This study aimed to investigate the effects of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of heat-killed lactic acid bacteria (LAB) produced under different temperature conditions. Regarding probiotic properties, Limosilactobacillus fermentum SMF743 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SMF796 isolated from kimchi showed strong acid and bile salt resistance, adhesion activity onto HT-29 cells, and antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. Based on the results of thermal death time and temperature, heat-killed LAB cells (1 mg/mL) were prepared by heating at 70oC (180 min), 80oC (120 min), 100oC (30 min), and 121oC (15 min). The heat-killed SMF743 and SMF796 showed significantly higher DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities than live cells (p<0.05). The heat-killed SMF743 and SMF796 at 70oC or 121oC revealed stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and inhibition of nitric oxide production than those at 80oC or 100oC. Furthermore, heat-killed SMF743 and SMF796 at 121oC significantly reduced the gene expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase- 2 up to 53.33%, 58.67%, and 83.67%, respectively, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05). These results suggest that heat-killed L. fermentum SMF743 and L. plantarum SMF796 can be used as natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

Bovine colostrum is necessary for newborn calves to survive, grow and receive immunity from their mother. Cows in Korea produce about 35kg of colostrum, 4Kg of which is fed to the calf, and the rest is discarded. The bovine colostrum causes the harmful side effects to human, such as allergies and digestive problems; so, it is prohibited by law to consume colostrum itself as a food. However, many scientific research data have suggested that components in the colostrum can improve human health and has the ability to help treat diseases. In line with the trend of food and pharmacy industries using natural product materials, which attract positive attention, recently, some ingredients in colostrum have been used in the production of food supplements, and it has been used in its raw form in some cosmetics. This review introduces the active ingredients and physiologically active substances contained in bovine colostrum, summarizes the efficacy of physiological enhancement of the colostrum, which has been proven by scientific methods to date, and also suggests the possibility of industrial applications of colostrum as an animal-derived natural material.

In this study, probiotic properties such as acid resistance, bile tolerance, intestinal adhesion and fat accumulation inhibition of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi were investigated in order to develop probiotics effective anti-adipogenic effects. Among the 120 types of lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, 42 types of lactic acid bacteria being to acid resistance, 35 types of lactic acid bacteria being to bile resistance, and 24 types of lactic acid bacteria being to both acid resistance and bile resistance were selected. These 24 types were tested for the intestinal adhesion ability which is an essential factor of probiotics’ function and L. rhamnosus GG was used as a positive control in this test. 10 types of lactic acid bacteria having the intestinal adhesion ability were selected. The selected 10 types of lactic acid bacteria were treated in 3T3-L1 cells and intracellular fat was stained with Oil Red O reagent to measure fat accumulation. As a result, in the group treated with lactic acid bacteria OS-15, 48, 102 and 120, fat accumulation was significantly decreased compared with the non-treated group. And the strain OS-48 showed the greatest inhibitory effect on fat accumulation. The lactic acid bacterium OS-48 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum by analysis based on 16S rRNA sequencing and was named Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OS-48. Therefore, based on the results of this study, L. plantarum OS-48 is expected to be very useful as probiotics with anti-obesity effect in the food industry such as fermented food and functional food.

Whey is a major by-product of cheese manufacture and contains many valuable constituents, such as β-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin and immunoglobulin. The current study determined the anti-biofilm activity of bioconversion of whey by Lactobacillus plantarum (LP-W), L. rhamnosus GG (LR-W), L. brevis (LB-W) and Enterococcus faecium (EF-W) against foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. When the foodborne pathogenic bacteria were co-incubated with LP-W, LR-W, LB-W or EF-W, biofilms by E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were significantly reduced by all bioconversion of whey. Moreover, LP-W, LR-W, LB-W and EF-W also dramatically reduced pre-formed biofilm by E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes, suggesting that the bioconversion of whey effectively suppress the development and disruption of biofilm by foodborne pathogenic bacteria. Furthermore, in order to determine the growth kinetics of E. coli O157 and L. monocytogenes planktonic cells in the presence the bioconversion of whey, LP-W, LR-W, LB-W and EF-W did not significantly inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogenic bacteria, implying that the bioconversion of whey reduces the biofilm without the decrease of bacterial growth. Taken together, these results suggest that bioconversion of whey by lactic acid bacteria could be a promising agent for the reduction of microbial biofilm.

