In recent years, many Vietnamese and International researchers have been interested in two aspects of Vienamese variant Chinese charaters – International variants and national variants. International variant characters here are Chinese characters originating from China. National variant characters are Chinese characters created by each country under the Chinese cultural influence, such as Vietnam, Korea and Japan. In order to clarify the charateristics of Vienamese unique variant Chinese charaters (national variants), we analyzed two Buddhist texts: The first one is Chư phẩm kinh 諸品經 (there are 187 variant Chinese charaters correspond to 183 standard charaters with total number of appearance is 1,697); the second one is Thích thị bảo dỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương 釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章 (there are 56 variant Chinese characters correspond to 41 standard characters with total number of appearance is 243).

2천여 년 동안 한자를 사용한 베트남에는 지금까지도 한자의 영향이 닿지 않은 곳이 없다. 고대에 한자가 베트남의 다방면에 영향을 준 것은 부인할 수 없는 사실이다. 과거의 베트남은 한자를 ‘성현지자(聖賢之字)’, ‘재도지자(載道之字)’ 등으로 불렸고 그 위상이 매우 높아 문맹인 백성들은 한자가 적힌 폐지 한 조각을 보기만 하면 반드시 허리를 굽혀 줍는 등, ‘결석자지(敬惜 字紙, 문자가 적힌 종이를 귀하게 여기는 것)’의 문화가 존재했다. 반면, 지금의 베트남은 명승고 적, 절, 사원, 서적에 모두 한자가 적혀져 있지만 90%의 베트남인들은 자신의 조상들이 쓴 문자를 이해하지도 읽어내지도 한다. 베트남 학자들은 음수사원(飲水思源, 물을 마실 때는 그 근원을 생각하다. 즉 근본을 잊지 않다) 한 베트남 민족이 오늘에 이르러 ‘망본(忘本, 근본을 잃다)’하였음을 슬프지만 인정할 수밖에 없었다. 이로 인해 학자들은 서로 연합하여 베트남 정부에 한자의 재활성화를 요구했다.

The system of Sino-Vietnamese elements and Chinese characters have a relationship which has developed over the two thousand years since the beginning of the Christian era. This relationship can be divided into three phases based on the status and influencing level of Chinese characters in Vietnam including: from the prehistory to the tenth century, from the eleventh century to the beginning of the twentieth century, and from the early twentieth century to the present. In the first phase, the Sino-Vietnamese element system was formed. In the second phase, it was developed together with Chinese characters in Vietnam. In the third phase, it has been developed together with Vietnamese script, moving away from Chinese characters. This paper surveys this relationship based on 500 Sino-Vietnamese elements currently existing in Vietnamese. In this relationship, the Sino-Vietnamese elements borrow the meaning of the Chinese characters including the wholly borrowing ones (accounting for 3%）and the partially borrowing ones (accounting for 97%). The Sino-Vietnamese elements borrowing the original meaning of Chinese characters account for 57% while those do not account for 43%. The independently used Sino-Vietnamese elements account for 18%, and the non-independently used account for 82%. Some elements which create new meanings account for 8% whereas those which do not account for 92%. With such borrowing and creating characteristics, the system of Sino-Vietnamese elements has evolved and developed in terms of meaning. The ability to create words of the Sino-Vietnamese element system is created by turning morphemes into one-syllable words, combining morphemes, and repeating morpheme. The repeating method has little effect on the foreign elements. The method of turning morphemes into one-syllable words forms a number of word classes, accounting for 18%. The combining method is formed when combining Sino-Vietnamese elements together or combining Sino-Vietnamese elements and non-Sino-Vietnamese elements. This method forms precedent or unprecedented words in Chinese. The characteristics of creating the meaning and the ability to form words of the Sino-Vietnamese element system have proved the vitality, adaptability, and strong development of the Sino-Vietnamese element system as a word forming element system in Vietnamese. In the context of written language development in Vietnam today, the previous parallel relationship between the system of Sino-Vietnamese elements and Chinese characters has been severely damaged. Most Vietnamese users no longer have a clear understanding of the relationship and cannot trace the origin of Sino-Vietnamese elements. Therefore, reconstructing the relationship, studying its value, and creating search tools have become critical. This contributes to helping Vietnamese users understand more deeply and use more accurately the Sino-Vietnamese element system in Vietnamese.

