Purpose: This study aimed to explore and describe the experiences of helper nurses deployed in COVID-19 dedicated wards, seeking a deeper understanding of the significance inherent in their experiences. Methods: Sixteen nurses with over one month of experience working as helper nurses in dedicated COVID-19 wards were selected as participants. Individual interviews were conducted between July and August 2023 using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using the methods described by Elo and Kyngäs (2007). Results: The analysis revealed two categories comprising six themes derived from helper nurses’ experiences. These categories include “Confronting Professional Challenges” and “Growing as a More Professional Nurse”. Conclusion: Further studies are necessary to explore helper nurses’ experiences of infectious disease disaster situations. Nurses experience role conflicts, knowledge gaps, and burnout. Therefore, developing protocols for tasks and education is essential in highly uncertain situations and when new responsibilities arise. Establishing systematic support systems for stress reduction and enhancing social support among nurses is crucial. Therefore, additional research is required to understand the growth and impact of helper nurses.

지역과 범죄의 관계를 실증적으로 연구하기 위해 서울지역을 대상으로 공식통계를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 서울시에서 발생한 형법범죄 발생 건수와 범죄율은 지난 12년간 약간 증가하였다. 서울시를 구성하는 25 개 구청간 형법범죄 발생률 차이는 2004-2015년까지 상당히 안정적으로 유지되었다. 서울시에서 발생한 강력범죄인 살인, 강도, 강간/성폭력의 발생률을 분석한 결과, 서울시에서 2004-2015년 기간에 발생한 살인율은 증가했다가 감소하는 추세이다. 살인율이 높은 구가 낮은 구보다 더 안정적으로 순위를 유지하는 것으로 보인다. 강도율은 2004-2015년 기간에 1/4 수준으로 감소하였다. 강도율은 지역간 차이가 크고 순위가 비교적 안정적으로 유지되고 있다. 강간/성폭력률은 2004-2015년 기간에 꾸준히 증가하였다. 강간/성폭력률은 살인율과 강도율에 비해 지역간 차이가 더 크고 순위가 더 안정적으로 유지되고 있다.

Dispersion characteristics of respiratory droplets are important in controlling transmission of airborne diseases indoors. This study investigated the spatial concentration distribution and temporal evolution of exhaled and sneezed/coughed droplets in a ventilated hospital ward. The viability function of airborne bacteria was experimentally determined and encorporated into an air infection model with calculated results to estimate exposures and infection probability to the bacteria. The diffusion, gravitational settling and deposition mechanism of particulate matter were accounted by using an Eulerian modeling approach. The simulation results indicated that the ventilation flow was found to play a significant role in aerosol transport, leading to different spatial distribution patterns in infection droplet. The smaller size of infection droplet caused higher chance of ventilation from the outlet. The possibility of the proposed exposure estimation into the dose–response model for infection risk assessment was discussed. The infection probability is broadly different from 10^-6 to 7.2% by receptor's position and location and size of infection droplet conditions.

In this paper, in order to clarify the effect and characteristics of rural women enterprise in rural areas, AWATAKE Restaurant at Kita Ward, Kobe is taken as a case study, and its management and operation condition, and the effects towards the region are analyzed. As a result, it can be concluded that: 1) according to the local employment and purchase of local food products, the economic effect towards the area shows a returning 73% of the gross sales to the area, 2) lifestyle technology which is empowered by women and food culture which is used as a start in the enterprise activities, are functioning as new workplace to cultivate technologies own by the women, moreover, members have never decreased, and most of them stayed for as long as 10 years, 3) however, the average age of the members are high and decreasing, leaving a new task on how to encourage participation of young members, 4) lastly, rural women enterprise is easy to manage, and also received cooperation from family in the members' working environment.

This study aims at providing necessary resources in developing the sustainable project of the exchanges between cities and rural areas in Korea. And so I investigated and analyzed the model of the Setagaya Ward and the Gawaba Village in Japan, which has successively continued the exchanges between city and rural areas for thirty years, with the documentation, field work, interviews and field investigation. The two local autonomous entities have promoted the project of the exchanges between cities and rural areas by keeping in touch with a making the second home and linking agriculture with sightseeing. They passed an agreement of mutual help and established regulations to push forward the agreement in order to carry out the agreement. And they have operated a section which will do nothing but focus on this, established a management company which takes charge of the stronghold facilities of the exchange between city and rural areas, operated a caucus to examine the project steadily and to develop new programs, and made a publicity work continually for thirty years. In conclusion, I think we should promote the joint capital stronghold facilities of the exchange between city and rural areas which is based upon the agreements. And we should promote the infrastructure like a management company which takes charge of the facilities and build the proper foundation which can develop the various programs for the exchange between city and rural areas and operate them.