Urban space expansion is an important symbol of the urbanization process and has always been an important topic in urban studies. In addition, for sustainable city management, it is important to identify factors that can influence, such as the driving force and direction of urban space expansion, from the stage of establishing an urban development plan. To understand these factors, by observing the expansion process of a specific city, it is possible to sufficiently observe how the urban spatial dimension changes. Through a series of processes, the spatial growth characteristics of the city are analyzed, and the influence and results of important factors are analyzed. For this purpose, this paper examines the changes in the city's outer boundary and land use structure through monitoring data on urban areas of 14 cities in Hunan Province, China from 2000 to 2016. Temporal and spatial regularity according to the urban space expansion of these cities were analyzed, and a preliminary assessment was made on whether the urban space expansion is coordinated with the urban population growth. The assessment result showed: (1) The urban space of most cities has been extended rapidly in 2000-2015 however, the rate and the intensity of urban space expanding has been declining. (2) The construction of the industrial park is the core driving force of the urban space expanding, and the change of the urban space structure is manifested as enclave city expansion because that the industrial park is usually far away from the city center. (3) The population agglomeration is another driving force of the urban space expanding. At this time, the urban space expanding is like boundary extension. (4) Except Changsha city, all of the cities has a high urbanization-area-growth elastic coefficient. It means that most of the cities should enhance the land use degree.

