본 연구에서는 추출보조공정으로서 초음파 처리에 따른 녹차의 성분특성 변화를 분석하기 위하여, 60℃에서 1, 5, 30, 60분간 열수추출하고, 동일온도에서 초음파 추출하여 각각 가용성 고형분, vitamin C, 총 페놀성 화합물, flavonols, catechins, caffeine, free amino acids 함량을 분석하였다. 가용성 고형분 함량은 초음파 처리에 의해 약 4~5%의 추출수율이 증가하였다. Viamin C 함량은 1, 5, 30분에서는 각각 약 0.21, 0.16, 0.31 mg/g 증가하였지만, 60분 처리구에서는 대조구와 비교해 2.47 mg/g에서 2.22 mg/g으로 감소하였고, 총 페놀성 화합물 함량이 약 10~13 mg/g 증가하였다. Flavonols는 myricetin이 4.77 mg/100g에서 9.94 mg/100g, quercetin은 10.97 mg/100g에서 20.84 mg/100g, kaempferol은 7.95 mg/100g에서 17.33 mg/100g으로 초음파 처리에 의해 약 2배 이상 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 초음파 처리에 의해 녹차 침출액의 EGCG, EGC, ECG, EC, (+)-C 함량이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 이러한 경향과는 달리, 유리아미노산의 경우는 초음파 처리에 따른 영향이 거의 없었고, 추출시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 초음파 처리에 의해 녹차의 vitamin C, 총 페놀 화합물, flavonol류, catechins의 추출이 증가함을 알 수 있었고, 따라서 녹차 가공에 있어 초음파 처리가 매우 효율적인 추출보조공정으로 사용될 수 있으리라 사료된다.

In the current study, a Cu2O/TiO2 photoinduced nanocomposite materials prepared by ultrasonification method was evaluated the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of volatile organic compounds (BTEX) under visible-light irradiation. The results of XRD confirmed the successful preparation of photoinduced nanocomposite materials. However, diffraction peaks belonging to TiO2 were not confirmed for the Cu2O/TiO2. The possible reason for the absence of Cu2O peak is their low content and small particle size. The result of uv-vis spectra exhibited that the fabricated Cu2O/TiO2 can be activated under visible light irradiation. The FE-SEM/EDS and TEM showed the formation of synthesized nanocomposites and componential analysis in the undoped TiO2 and Cu2O/TiO2. The photocatalytic oxidation efficiencies of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene with Cu2O/TiO2 were higher than undoped TiO2. According to light sources, the average oxidation efficiencies for BTEX by Cu2OT-0.5 were exhibited in the orer of 8 W day light > violet LEDs > white LEDs. However, the photocatalytic oxidation efficiencies normalized to supplied electric power were calculated to be in the following order of violet LEDs > white LEDs > 8 W day light, indicating that the LEDs could be a much more energy efficient light source for the photo-oxidation of gaseous BTEX using Cu2O/TiO2.

Background: This study represents the first report that the anti-obesity activity of ethanol extracts of Aronia melanocarpa can be enhanced through ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 ㎑ at 60℃ (UE). Methods and Results: The amounts of cyanidin-3-O-galactose (cya-gal), a major anthocyanin in A. melanocarpa were higher by up to 402.4 ㎎/100 g, as compared with 221.4 ㎎/100 g and 322.1 ㎎/100 g, for hot water at 100℃ and 70% ethanol at 80℃ respectively. This result should cause the higher antioxidant activities of the UE than extract of hot water and ethanol in DPPH free radical scavenging. It was confirmed that the high antioxidant activity of UE could play an important role in inhibiting the production of proteins related to adipocyte differentiation, such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1). Conclusions: Ultrasonification at a frequency of 120 ㎑ at 60℃ should result in better anti-obesity activity than that observed using other processes. It was also observed for the first time that the anti-obesity activity of A. melanocarpa was associated with its antioxidant activity, possibly due to the higher elution of intact cya-gal, owing to efficient low temperature ultrasonification extraction. These results could also be applied to improve other biological activities of medicinal herbs that contain many types of heat-labile bioactive substances.