In this study, we investigated the in vitro anti-biofilm activities of plant extracts of chives (Allium tuberosum), garlic (Allium sativum), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) against environment harmful bacteria (gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and, gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli O157:H7). In the paper disc assay, garlic extracts exhibited the highest anti-biofilm activity. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of all plant extracts was generally higher for gram-negative bacteria than it was for gram-positive bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria were more resistant to plant extracts. The tetrazolium dye (XTT) assay revealed that, each plant extract exhibited a different anti-biofilm activity at the MIC value depending on the pathogen involved. Among the plant extracts tested, garlic extracts (fresh juice and powder) effectively reduced the metabolic activity of the cells of food-poisoning bacteria in biofilms. These anti-biofilm activities were consistent with the results obtained through light microscopic observation. Though the garlic extract reduced biofilm formation for all pathogens tested, to elucidate whether this reduction was due to antimicrobial effects or anti-biofilm effects, we counted the colony forming units of pathogens in the presence of the garlic extract and a control antimicrobial drug. The garlic extract inhibited the E. coli O157:H7 biofilm effectively compared to the control antimicrobial drug ciprofloxacin; however, it did not inhibit S. aureus biofilm significantly compared to ciprofloxacin. In conclusion, garlic extracts could be used as natural food preservatives to prevent the growth of foodborne pathogens and elongater the shelf life of processed foods.

This study was performed to evaluate the possibility of application of lactic acid bacteria fermentation to increase the anti-allergic activity of the extracts from Houttuynia cordata Thunb. H. cordata Thunb was fermented on 25, 30, 35 and 40℃ for 5 days by two species of lactic acid bacteria, Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4395 and Lactobacillus sakei 383. The anti-allergic activity of water extracts of H. cordata Thunb was then analyzed both before and after fermentation. Anti-allergic activity was determined in vitro assays by using 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and β-hexoseaminidase release of RBL-2H3 cells (degranulation marker). The extracts fermented at 35℃ by both bacteria had the highest inhibitory activities against 5-LO, and also higher than the control, and the one fermented at 30℃ by both bacteria had the highest inhibitory activity against COX-2. The degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells induced by IgE-antigen complex was estimated as β-hexoseaminidase release rate as reference of 100%, the release rates were inhibited in 25 μg/ml of the extracts fermented at 30, 35 and 40℃ only by L. mesenteroides 4395. These results indicate that anti-allergic activity of H. cordata Thunb is increased by lactic acid bacteria fermentation.

본 연구에서는 비 상품 부추의 산업적 활용의 활성화를 위해 제 2형 당뇨모델인 db/db 마우스에서 부추 추출물과 부추 발효물에 대한 항당뇨 효과를 조사하였다. 부추 발효 물 제조를 위한 균주선발을 위해 L. acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei을 접종하여 배양시킨 부추 추출물(부추 발효물)에 대한 전자공여능을 측정한 결과, L. acidophilus, L. plantarum 부추 발효물은 활성이 증가되었으나 L. plantarum 접종한 부추 발효물의 superoxide radical 소거능 은 부추 추출물의 0.6배 수준으로 감소하였다. L. plantarum 와L. casei 균주를 접종한 부추 발효물의 superoxide radical 소거능은 부추 추출물과 유사한 수준을 나타내었다. 따라 서L. plantarum과L. casei를 이용하여 발효한 부추 발효물 과 부추 추출물을 제2형 당뇨질환 동물모델인db/db mice에 두 가지 농도구간으로(저농도 : 200 mg/kg, 고농도 : 400 mg/kg) 경구 투여한 후, 항당뇨 효능을 평가하였다. 체중 및 식이섭취량을 측정한 결과, 저농도 부추 발효물을 투여 하였을 때, 식이섭취량의 변화 없이 체중증가량이 유의적 으로 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다(p<0.05). 혈당증가량 과 혈청 내 insulin 함량은 고농도 부추 추출물을 투여하였을 때, 유의적으로 감소되었고, 부추 발효물을 투여한 군에서 도 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다(p<0.05). 경구 당 부하검사 결과에서도 고농도의 부추 추출물 및 부추 발효물을 투여한 군에서 포도당 내성 효과가 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 당 뇨병에 의해 감소된 혈청 내 GLP-1 농도는 고농도 부추 추출물 및 고농도의 부추 발효물 투여로 인해 증가되었으며 이상의 결과들은 부추 추출물 및 부추 발효물이 GLP-1 분비 를 증가시켜 insulin 저항성을 개선시킬 수 있음을 나타낸다. 비록 본 연구결과에서 제2형 당뇨질환에 대한 항당뇨 효능 은 부추 추출물이 부추 발효물 보다 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났으나, 두가지 유산균으로 혼합발효한 부추 발효물은 부추 추출물과 유사한 수준의 항당뇨 효능을 보임과 동시에 제2형 당뇨병으로 인한 체중증가도 감소시킬 수 있어 비만 을 동반하는 제2형 당뇨병의 예방과 개선을 위한 기능성 소재로 활용될 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