서 론 일부 맹금류들은 도시의 인위적인 환경 속에서 성공적인 번식력으로 놀라운 적응력을 나타내고 있다(Bird et al., 1996). 맹금류가 도시에서 서식할 수 있는 것은 지속적인 먹이 공급과 번식기 때 영소지로 이용이 가능한 인위적인 구조물 즉 빌딩의 틈, 철탑, 교각 등이 있기 때문이다. 유럽 또는 북아메리카에는 매(Falco peregrinus), 황조롱이 (Falco tinnunculus), 참매(Accipiter gentilis), 붉은꼬리말 똥가리(Buteo jamaicensis), 붉은어깨말똥가리(Buteo lineatus) 등 다양한 종이 도심을 중심으로 서식하고 있는 것으로 알 려져 있다. 이들 종 중 황조롱이는 유라시아 대륙에 폭넓게 분포하며, 산야나 주택가를 가리지 않고 서식하기 때문에 인가 주변에서 비교적 쉽게 관찰되는 종이다. 본 연구는 도 시에서 발견되는 황조롱이의 이소 시 유조를 근거로 황조롱 이의 도시 내 번식 시기 및 기간, 이소 유조의 성장률과 영소지로서 이용되는 도시의 인공구조물의 종류 및 영소지 에서 녹지까지의 거리 등 영소지 선택 특성을 파악하고자 실시하였다. 연구내용 및 방법 본 연구는 부산(A)지역을 중심으로 이루어졌으며, 인접 도시인 울산(B)과 김해(C)지역의 자료도 참고하였다(그림 1). 3개 연구지역의 지리적 범위는 동경 128° 41′47″～129° 27′47″, 북위 34° 53′12″～35° 43′19″에 포함되며, 행정구 역상 부산광역시 및 울산광역시, 경상남도 김해시에 해당한 다. 동물지리구상으로 구북구 지역(Paleoarctic region)에 속하며, 산림식물대상으로 온대림에 속하는 지역이다. 황조 롱이 이소 후 유조의 성장에 관한 조사는 2009년부터 2010 년까지 2년 간 황조롱이의 이소 시기인 5월부터 8월까지 사육 환경에서 조사하였다. 황조롱이 이소 유조의 구조에 따른 번식 기간 및 번식지 주변의 환경 조사는 1999년 1월 부터 2007년 12월[부산 경성대학교 조류관(천연기념물치 료센터)]과 2009년 1월부터 2010년 12월(부산야생동물치 료센터)까지 자료 수집과 구조 장소에 대한 현장 조사를 실시하였다. 2009년 1월부터 2010년 12월까지 2년 간은 B(울산), C(김해) 2개 지역의 조사도 함께 하였다. 조사대상 은 야생동물치료센터에서 황조롱이의 번식기 동안 구조되 는 알, 유조 등을 선별하여 현장 조사를 하였고, 현장 조사 시에는 구조 시점, 둥지의 구조 및 지점의 주소와 좌표를 기록하였다. 먼저 유조의 이소기간을 조사하였고, 국내․외 의 연구 자료를 참고하여 번식초기 행동기간, 산란기, 포란 기, 육추기로 나누어 전체의 번식기간을 산출 하였다. 이소 유조의 성장조사는 부산야생동물치료센터에서 황조롱이의 이소시기 때 구조되는 이소 유조들 중 건강하고 이상 증세 가 없는 개체들을 선별하여 측정하였다. 이소 유조의 측정 은 이소 후 측정과 성장완료 후 측정으로 성장량을 분석하 였다. 측정부위는 전장(Total length), 익장[Wing length (Maximum length)], 부리(Bill), 부척(Tarsus), 체중(Weight) 이며 측정은 Svensson(1992)의 방법을 따랐다. 영소지에 대 한 조사는 구조된 지점에서 둥지를 확인한 경우 ‘둥지 확 인’, 둥지를 확인하지 못한 경우 ‘둥지 미확인’으로 구분하 였다. ‘둥지 확인’의 경우 둥지로 이용한 구조물의 종류에 따라 건물 및 까치둥지로 구분하였다. 건물은 아파트의 베 란다 및 건물의 틈(구멍)으로 구분하였으며, 까치둥지는 둥 지의 위치에 따라 철탑, 건물, 나무의 까치둥지로 구분하였 다. 영소지에서 녹지까지의 거리는 지도상에서 둥지 지점 또는 이소유조가 구조된 지점의 좌표로부터 주변에서 가장 가까운 녹지(도시 외곽) 가장자리까지의 거리를 ‘m’ 단위로 산출하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 통계분석 소프트웨어의 카 이제곱 검정과 t-검정 및 회귀분석을 이용하였다. 결과 및 고찰 1. 도시 내 예측 번식기간 1999년에서 2010년까지 12년간의 조사에서 전체적인 이 소 시기는 5월 전반기(2건, 1.27%)에서 8월 전반기(1건, 0.64%) 이었으며, 대부분은 5월 후반기에서 6월 후반기로 나타났다. 이소는 6월 전반기가 62건(39.49%)으로 가장 높 았으며 5월 후반기 45건(28.66%) 6월 후반기 33건 (21.02%)순이었다. 2009년에서 2010년까지의 조사에서 황 조롱이 이소 유조의 구조에 따른 이소 시기는 5월 전반기(1 건, 1.35%)에서 7월 전반기(6건, 8.11%)까지 이소시기를 보였다. 연간 이소율이 가장 높은 시기는 7월 전반기(31건, 41.89%)이었다. 