In this study, we attempted to solubilize protein in slaughter blood (SB) using ultrasonic technology. The application of ultrasonic technology can make enzymatic degradation of SB more effective, which has no comparable alternative for treatment. The SB was homogenized by grinding it for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm as a pretreatment for preventing its clotting, and then ultrasonic treatment was attempted to solubilize protein in SB. To maximize the efficiency of ultrasonic treatment for SB, the optimum condition of ultrasonic frequency (UF) was determined to be 20 kHz. To optimize the operation conditions of ultrasonification with 20 kHz of frequency, we used response surface methodology (RSM) based on ultrasonic density (UD) and ultrasonification time (UT). The solubilization rate (SR) of protein (%) was calculated to be 101.304 - 19.4205 X1 + 0.0398X2 + 7.9411X12 + 0.0001X22 + 0.0455X1X2. From the results of the RSM study, the optimum conditions of UD and UT were determined at 0.5 W/mL and 22 minutes, respectively, and SB treated under these conditions was estimated to have a 95% SR. Also, experimentally, a 95.53% SR was observed under same conditions, accurately reflecting the theoretical prediction of 95%.

This study was performed to investigate the enhancement of cosmeceutical activities of Berberis koreana bark by different extraction processes. The extracts are WE (water extract at 100℃, control), USE (ultrasonification for 1 hours at 60℃ with water), HPE (high pressure for 5 minutes at 60℃ with water) and USE + HPE (ultrasonification process for 1 hours after high pressure for 5 minutes at 60℃ with water), respectively. The cytotoxicity of the extracts was in the range of 24.02~26.94% at 1.0 mg/ml concentration. The USE + HPE showed the lowest cytotoxicity. Compared to the WE, total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the USE + HPE increased to 121.5% and 154.2%. The USE + HPE showed the highest activity at 1.0 mg/ml concentration in 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, inhibition activity of xanthine oxidase and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like test, respectively. Tyrosinase inhibition of WE, USE, HPE and USE + HPE at 1.0 mg/ml concentration was measured as 17.72, 19.62, 22.83 and 24.16%, respectively. Hyaluronidase inhibition activities of the USE + HPE were higher than 20.8%~29.5% of the WE. Our results suggested that the extracts from ultrasonification process after high pressure extraction has relatively high cosmeceutical activities, and that the bark of Berberis koreana could be considered as a candidate of new functional cosmetic agents.

The low quality fresh ginseng was fermented by Phelinus linteus or Hericium erinaceum mycelium. This fermented ginseng was extracted by water at 100℃ or water with ultrasonification at 60℃. Total phenolic compounds was improved by ultrasonification extraction process, compare to conventional water extraction. All extracts enhanced the growth of human B and T cells, showing 2.68 times and 3.43 times higher, respectively, than the control. The secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 from human immune cells was enhanced as 3.53×10-4 pg/cell, 3.40×10-4 pg/cell by adding H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng yielded higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The cytotoxicity on human normal kidney cell (HEK293) was as low as 20.5% in adding the maximum concentration of 1.0 mg/ml of fermented ginseng. Generally, the extracts from ultrasonification extraction process showed 10% lower toxicity than that by conventional process. H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng had the highest anticancer activity on human lung cancer and stomach cancer cells as 69.33% and 75.32%, respectively at 1.0 mg/ml. It can be concluded that, in general, H. erinaceum mycelium fermented ginseng has relatively better immune and anticancer activities than P. linteus fermented ginseng. Expecially, the extracts treated with ultrasonification had higher activities than that from conventional extraction process.

This study was performed to compare alcohol fermentation ability and saccharification of potatoes and sweet potatoes. Cooperated with ultrasonification process is not contain pass through cook process, but contain process using ulrasonification instead cook process. In result of sugar contents measurements sweet potato and potato was highest of a family at 6 hours fermentation, and it showed the highest sugar contents as each 11.5 brix, 10.4 brix. In result of alcohol contents measurements of sweet potato and potato, highest of a family in 4 days, and it showed th highest alcohol contents as each 8.2, 6.0%. Finally complex enzymes II process revealed similar activities like cook process.