본 논문은 非目的语의 환경에서 베트남의 한어학습자들을 대상으로 하여, 지필 테스트(paperand- pencil test) 방식으로 그들의 한자 형방 인식의 발전 과정에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 베트남 한어학습자들이 초·중급 단계에 있을 때 여전히 스스로 형방을 인식하지 못하였으나 고급 단계에 진입한 후 형방을 비교적 스스로 인식할 수 있게 되었다. 체계적인 한자 이론 지식 교육은 학습자들이 한자 형성자의 형방에 대한 인식과 그 발전에 도움이 되었다. 중국 유학생들과 비교 연구를 통하여 본 논문은 서로 다른 언어 학습 환경에서 학습자들이 형성자들을 인식하는 데 있어서도 서로 다른 발전 양상이 있음을 발견할 수 있었다.

The development of Nom characters is promoted on the basis of and in attachment with Chinese characters, and in this regard the Phonetic Annotation of the Thousand Character Classic 《千字文解音》 compiled in the late Nguyen Dynasty in Vietnam was a very practical textbook for learning Chinese characters and Nom characters. Based on categorizing Nom characters, the paper intends to clarify several notions on Nom characters of the Phonetic Annotation of the Thousand Character Classic. In the beginning, Nom characters can be divided into two major types: the directly borrowed Chinese characters and the independently invented ones. The former includes borrowing sounds, meanings, and both. The latter, according to the components of Chinese character formations, can be divided into the pictophonetic of Chinese characters and that of Nom characters. In the last part of the article, we summarize the relationship between Chinese characters and Nom characters. It is necessary not merely to consider the relationship but to understand the comparisons between them. With the aid of studying Nom characters, we can find that irrespective of whether they are directly-borrowed from Chinese or independently invented, the sound of Chinese characters is the most important feature for them. But we cannot ignore the ideographic parts of Nom characters because they, on the one hand, make up the phonetic deficiency of Chinese characters while promoting the development of Nom characters on the other. In our modern society, Chinese characters and Nom characters came to drift apart, and the latter especially was withdrawn from the historical stage, but the traditional culture of Vietnam is still recorded in literature both in Chinese characters and Nom characters. Moreover, the Nom character is one of the most important representatives of Vietnam’s traditional culture. For this reason solely, this research shall be a great help to further understanding of significant cross-cultural aspects between China and Vietnam, and more specifically of histories related to the spreading, application, and development of Chinese characters in Vietnam.

Taboo character is typical phenomenon of Chinese characters system, it is considered as the effective key in decrypting the date of Han-Nom texts inscirption texts. Such key is maintained clearly on the ancient books add steles of Vietnam, specially Taboo characters system in the insription texts of Tran Dynasty (1225-1400). Based on research results, we have found a new form of Taboo character previously published in studies in Vietnam Taboo characters. Such new characters forms have helped us easily discover in cription texts at the date of Tran dynasty in Ninh Binh. This is the useful and reliable source for researching of Vietnam Taboo characters in particular and ancient books of Vietnam in general.

In the first century, Sinographs and Chinese culture were transmitted to Japan, Korea and Vietnam, simultaneously had profound impact on countries they passed by, and then, formed the vast Sinographic Cosmopolis. During the contact with Sinographs and culture, the people of all three nations had created their writing systems that based on these elements of Sinographs. Based on script evidences recorded in Kokuji no Jiten, this article will analyze the characteristics and suggest the historical divergence of the Waji system (also called the Kokuji), conduct comparisons with the Vietnamese Nom script, develop the model of the structure of these scripts, and specifically point out the similarities and differences of these two writing systems.

越南接壤中国并曾受其直接统治达千年之久(111 BC – 939 AD)，中国文化对越南影响巨大。其中汉字的传播及其影响十分重要，在较长的时间内，还是越南政府与民间的主要文字，是用来深入地了解儒家、道家、佛教，接受地区的精华，建设政府的制度，创造大越文化特色的工具。17 世纪，国语字出现，慢慢地替代汉字的地位。如今在越南现代社会中认汉字、通汉文的人越来越少。汉字的使用可以分成民间圈与学术圈两部分。其中民间圈包含书法、对联等越南传统习俗；而学术圈指的是研究者、教师与学习者对汉字的学习和使用。近年来在越南汉语、汉字日益增热。越南的汉语教育难题之一便是汉字的教学，据目前情况，激发学习者对汉字的兴趣，提高其汉字学习效率是关键所在。