이소시기를 지역별로 보면 A(부산)지역은 5월 전반기(1건, 2.22%)에서 7월 전반기(5건, 11.11%)까 지, B(울산)지역은 5월 후반기(9건, 20%)에서 6월 후반기(2 건, 11.11%)까지, C(김해)지역은 5월 후반기(5건, 45.45%) 에서 7월 전반기(1건, 9.09%)까지 이었으며, 이소율이 가장 높은 시기는 A지역은 6월 전반기(22건, 48.89%), B지역은 5월 후반기(9건, 50%), C지역은 5월 후반기(5건, 45.45%) 로 나타났다. A(부산), B(울산), C(김해) 지역 간 유조의 이 소 시기는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 확인되었 다(x²-test, p=0.084). 황조롱이의 예측 번식기간 산정을 위 해 ①번식초기 행동기간, ②산란기, ③포란기, ④육추기로 나누어 국내․외의 연구 자료를 참고하였다. 본 연구에서는 번식초기의 행동기간을 구애 및 최초 교미 시기부터 정하였 다. 황조롱이의 번식기간 산정을 번식초기 행동기간, 산란 기, 포란기, 육추기 4단계로 나누어 국 내․외의 연구 자료를 참고한 결과 번식초기의 행동을 보이는 기간은 최저 7일에 서 최고 21일인 것으로 조사되었다(Korpimaki, 1985; Village, 1990; 원 등 2005; Vergara et al., 2007). 산란기간 은 최소 3일에서 최고 12일인 것으로 조사되었고 (Kirkwood, 1980; Zyl, 1999; 원 등, 2005; Neve et al., 2008; Costantini et al., 2010), 포란기는 최저 26일에서 최 고 31일로 조사되었으며(Village, 1990; Bustamante, 1994; Morioka et al., 1998; Zyl, 1999, Costantini et al., 2010), 육추기는 최소 27일에서 최고 36일인 것으로 조사되었다 (Village, 1990; Bustamante, 1994; Morioka et al., 1998; Zyl, 1999). 따라서 참고 자료를 바탕으로 한 최소 산정된 번식기간은 63일 이었으며, 최대 산정된 번식기간은 100일 이었다. 본 연구의 1999년에서 2010년까지 조사된 이소기 간에서 참고 자료를 바탕으로 산정한 번식기간을 감한 결과 번식을 위해 도시에 머무는 기간은 최대는 1월 후반기부터 이며, 최소는 3월 전반기부터 시작하여 8월 전반기까지인 것으로 예측이 가능하였다. 이소 후 독립까지의 기간은 외 부 환경에 대한 간섭이 크고 서식지에 따라 차이가 있으므 로 본 연구에는 적용하지 않았다. 그러나 이소 직후 안전한 비행은 어려우므로 Zyl(1999)의 연구와 같이 적어도 일정 기간 동안은 둥지 인근에 머물 것으로 생각되지만, 비행 능력 획득 후에는 보다 나은 채식 활동을 위하여 도시 외곽으 로 가는 것으로 생각된다. 2. 이소 유조의 성장률 이소 직후와 성장 완료 후 부위별 성장치를 조사한 결과 전 장 12.69%(46.04 ±23.50mm), 익장 18.6%(46.29 ±23.62mm), 미장 27.19%(45.87 ±22.15mm), 부리 11.11%(1.13 ±0.65mm), 부척0.03%(0.02 ±0.81mm), 체중 5.28%(13.69 ±37.61g)의 성장률을 보였다. 체중을 제외한 전장, 익장, 미장, 부리, 부척은 이소 후 평균 13.92%가 성장하는 것으로 나타났으 며, 결과적으로 이소 시의 길이 성장률은 평균 86.08%인 것으로 나타났다. 원 등(2005)은 황조롱이의 부화 후부터 이소 전까지의 길이 성장률을 연구하였다. 그 결과 부리와 부척은 이소 전에 성장이 둔해진 반면 전장, 익장, 미장은 성장이 계속적으로 이루어졌으며, 성장이 완료되지 않은 시 점에서 이소한 것으로 나타났다. 체중은 이소가 가까워지면 서 최고점을 지나 오히려 줄어들었다. 본 연구에서도 전장, 익장, 미장은 약 23%정도의 성장이 있었고, 부리도 약간의 성장이 확인되었다. 반면 부척은 큰 변화가 나타나지 않았 다. 체중을 제외한 전장, 익장, 미장, 부리, 부척의 전체 성장 률은 13.92%이었으며, 결과적으로 이소 시의 평균 성장률 은 86.08%인 것으로 확인되었다. 3. 둥지 구조물 및 영소지에서 녹지까지의 거리 1999년에서 2010년까지 12년간의 조사에서 총 구조는 170건이었다. 이중 둥지 확인은 34건(20%)이었고, 둥지 미 확인은 136건(80%) 이었다. 확인된 둥지 구조물의 유형은 건물 21건(61.77%), 까치둥지 13건(38.23%)으로 건물의 둥지수가 더 높은 비율을 나타냈다. 