본 연구는 병풀의 초음파 추출 시 용매에 따른 면역활성 증진 효과를 탐색하고자 수행되었다, 각 추출공정의 수율 비교에서 초음파 공정을 병행한 60℃ 에탄올 추출이 일반 100℃ 물 추출에 비해 15% 높은 수율을 나타냈으며, 에탄올을 용매로 한 추출이 동일한 조건의 물 추출에 비해 모두 높은 수율을 나타냈다. 이는 용매의 극성과 용출되는 병풀 내 성분의 극성에 기인하는 것으로 사료된다. 인간 정상 섬유아세포인 CCD-986sk를 이용한 세포독성 측정을 통해 모든 병풀 추출물이 32% 이하의 세포독성을 나타냈다. 인간 면역 B, T세포의 생육도 측정에서 초음파를 병행한 60℃ 에탄올 추출물이 무첨가 대조구에 비해 10%의 증진 효과를 나타내었으며, 면역세포의 cytokine 분비량 측정에서도 IL-6, TNF-α의 분비를 각각 4.86 × 10-4 pg/cell과 5.73 × 10-4 pg/cell로 나타내 증진 효과를 나타냈다. 또한, 초음파 병행 에탄올 시료를 첨가한 면역 T세포의 분비물에 의한 NK 세포 활성에서도 10%의 생육증진효과를 나타내었다. 이를 통해 병풀의 에탄올 추출물이 면역 활성을 가지고 있으며 초음파 공정을 통해 활성의 증진이 나타날 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이는 에탄올 용매를 통해 병풀 유용성분의 용출이 증진되고, 초음파 공정을 통해 병풀 유용 성분의 수율 향상 및 유용성분의 변화, 신규물질 용출 등이 일어나기 때문인 것으로 사료된다.

Immune-potentiation of Chicorium endivia L. were investigated on follows extracts associated with ultrasonification process at 60 kHz and showed the highest promotion of human B and T cell growth, about 10~20% compared to the control. The secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 was also enhanced by the addition (0.5mg/ml) of the extracts. NK cell activation was Improved up to 1.37 times higher than the control, through adding extracts. It was also found that extracts from C. endivia L. could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccaharides (LPS). It can be concluded that, in general, the extracts treated with ultrasonification has higher immune activity than others, possibly by higher yielding immune-modulatory activity than conventional extraction process. The optimum condition for the extraction of C. endivia L. is ethanol extraction at 60~100℃ associated with ultrasonification.

Immune activities of Opuntia ficus indica L. Miller were investigated through aqueous extracts associated with ultrasonification process at 60℃, and showed the highest promotion of human B and T cell growth, up to 52% and 41%, respectively, compared to the control. The secretion of TNF-α and IL-60 was also enhanced by the addition (0.5mg/ml) of the extracts, up to 48%. NK cell activation was significantly improved up to 1.3 times higher than the case of adding other extracts. It was also found that extracts from O. ficus indica could yield higher nitric oxide production from macrophage than Lipopolysaccaharides (LPS). It can be concluded that, in general, the extracts treated with ultrasonification has higher Immune acitivities than others, possibly by higher yielding immune-modulatory than conventional extraction process. The optimum condition for the extraction of O. ficus-indicais water extraction associated with ultrasonification.