L. brevis HY7401, L. helveticus HY7801 및 B. longum HY8004의 복합유산균 R&B Balance^®의 대장염 개선 효과를 DSS 처리 마우스에서 평가하였다. R&B Balance^® 섭취에 의해 대장길이 축소, MPO 활성과 같은 대장염 증상이 감소하였으며, 분변내 chondrointinase 활성과 분변 유전독성을 현저하게 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. T-RFLP pattern의 군집 분석 결과, DSS-유도 대장염 마우스의 미생물총은 정상적인 마우스와 다르며, R&B Balance^®의 투여는 장내 미생물총의 다양성에 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 확인하였다. 따라서 R&B Balance^®는 DSS로 유도된 대장염 동물에서 대장염 증상을 개선해주고 분변 내 독성 효소나 유독한 대사산물을 생성을 억제함으로써 대장염을 개선하는 것으로 판단되고 대장염 동물의 장내 미생물 다양성에도 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다.

여드름 완화 효과를 갖는 천연 약용식물 추출물을 개발하기 위하여 여드름 원인균에 대한 항균 활성 및 항염증 효과를 다양한 추출물을 대상으로 분석하였다. 검색 결과 얻어진 후보 소재들 중, 비교적 높은 항균 활성을 갖는 보골지,당후박과 항염증 효과를 갖는 목향, 구절초 추출물을 대상으로 선정하였고 이후의 실험을 진행하였다. 보골지(Psoralea corylifolia L., AC-1), 당후박(Magnoliae officinalis, AC-2), 목향(Inula helenium L., ACF-1), 구절초(Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum, ACF-2) 추출물 및 복합소재(AC)는 50 μg/mL 이하에서 세포 독성이 없는 것으로 확인되었다. 보골지, 당후박 추출물 및 복합소재의 경우 여드름 유발 원인균인 Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)에 대해 양성 대조군으로 사용한 10 % salicylic acid 대비 각각 약 2.8배, 2.5배, 3.2배의 높은 항균 효과를 보였다. 또한 Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)에 대해서도 당후박 추출물과 복합소재의 경우 양성 대조군으로 사용한 10 % Methylparaben 대비 각각 약 1.4배, 1.5배 높은 항균 효과를 보였다. 목향, 구절초 추출물 및 복합소재의 경우 열에 의해 사멸시킨 P. acnes에 의해 활성화된 THP-1 세포의 IL-8 발현을 50 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 27 %, 38 %, 44 % 저해하였고 TNF-α 발현을 50 μg/mL 농도에서 각각 90 %, 88 %, 90 %로 크게 저해하였다. 이러한 항균, 항염증 활성을 보이는 보골지, 당후박, 목향, 구절초 추출물의 복합 소재를 이용하여 여드름 완화 효과를 갖는 화장품으로의 개발이 가능할 것으로 보인다.