건물 중에는 건물의 틈 이 14건(41.18%)으로서 아파트의 베란다 7건(20.59%)보다 높게 나타났으며, 까치(Pica pica)둥지의 유형별로는 철재 탑 8건(23.53%), 나무 4건(11.76%), 건물의 까치둥지 1건 (2.94%) 순이었다. 본 연구에서는 도시 황조롱이의 둥지 구 조물은 건물 또는 까치둥지인 것으로 확인되었다. 총 170건 중 건물 주변에서 발견된 136건(80%) 모두 건물에서 번식 했다고 판단하기는 어려우나 모두 도시지역 내에서 발견된 것으로 보아 도시의 인위적 시설물 또는 까치둥지와 연관성 이 있을 것으로 생각된다. 또한 현장에서 확인된 34건의 분석결과도 빌딩을 이용하는 비율이 높게 나타난 것은 이러 한 생각을 뒷받침해주는 결과라 할 수 있을 것이다. 까치둥 지 또한 철탑의 비율이 높기 때문에 영소지의 기반이 되는 구조물은 결국 도시의 인위적 구조물들과 연관성이 있다는 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1999년에서 2010년까지 조사한 영 소지에서 녹지까지의 거리는 0 - 300m가 67건(50%)으로 절반을 차지하였으며 숲 가장자리에서 거리가 멀어 질수록 둥지 수는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다(y = -1.6924x + 22.805, R² = 0.7816, n=134, P < 0.01). 따라서 영소지로 이용하는 것은 도심의 인위적인 구조물들을 좋아하나, 도심 의 안쪽 보다 바깥쪽으로 갈수록 영소지의 비율이 높은 것 은 새끼의 양육을 위한 채식지와 연관성이 있을 것으로 생 각된다. 그러나 먹이를 구하는 장소가 황조롱이의 습성 상 나무가 우거진 숲속과는 관련이 없으며, 숲 밖의 창공 또는 나무가 없는 변두리, 개활지를 선호하는 것으로 보인다. 본 연구의 결과를 보면 영소지로서 선호하는 구조물들이 도시 내에 있기 때문에 번식을 위해서는 도시 내로 들어오 지만, 채식지는 도심 보다는 도시 외곽을 더 선호하기 때문 에 영소지와 도시 외곽의 거리가 가까운 곳에 둥지를 더 많이 짓는 것으로 생각된다. 황조롱이는 둥지의 구조물로서 건물, 철탑 등 인위적 건축물을 효과적으로 이용하여 도시 환경에 잘 적응한 대표적인 맹금류의 한 종으로 사료된다. 인용문헌 원일재, 조삼래, 백충렬. 2005. 황조롱이(Falco tinnunculus)의 번식 생태에 관한 연구. 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Kawata(1998) The birds of prey in japan, second edition. Okumura Printing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, 630pp. Neve, L.D., J.A. Fargallo, P. Vergara, J.A. Lemus, M. J-Galán and I. Luaces(2008) Effects of maternal carotenoid availability in relation to sex, parasite infection and health status of nestling Kestrels(Falco tinnunculus). The Journal of Experimental Biology 211: 1414-1425. Vergara, P. and J.A. Fargallo(2008) Copulation duration during courtship predicts gertility in the Eurasian Kestrel Falco tinnunculus. Ardeola 55(2): 153-160. Village, A.(1990) The Kestrel. T and A. D. Poyser, London, 139pp. Won, I.J., S.R. Cho and C.R. Baek(2005) The study on breeding ecology of Common Kestrels(Falco tinnunculus). Kor. J. Orni. 12(2): 61-68. Zyl, A.F.V.(1999) Breeding biology of the Common Kestrel in Southern Africa(32 degrees S) compared to studies in Europe(53 degrees N) by A J Van Zyl. Ostrich 70(2): 127-132.

