As a promising anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), cobalt sulfide ( CoS2) has attracted extensive attention due to its high theoretical capacity, easy preparation, and superior electrochemical activity. However, its intrinsic low conductivity and large volume expansion result in poor cycling ability. Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon-coated CoS2 nanoparticles (N–C@ CoS2) were prepared by a C3N4 soft-template-assisted method. Carbon coating improves the conductivity and prevents the aggregation of CoS2 nanoparticles. In addition, the C3N4 template provides a porous graphene-like structure as a conductive framework, affording a fast and constant transport path for electrons and void space for buffering the volume change of CoS2 nanoparticles. Benefitting from the superiorities, the Na-storage properties of the N–C@CoS2 electrode are remarkably boosted. The advanced anode delivers a long-term capacity of 376.27 mAh g− 1 at 0.1 A g− 1 after 500 cycles. This method can also apply to preparing other metal sulfide materials for SIBs and provides the relevant experimental basis for the further development of energy storage materials.

Recently, hollow carbon spheres (HCS) have aroused great interests in the field of energy storage and conversion owing to their unique morphology, structure and other charming properties. Nevertheless, unsatisfactory electrical conductivity and relatively poor volumetric energy density caused by inevitable gaps between discrete carbon spheres greatly impede the practical application of HCS. In this work, for the first time we propose a novel dual-template strategy and successfully fabricate interconnected 3D hollow N-doped carbon network (HNCN) by a facile and scalable pyrolysis process. By systematical characterization and analysis, it can be found that HNCN is assembled by HCS and lots of mesoporous carbon. Compared to the counterparts, the obtained HNCN exhibits unique 3D interconnected architecture, larger specific surface area, hierarchical meso/macropore structure, higher structure defects, higher N doping amount and more optimized N configurations (especially for pyridinic-N and graphitic-N). As a result, these advantageous features endow HNCN with remarkably promoted electrochemical performance for supercapacitor and oxygen reduction reaction. Clearly, our proposed dual-template strategy provides a good guidance on overcoming the intrinsic shortcomings of HCS, which undoubtedly broadens their application in energy storage and conversion.

Recently, most software development uses object-oriented method. The core of object-oriented method is class, and encaptualition and inheritance structure based on class improves development efficiency. However, if the method is encapsulated, it can be developed more effectively. In this paper, we examine the differences and effects from existing methods when encapsulating a method by applying the Template Method Pattern.

The effect of tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) as a freezing solvent on the pore structure of a porous tungsten body prepared by freeze-drying is analyzed. TBA slurries with a WO3 content of 10 vol% are prepared by mixing with a small amount of dispersant and binder at 30oC. The slurries are frozen at -25oC, and pores are formed in the frozen specimens by the sublimation of TBA during drying in air. After hydrogen reduction at 800oC and sintering at 1000oC, the green body of WO3 is completely converted to porous W with various pore structures. Directional pores from the center of the specimen to the outside are observed in the sintered bodies because of the columnar growth of TBA. A decrease in pore directionality and porosity is observed in the specimens prepared by long-duration drying and sintering. The change in pore structure is explained by the growth of the freezing solvent and densification.

양친성 PCZ-r-PEG 랜덤 공중합체를 기반으로 한 수열합성법을 통해 자가조립된 메조기공 이산화티타늄 마이크로 스피어를 합성하였다. 중합된 PCZ-r-PEG는 푸리에 변환 적외분광법(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR), 핵자기 공명(nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR), 젤 투과 크로마토그래피(gel permeation chromatography, GPC) 그리고 투과전자 현미경(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)을 통해 그 특성이 분석되었다. 다공성 이산화티타늄 입자는 PCZ-r-PEG, 글루코스(glucose), 물을 테트라히드로푸란(tetrahydrofuran, THF) 용액에 분산시킨 뒤 150°C, 12시간 동안 반응시켰다. 다공성 이산화티타늄 입자의 구조와 결정성 분석을 위해 주사전자현미경(scanning electron microscopy, SEM)과 엑스선 회절(X-ray diffraction, XRD)이 사용되었다.

