, Prethrin, Azadirachtin, Rotenone, black pepperextract 등의 식물유래 추출물과 유아등이나 페르몬트랩을 사용하였다. 단감 탄저병이나 둥근무늬낙엽병을 방제하기 위해 5% 난황유와 식물추출물 혼합제나, 1% 석회유황합제 또는 1% 황토유황합제를 주로 사용하였다. 단감나무 가지로부터 단감의 탈립력은 조사 지역간의 차이는 있지만 관행재배에 비해 유기재배 단감의 탈립력이 평균 34.0~145.7 N 높았다. 과경 두께는 지역적인 차이는 유의하지 않았으나 관행재배에 비해 유기재배 단감의 과경이 평균 0.76~1.08 mm 더 두꺼웠다. 단감의 과실 경도도 관행재배에 비해 유기재배가 평균 2.9~5.1 N 더 높았다. 단감의 과중은 유기재배 단감의 과실무게가 관행재배 단감의 과실무게보다 평균 16.0~54.4g 더 많았다. 단감 과실의 가용성 고형물함량은 진주지역을 제외하고 산청과 창원지역의 유기재배가 관행재배 보다 평균 1.4 Brix 높았다.

토마토 재배에 사용되는 농자재를 이용하여 곤충 병원성 곰팡이인 Beauveria bassiana의 병원성에 끼치는 영향을 조사하였다. Chlorothalonil 등 13종의 살균제 첨가 배지에서는 B. bassiana 균사가 전혀 생장하지 못하였고 chlorothalonil 등 12종의 살균제 첨가 배지에서균총이 형성되지 않았다. 살충제와 친환경자재를 첨가한 모든 배지에서 균사가 생장하고 포자가 형성되었지만 대부분 배지에서 무처리와 비교했을 때 유의차를 보였다. 온실가루이에 대한 살충력은 B. bassiana 단독처리일 때보다 화학살균제(polyoxin B, mandipropamid)와 친환경농자재(sulfur) 혼합시 떨어졌으며 화학살충제(pyridaben, dinotefuran)와 식물추출물 유래 친환경농자재(pyrethrum) 혼합시에는 유의차가 없었으며 온실에서 살균제인 polyoxin B의 혼합으로 온실가루이에 대한 B. bassiana의 감염력이 떨어지는 것을 확인하였다.

This study investigated the effect of organic materials (Bordeaux, Loess-sulfur) and the removal of apical shoot against downy mildew disease on cucumber cultivated in greenhouse. Five kinds of Bordeaux were made by adjusting mixing ratio of lime and copper sulfate in order to elucidate the optimal combination. The 4-6type Bordeaux was selected as the most effective combination for controlling cucumber downy mildew. Loess-sulfur showed inhibitory activity against cucumber downey mildew, but it was less effective than Bordeaux. It was confirmed that apical shoot cutting could reduce the incidence of cucumber downy mildew disease by 56.3%. When apical shoots of susceptible cucumber variety were cut at different leaf stages, disease incidence by early apical shoot cutting treatment was lower than that of late apical shoot cutting treatment. However in a resistant variety, ‘Heukryungsamcheok’, disease incidences of all cucumber apical shoot cutting treatments were lower than that of non-cutting treatment, but there was no differences between apical shoot cutting treatments due to low disease incidences. In addition, when organic materials and apical shoot cutting treatment were carried out in parallel, the combined treatments of organic materials and apical shoot cutting showed low disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew compared to untreated control. The lowest disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew was recorded in the combined treatment of 4-6type Bordeaux and apical shoot cutting. This study confirmed that apical shoot cutting can reduce the disease incidence of cucumber downy mildew and the combined treatment of apical shoot cutting and organic materials showed higher suppressive effect against cucumber downy mildew

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a fresh chlorella powder on yield, quality and self-life of organic soybean tofu. After added with a fresh chlorella powder, yields, physical properties, color, shelf-life and sensory properties of the organic soybean tofu added with chlorella powder was compared to the properties of soybean tofu. The yield of soybean tofu increased with the addition of more than 1% chlorella powder. Hardness of the organic soybean tofu with chlorella significantly increased compared to that of the soybean tofu. However, Hunter’s color values of L, a, and b decreased by increases in the chlorella powder concentration. Total microbial population of the soybean tofu was higher than that of the organic soybean tofu with chlorella. However, pH of chlorella tofu decreased during storage period at 4℃. After 7 days storage at 4℃, the total microbial population decreased significantly with the addition of 2% chlorella powder. The L and a value of chlorella tofu was increased. On the other hand, the b value of chlorella tofu was decreased during storage. The results revealed that a fresh chlorella powder was a useful material to improve yield, quality and storage condition of the organic soybean tofu.