This study aimed to explore companion planting to improve vegetable productivity on extensive green roofs through urban agriculture with limited substrate depth. From May to July 2021, the study conducted on the rooftop to evaluate the effects of marigold (Tagetes patula) planting ratio on the growth and pest control of cabbage (Brassica campestris). The experiment plot measured 1 m in width × 1 m in length × 0.25 m in height and 0.2 m in substrate depth. Fifteen plots were planted in varying proportions of cabbage and marigold for three repetitions per treatment: cabbage control (CC), 2:1(C2M1), 1:1(C1M1), 1:2(C1M2), and marigold control (MC). We found that companion planting marigolds with cabbage significantly increased cabbage growth and reduced pest infestation. The study revealed that C1M1, when cabbage and marigold have the same proportion, is an efficient companion planting ratio. Companion planting, in which non-crop vegetation manages pests and increases crop productivity, improves natural pest control and preserves biodiversity on rooftop urban agriculture.

This study evaluated the growth, physiological responses and productivity based on the intercropping ratio of cherry tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) with basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). on the rooftops to determine out the efficient ratio in urban agriculture. From April to September 2019, an experiment was conducted on the rooftop of Konkuk University Glocal Campus. Cherry tomato and basil were selected as companion plants for eco-friendly urban agriculture on the rooftops. Each plot was created with a width of 100 cm, length of 100 cm, and height of 25 cm. After installing drainage and waterproof layers from bottom to top, substrate was laid out with a height of 20 cm. Intercropping ratio was consisted of a single tomato plant (TC), 2:1 tomato to basil (T2B1), 1:1 tomato to basil (T1B1), 1:2 tomato to basil 2 (T1B2), and a single basil plant (BC), were conducted using a randomized complete plot design with five treatments and three replication (a total 15 plots). Measurements were divided into growth, physiological responses, and productivity parameters, and detailed items were investigated and analyzed by classifying them into plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, root collar caliper, chlorophyll contents, fresh weight, dry weight, number of fruit, fruit caliper, fruit weight, and sugar content. Comparative analyses of cherry tomato with basil plants by intercropping ratio, growth, physiological, and productivity responses are determined to be efficient when the ratio of cherry tomato to basil ratio is 2:1 or 1:1.

Tropaeolum majus, with a high decorative and food demand for vertical greening systems, has been utilized to revitalize urban agriculture. The effects of number of non-woven fabrics in a non-water environment and the adaptability of T. majus to this system were investigated. Planting ground composition of the container-type wall vertical greening system was made using non-woven fabric in one, two, three, or four layers. The results showed that the soil water content remained the highest when the non-woven fabric comprised 4 sheets. The morphological properties showed more growth with the 4 sheets than with 1, 2, and 3 sheets. In terms of physiological characteristics, chlorophyll content was mostly high in the 4 sheets, while shoot fresh weight value was in the order of 3 sheets > 4 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet, and root fresh weight value was in the order of 4 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet > 3 sheets. The dry weight of the measured values in the shoot was in the order of 4 sheets > 3 sheets > 2 sheets > 1 sheet while no clear difference was found in the root of each treatment. The difference in the flowring characteristics was not different, but in evaluating the characteristics as a whole, the growth in the three layers of non-waven fabric was the best. In addition, the soil moisture content and the growth characteristics were statistically significant as a positive correlation between the groups. Thus, greater the non-woven fabric, the higher is the adaptability of T. majus to dry stress under soil water-free conditions by maintaining soil moisture content. This showed that it represented an effective alternative as a method of vertical greening system for lower maintenance urban agriculture.