당귀, 복분자, 마황의 추출공정 요인별 [추출온도 (40℃, 60℃, 100℃), 초음파 병행 (처리조건 : 초음파별) 추출]에 따른 추출물들의 분획물들의 추출수율 증진 및 생산성 향상이 가능한 공정 개발을 위하적 공정 요인에 따라 추출과 분획을 실시하였다. 그 중 모든 분획 추출물 들 중에서 60℃ 온도에서 40kHz의 초음파 병행 추출한 복분자 water 분획층 수율이 59.63%로 다른 추출 공정에 비하여 가장 높게 나타났으며, 당귀 water 분획층의 수율은 50.17%로 나타나 water 분획층의 수율이 가장 높게 나타났으며, butanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform 분획층의 순서로 수율이 나타난 것을 확인 할 수 있었다. 이것으로 60℃의 40 kHz 초음파 병행 추출 공정이 생산성이 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 면역활성 증진 효과에서 인간의 면역세포인 B, T 세포에 대한 생육 활성도를 각 공정별 추출물을 이용하여 측정한 결과 60℃의 40 kHz의 초음파 병행 추출물의 water 분획물에서 180% 이상의 높은 생육 활성도를 나타내었고, butanol 분획물에서는 160% 이상의 높은 생육 활성도를 나타내었다. Cytokines 분비량은 면역 세포에 대한 활성 실험에서 효과가 가장 높게 나타났던 추출공정인 60℃의 40 kHz 초음파 병행 추출물의 water 분획층과 butanol 분획층을 이용하여 분획물 실험을 행하였다. B세포에서의 IL-6 분비량에 복분자 water 분획충이 1.0 g/l에서 5일째 17×10-4 ph/cell로 가장 높은 증진 효과를 나타내었으며, butanol 분획층이 16.8×10-4 pg/cell의 증진효과를 보였고, 마황과 당귀 water 분획층이 각각 16.5×10-4 pg/cell, 16.5×10-4 pg/cell의 증진효과를 보였다 B 세포에서의 TNF-α분비량은 복분자 water 분획층이 1.0 g/l에서 5일째 18×10-4 pg/cell로 가장 증진 효과가 크게 나타났다. 이것은 세포의 생육이 시간에 따라 증가됨으로서 그에 따른 cytokines의 분비량도 시간에 따라 증가하는 것으로 사료된다. 추출공정 요인인 온도와, 초음파를 달리하여 그것의 분획물인 water 분획층과 butanol 분획층에 대한 T 세포에서의 cytokine 분비량을 측정한 결과 온도의 변화를 준 추출공정에서의 IL-6분비량은 60℃에서 가장 좋은 분비량을 나타낸 것으로 복분자가 18.5×10-4 pg/cell로 가장 높은 증진 효과를 나타내었다. 마황과 당귀 또한 60℃로 추출하였을 때, 1.08배, 1.04배 높은 분비량을 나타내었다. 또한 초음파의 주파수의 변화를 주어 추출한 것으로 T세포의 TNF-α 분비량을 측정한 결과 40 kHz의 초음파 병행 추출한 복분자 water 분획층이 1.0 g/l 농도에서 20.4×10-4 pg/cell로 60 kHz로 병행 추출한 복분자 water 분획층의 19.5×10-4 pg/cell보다 높은 분비량을 나타내었다. 당귀와 마황에서도 40 kHz의 초음파로 병행 추출한 것이 더 높은 분비량을 나타내었다. NK-cell의 활성도를 공정 요인별로 측정한 결과 가장 좋은 활성도를 나타낸 것으로는 60℃에서 40 kHz의 초음파로 병행 추출한 복분자 water 분획층 이 배양 6일째 날 1.0 g/l의 농도에서 97%, butanol 분획층은 93%의 활성증진을 보여 초음파 병행 추출하지 많은 것과 다른 온도 조건에 비해 높은 생육 활성도를 나타내었다. 그리고 당귀 분획물 또한 60℃, 40 kHz의 초음파 추출물의 water 분획층과 butanol 분획층에서 각 92%와 80%의 활성 증진을 나타내 다른 추출 공정보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 이것으로 알 수 있듯이 생체 방어 기능을 증진 시킬 수 있는 최적의 추출공정으로는 60℃에서 40 kHz의 초음파를 병행하여 추출하는 것으로 사료된다. 세포 분화활성도의 측정 결과는 복분자 water분획층이 가장 높은 세포 분화 활성도를 나타내었고, 또한 복분자와 마황의 분획물이 crude 상태의 초음파 병행 추출물에 비해 최고 20% 이상의 분화 활성도를 나타내는 것을 확인 할 수 있었다.