Carotenoids of squash play an important role in human health by acting as sources of provitamin A or as protective antioxidants. Among the 60 accessions of squash germplasm, fluorescent yellow and yellow types of flesh color got the highest count, followed by the orange, whitish yellow and greenish yellow. The redness and yellowness values of the flesh powder ranged from -2.45 to 86.09 and from 13.77 to 39.80, respectively. While the lightness and the total color difference values of flesh color varied from 67.64 to 86.09 and from 19.77 to 51.79, respectively. Colorimetric values of redness and yellowness showed positive correlation, and the correlation coefficient (r) was as high as 0.7386. The five accessions represented each flesh color types, IT195043 (orange), IT136696 (fluorescent yellow), IT186365 (yellow), IT137963 (whitish yellow), and IT180449 (greenish yellow). The total amount of carotenoid contents was in the order of orange color (104.64 mg/100 g), greenish yellow color (70.82 mg/100 g), fluorescent yellow color (32.41 mg/100 g), yellow color (8.73 mg/100 g), and whitish yellow color (4.73 mg/ 100 g). Both lutein and β-carotene were the predominant pigments of carotenoids, and lycopene was only separated and identified in the orange color flesh. According to the results, colorimetric analysis can aid breeders interested in increasing carotenoid content in squash, which could be accurately measured using a simple, reliable, and cost- and labor-efficient method for the evaluation of carotenoid pigments.

The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversities of major rice blast resistance genes among 84 accessions of aromatic rice germplasm. Eighty four accessions were characterized by a dominant 11 set of PCR-based SNP and CAPS marker, which showed the broad spectrum resistance and closest linkage to seven major rice blast resistance (R) genes, Pia, Pib, Pii, Pi5 (Pi3), Pita (Pita-2), and Pi9 (t). The allele specific PCR markers assay genotype of SCAR and STS markers was applied to estimate the presence or absence of PCR amplicons detected with a pair of PCR markers. One indica accession, Basmati (IT211194), showed the positive amplicons of five major rice blast resistance genes, Pia, Pi5 (Pi3), Pib, Pi-ta (Pi-ta2), and Pik-5 (Pish). Among 48 accessions of the PCR amplicons detected with yca72 marker, only five accessions were identified to Pia gene on chromosome 11. The Pib gene was estimated with the NSb marker and was detected in 65 of 84 accessions. This study showed that nine of 84 accessions contained the Pii gene and owned Pi5 (Pi3) in 42 of 84 accessions by JJ817 and JJ113-T markers, which is coclosest with Pii on chromosome 9. Only six accessions were detected two alleles of the Pita or Pita-2 genes. Three of accessions were identified as the Pi9 (t) gene locus.

Powdery mildew and leaf mold were major diseases in organic cultured tomatoes. NaHC03 and KH2P04 were selected as control agents for controlling tomato powdery mildew. Control effect of the selected control agents was increased when they were tréated with oil-egg yolk mixtures (OEYO). Also four organic materials used commercially including copper hydroxide and sulfur showed high control effect more than 90% in green house. Also two organic matters, copper hydroxide and sulfur showed high control effect in farmer's field. When tomatoes were cultivated in plastic house installed wìth circulation fan, incidence of powdery mildew and leaf mold was reduced by 56% and 60%, respectively.

Botrytis cinerea infects stems and leaves of greenhouse tomatoes and can cause serious economic losses. This study was conducted to develop environment-friendly control method against tomato gray mold. Antagonistic microorganisms (bacteria) were screened for control activity against Botrytis cinerea, both in vitro and in vivo, using stem sections. One hundred bacterial strains were isolated from the rhizospheric soil of various plants including tomato. These strains were screened for growth inhibition of Botrytis cinerea on agar plate by the dual culture and thirty strains showing strongly inhibitory effect against the pathogen were selected first. Among thirty strains, JB 5-12, JB 22-2, JB 22-3, U 4-8 and U46-6 reduced significantly disease incidence, when applied simultaneously with the pathogen. These results suggested that five antagonistic bacteria strains selected have the potential to control tomato gray mold in organic farming.