This study was conducted to examine the influence of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) light quality in urban agricultural plant factories on the growth and development of Seolhyang strawberry daughter plants in order to improve the efficiency of daughter plant growth and urban agriculture. LED light quality by demonstrated that above-ground growth and development were greatest for daughter plant 2. Daughter plant 1 showed the next highest growth and development, followed by daughter plant 3. Among the different qualities of LED light, the stem was thickest and growth rate of leaves was highest for R + B III (LED quality: red 660 nm + blue 450 nm/photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD): 241–243 μmol·m-2·s-1) and lowest for R (red 660 nm/115–117 μ mol·m-2·s-1). Plant height, leaf width, petiole length, and the leaf growth rate were highest for W (white fluorescent lamp/241–243 μ mol·m-2·s-1) and lowest for R + B Ⅰ (red 660 nm + blue 450 nm/80–82 μ㏖·m-2·s-1). For above-ground growth and development, as the plants surpassed the seedling age, mixed light (red + blue), rather than monochromatic light (red or blue), and higher PPFD values tended to increase development. Regarding the quality of the LED light, daughter plant 2 showed the highest chlorophyll content, followed by daughter plant 1, and daughter plant 3 showed the least chlorophyll content. When the wavelength was monochromatic, chlorophyll content increased, compared to that when PPFD values were increased. Mixed light vitality was highest in daughter plant 2, followed by 1, and 3, showed increased photosynthesis when PPFD values were high with mixed light, in contrast to the results observed for chlorophyll content.

The current study deals with the effect of urban growth and urbanization on temperature trends over Lahore city of Pakistan. This research was conducted using mean monthly temperature data for the period of 1950-2017. The urban population growth, urban expansion, the increase of vehicles and factories as well as the expansion of built up area have influenced on the change of temperature in Lahore city. The annual trends of temperatures have been analyzed, and their statistical significances are calculated by the linear regression method. It has been deduced that there is a close relation between temperature change and urban growth. The findings are as follows; the mean minimum temperature rises greater than the maximum temperature at urban station and rural station. However, the maximum temperature is not rising positively and thus significantly at both stations. The findings show the fact that mean minimum temperature increasing more quickly after the 1995 due to the increase of urban development in Lahore city in which the built up area has increased from 66 km² to 740 km² since 1950. A massive increase in the numbers of vehicles have also influenced on the change of temperature in the city. However, the mean maximum temperature at rural station of Lahore has significant effect during 1973-1997.

Vertical farming systems offer many advantages in urban spaces. They have also been proposed as an engineering solution to increase the productivity per unit area of cultivated land by extending crop production in the vertical dimension. However, soil water retention is a major constraint affecting the plant environment. This study analyzed the effects of growth environment of Tropaeolum majus and Fragaria spp., on the vertical farming system, by using four different types of cover material types including sphagnum moss (Control), a shading net (S.N.), multi-layered fabric (M.L.F.), and non-woven fabric (N.W.F.). The volumetric soil moisture contents and plant characteristics were investigated from May to September 2014. Plant materials were individually cultivated in hanging baskets measuring 30×17×17 cm, filled with a mixture of soil and perlite, and placed at 1.5m height. Each treatment was performed in quadruplicate and consisted of five plants, amounting to a total of 20 plants. The analysis indicated that different covers were associated with multiple functions and soil water retention improvements may have a positive impact on the vertical farming system. The difference in soil water retention increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N.. Furthermore, the differences in plant height and survival rate increased in the following order: M.L.F. > Control > N.W.F. > S.N. Therefore, M.L.F yielded satisfactory good response for the vertical farming system of cover materials. Our results clearly demonstrate that vertical spaces represent an attractive alternative to urban farming and suggest that further increases in yield may be achieved via different cover materials in vertical farming using hanging baskets.

This study was conducted to examine effects of media kinds and container forms for urban agriculture on the growth of herbaceous and woody plants that could be used in construction of urban greenery and landscape gardens. The main objective of the study was to investigate the most efficient culture soil and container form for four herbaceous and one woody plant species. In this study, five different species were examined on three different media kinds [horticultural substrate (HS), decomposed granite (DG), and horticultural substrate + decomposed granite (HS + DG)] with two different container forms [vinyl pot (Ø7.5 cm) and plug tray (20 cells)]. The results indicated that pH values of media of HS and HS + DG were 5.8 and 5.9, respectively while DG was 6.5. HS had the highest electrical conductivity with 0.90 dS･m -1 while HS + DG and DG had 0.39 and 0.08 dS･m -1 , respectively. Especially, most of the species experimented on HS tended to have the highest growth rate in the plant height, the root length, the number of leaves and fresh biomass weight compared to other soil kinds (P<0.05). The growth rate on HS + DG was much higher than DG. Therefore, our results support that HS + DG could be possible to replace with HS. In addition, there had no differences on growth rates between container forms (P>0.05). The use of plug tray could be more applicable than the use of vinyl pot containers, considering growth rates of plants and convenient of shipment on plant production.