Nitrogen-doped carbons have attracted much attention due to their novel application in relation to gas storage. In this study, nitrogen-doped porous carbons were synthesized using SBA-15 as a template, polypyrrole as the carbon and nitrogen precursor, and KOH as an activating agent. The effect of the activation temperature (600–850°C) on the CO2 adsorption capacity of the obtained porous carbons was studied. Characterization of the resulting carbons showed that they were micro-/meso-porous carbon materials with a well-developed pore structure that varied with the activation temperature. The highest surface area of 1488 m2 g–1 was achieved at an activation temperature of 800°C (AC-800). The nitrogen content of the activated carbon decreased from 4.74 to 1.39 wt% with an increase in the activation temperature from 600 to 850°C. This shows that nitrogen is oxidized and more easily removed than carbon during the activation process, which indicates that C-N bonds are more easily ruptured at higher temperatures. Furthermore, CO2 adsorption isotherms showed that AC-800 exhibited the best CO2 adsorption capacity of 110 mg g–1 at 298 K and 1 bar.

Porous graphites were synthesized by removing the template in HF after cabothermal conversion for 3 h at 900 ℃, accompanied by intercalations of pyrolyzed fuel oil (PFO) in the interlayer of Co or Ni loaded magadiite. The X-ray powder diffraction pattern of the porous graphites exhibited 00l reflections corresponding to a basal spacing of 0.7 nm. The particle morphology of the porous graphites was composed of carbon plates intergrown to form spherical nodules resembling rosettes like a magadiite template. TEM shows that the cross section of the porous graphites is composed of layers with very regular spaces. In particular, crystallization of the porous graphite was dependent on the content of Co or Ni loaded in the interlayer. The porous graphite had a surface area of 328-477 m2/g. This indicates that metals such as Co and Ni act as catalysts that accelerate graphite formation.

Gd2O3:Eu3+ red phosphors were prepared by template method from crystalline cellulose impregnated by metal salt. The crystallite size and photoluminescence(PL) property of Gd2O3:Eu3+ red phosphors were controlled by varying the calcination temperature and Eu3+ mol ratio. The nano dispersion of Gd2O3:Eu3+ was also conducted with a bead mill wet process. Dependent on the time of bead milling, Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanosol of around 100 nm (median particle size : D50) was produced. As the bead milling process proceeded, the luminescent efficiency decreased due to the low crystallinity of the Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanoparticles. In spite of the low PL property of Gd2O3:Eu3+ nanosol, it was observed that the photoluminescent property was recovered after re-calcination. In addition, in the dispersed nanosol treated at 85 oC, a self assembly phenomenon between particles appeared, and the particles changed from spherical to rod-shaped. These results indicate that particle growth occurs due to mutual assembly of Gd(OH)3 particles, which is the hydration of Gd2O3 particles, in aqueous solvent at 85 oC.

본 연구에서는 고순도의 모데나이트(Mordenite) 입자를 합성하기 위하여 천연 제올라이트를 시드로 사용하여 시 드의 농도 및 수열합성 시간에 따른 천연 제올라이트 시드가 합성에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 그 결과 시드가 입자의 형성 에 큰 영향을 끼치는 것을 확인할 수 있었고 시드를 3 g/100 g batch 주입하여 140°C에서 72시간 동안 수열합성을 진행하였 을 때 1-2 μm 사이즈의 고순도 모데나이트 입자를 합성할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 모데나이트 입자의 성장 기구를 규명할 수 있었으며, 모데나이트 입자 형성에 있어 시드는 첫째, 구형 모데나이트 전구체 형성 자리 공급의 역할과, 둘째 모데나이트 원 료 물질 소스 역할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 합성된 모데나이트 입자의 가스 흡착량 분석 결과 CO2 기체의 흡착량이 97.19 mg/g로 다른 가스들에 비해 비교적 높은 흡착성능을 보였으며, CO2/H2의 선택도가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 따라 서 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 용도에 맞는 고순도 상의 모데나이트 입자를 합성할 수 있음을 확인하였고 보다 낮은 가격으로 우수한 분리성능을 갖는 분리막 소재개발에 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 고순도의 모데나이트 입자를 합성하기 위하여 천연 제올라이트를 시드로 사용하여 시드 농도 및 수열합성 시간에 따라 시드가 미치는 영향 을 고찰하였다. 시드를 3 g/100g batch 주입하여 140°C에서 72시간 동안 수열 합성 하였을 때 1-2 μm 사이즈의 고순도 모데나이트 입자를 안정적으로 합성할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 천연 제올라이트 시드는 모데나이트 입자의 성장에서 구형 모데나이트 전구체 형성 자리를 공급하고 모데나이트 원료 물질 소스 역 할을 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 결과들을 바탕으로 용도에 맞는 고순도 의 모데나이트 입자를 합성할 수 있음을 확인하였고 천연제올라이트를 사용함으로써 낮은 가격으로 우수한 성능을 갖는 소재개발에 활용할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다.