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of hydrophilic polymer (HP) mixture ratio (Control, 1.0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, and 10.0%) on growth of eggplant (Solanum melongena) for lower maintenance urban agriculture via green roofs. Although it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05), substrate temperature was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio were increased. High substrate water content (95%) was found consistently in growing media under elevated hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio at over 5% during the entire growing period. Substrate electronic conductivity was increased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio were increased. Growth index was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. It was reduced about 1/3 and 1/5 compared to that of Control in HP5.0 and HP10.0 treatment plants, respectively. Number of leaves, leaf length, and leaf width were decreased in following order: Control> HP1.0> HP2.5> HP5.0> HP10.0 treatments. There numbers were significantly lower in HP5.0 and HP10.0 treatment plants. Dry weight of shoot and root were decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. They were reduced by 1/4 compared to those of Control treatment plants. In addition, visual value was decreased as hydrophilic polymer mixture ratio was increased. Plants grown in HP1.0, HP2.5, and HP5.0 treatments all survived. However, plants grown in the HP10.0 treatment had the lowest survival rate (56%) after 3 months of growing. These results indicate that the advantage of adding hydrophilic polymer to green roof growing media may greater during dry periods. However, the proper mixture proportion of hydrophilic polymer should be determined according to different characteristics of growing media and plant species.

In this study, the regional climate (WRF) and air quality (CMAQ) models were used to simulate the effects of future urban growth on surface ozone concentrations in the Seoul metropolitan region (SMR). These analyses were performed based on changes in ozone concentrations during ozone seasons (May–June) for the year 2050 (future) relative to 2012 (present) by urban growth. The results were compared with the impacts of RCP scenarios on ozone concentrations in the SMR. The fractions of urban in the SMR (25.8 %) for the 2050 were much higher than those (13.9 %) for the 2012 and the future emissions (e.g., CO, NO, NO2, SO2, VOC) were increased from 121 % (NO) to 161.3 % (NO2) depending on emission material. The mean and daily maximum 1-h ozone in the SMR increased about 3 - 7 ppb by the effect the RCP scenarios. However, the effect of urban growth reduced the mean ozone by 3 ppb in the SMR and increased the daily maximum 1-h ozone by 2 - 5 ppb over the northeastern SMR and around the coastline. In particular, the ozone pollution days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard (100 ppb) were far more affected by urban growth than mean values. As a result, the average number of days exceeding the 1-h regulatory standard increased up to 10 times.

The relationship between air temperatures and the fraction of urban areas (FUA) and their linear regression equation were estimated using land-use data provided by the water management information system (WAMIS) and air temperatures by the Korea Meteorology Administration (KMA) in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) during 1975 through 2000. The future FUA in the SMA (from 2000 to 2030) was also predicted by the urban growth model (i.e., SLEUTH) in conjunction with several dataset (e.g., urban, roads, etc.) in the WAMIS. The estimated future FUA was then used as input data for the linear regression equation to estimate an annual mean minimum air temperature in the future (e.g., 2025 and 2030). The FUA in the SMA in 2000 simulated by the SLEUTH showed good agreement with the observations (a high accuracy (73%) between them). The urban growth in the SMA was predicted to increase by 16% of the total areas in 2025 and by 24% in 2030. From the linear regression equation, the annual mean minimum air temperature in the SMA increased about 0.02℃/yr and it was expected to increase up to 8.3℃ in 2025 and 8.7℃ in 2030.