In this work, uniform and nanosize(75nm) silicalite-1 crystals was hydrothermally synthesized by using 9TPAOH:0.16NaOH:25Si:495H2O solution at 80 ℃. They were applied as seed in the secondary growth process for preparing silicalite-1 membrane by template-free method. The highest ethanol/water separation factor of 119 with flux 0.58kg/m². Furthermore, these membranes (nano seed, template free silicalite-1 membrane) exhibit high permselectivity of He over SF6(123), and small gas permeation mechanism and Knudsen diffusion studies suggest that the membranes contain negligible intercrystalline or non-zeolite pores.

Perforated polygonal cobalt oxide (Co3O4) is synthesized using electrospinning and a hydrothermal methodfollowed by the removal of a carbon nanofiber (CNF) template. To investigate their formation mechanism, thermogravi-metric analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are examined. To obtain the optimum condition of perforated polygonal Co3O4, we pre-pare three different weight ratios of the Co precursor and the CNF template: sample A (Co precursor:CNF template-10:1), sample B (Co precursor:CNF template-3.2:1), and sample C (Co precursor:CNF template-2:1). Among them, sam-ple A exhibits the perforated polygonal Co3O4 with a thin carbon layer (5.7-6.2 nm) owing to the removal of CNF tem-plate. However, sample B and sample C synthesized perforated round Co3O4 and destroyed Co3O4 powders, respectively,due to a decreased amount of Co precursor. The increased amount of the CNF template prevents the formation of polygonalCo3O4. For sample A, the optimized weight ratio of the Co precursor and CNF template may be related to the suc-cessful formation of perforated polygonal Co3O4. Thus, perforated polygonal Co3O4 can be applied to electrode materialsof energy storage devices such as lithium ion batteries, supercapacitors, and fuel cells.

We introduce a code called tlc s05, to fit sparsely sampled JHK band Cepheid light curve data with template light curves to derive the mean magnitude. A brief description of the code is provided here. We tested the performance of the code in deriving the mean JHK band magnitudes using simulations, and we found that it is better to observe more than four evenly spaced data points per light curve, which permits tlc s05 to derive accurate mean magnitudes for Cepheid JHK band light curves.

Vertically oriented nickel nanowire arrays with a different diameter and length are synthesized in porous anodic aluminium oxide templates by an electrodeposition method. The pore diameters of the templates are adjusted by controlling the anodization conditions and then they are utilized as templates to grow nickel nanowire arrays. The nickel nanowires have the average diameters of approximately 25 and 260 nm and the crystal structure, morphology and microstructure of the nanowires are systematically investigated using XRD, FE-SEM and TEM analysis. The nickel nanowire arrays show a magnetic anisotropy with the easy axis parallel to the nanowires and the coercivity and remanence enhance with decreasing a wire diameter and increasing a wire length.

In this work, uniform and nanosize(75nm) silicalite-1 crystals was hydrothermally synthesized by using 9TPAOH:0.16NaOH:25Si:495H2O solution at 80 ℃. They were applied as seed in the secondary growth process for preparing silicalite-1 membrane by template-free method. And silicalite-1 membrane, which was coated by nano-size seed, showed a high EtOH/H2O separation factor of 128. The high separation factor could be explained by the role of nanosize seed. The application of nanosize seed successfully retarded the formation of interfacial voids between silicalite-1 grains. Therefore, it could be concluded that template-free hydrothermal process can produce silicalite-1 membrane with well performance.

Cobalt nano-rods were fabricated using a template-free electrochemical-deposition process. The structure of cobalt electro-deposits strongly depends on the electrolyte composition and on the density of the applied current. In particular, as the content of boric acid increased in the electrolyte, deposits of semi-spherical nuclei formed, and then grew into one-dimensional nano-rods. From analysis of the electro-deposits created under the conditions of continuous and pulsed current, it is suggested that the distribution of the active species around the electrode/electrolyte interface, and their transport, might be an important factor affecting the shape of the deposits. When transport of the active species was suppressed by lowering the deposition temperature, more of the well-defined nano-rod structures were obtained. The optimal conditions for the preparation of well-defined nano-rods were determined by observing the morphologies resulting from different deposition conditions. The maximum height of the cobalt nano-rods created in this work was 1μm and it had a diameter of 200 nm. Structural analysis proved that the nano-rods have preferred orientations of (111).