This study investigates the impact of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus infection on the gut bacterial communities of the pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus alternatus, with a distinction between male and female individuals. Utilizing specific primers, we determined the infection status and analyzed the bacterial composition across different taxonomic levels. Regardless of infection status or sex, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were found to dominate the phylum level, with significant contributions from Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes. At the class level, Bacilli, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria emerged as prevalent groups. Meanwhile, the genus level was characterized by a high abundance of Lactobacillus, Rickettsia, Bacillus, and Rahnella. Our analysis of alpha diversity metrics, including Observed Species, Shannon Index, Inverse Simpson Index, and Phylogenetic Diversity, revealed no significant differences attributable to B. xylophilus infection; however, notable variations were observed between sexes. Principal Coordinates Analysis and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling further underscored that the differences in gut bacterial communities were more pronounced between male and female beetles than between infected and uninfected individuals. These findings highlight the influence of host sex over infection status in shaping the gut microbiome of Monochamus alternatus, providing new insights into the complex interactions between host biology, gut microbiota, and pathogen infection.

2023년에 국내에서 보고된 적이 없던 외래흰개미 3종이 각각 인천, 서울, 창원에서 발견되었다. 종 동정 결과, 인천에서 출현한 종(Coptotermes gestroi)은 Subterranean termite로 밝혀졌으며, 서울과 창원에서 출현한 종 (Cryptotermes domesticus, Incisitermes minor)은 Drywood termite로 밝혀졌다. 본래 우리나라에는 Subterranean termite 흰개미가 2종이 분포하고 있다고 보고되어 있었으나, 새로운 과 또는 속의 외래흰개미가 발견되면서 국민 들의 우려가 커지고 있다. 국내에서는 일부 외래흰개미를 법적으로 지정(유입주의 생물 2종, 관리병해충 15종)하 여 관리하고 있는데, 해당 흰개미와 그 외의 신규 흰개미의 출현으로 인한 피해가 우려되는 상황이다. 본 연구에서 는 ‘23년 유입된 3종 및 기존 법정관리 외래흰개미, 그리고 국내 유입과 위해가 우려되는 외래흰개미 5과 (Archotermopsidae, Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae, Termitidae, Termopsidae)를 조사하였으며, 이들의 생태적 특 징과 외국의 사례를 통해 외래흰개미 대비 방법에 대하여 고찰하였다.

The Euonymus defoliator moth, Pryeria sinica Moore (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae), is a pest that causes considerable damage to the Euonymus genus, especially Euonymus alatus and Euonymus japonicus. The biological characteristics of P. sinica have been studied in China, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States, but there has been no research conducted on this species in Korea. Also, P. sinica has two dormant phases in each generation, one as eggs in winter and the other as pupae in summer. Our purposes are to study the biological characteristics of Korean populations of P. sinica and to examine the effects of temperature and photoperiod on summer diapause. The biological characteristics were investigated in laboratory conditions (25 ± 1 ℃, 65 ± 1% R.H., 16L:8D) and the number of eggs in an egg mass, developmental periods and mortality rate in each larvae stage, and adults’ life span were determined. The results showed that 190.7 ± 31.64 eggs were contained in one egg mass and it took 25.57 ± 0.61 days from 1st larval stage to the pre-pupal stage. P. sinica has 4 larval stages and each stage took 4.28 ± 0.21, 6.2 ± 0.55, 6.02 ± 0.68, and 8.93 ± 0.88 days. The mortality rate of larvae peaked at 22.5% in 3rd larval stage. The adults’ life span was 4.67 ± 0.97 days in males and 4.61 ± 1.82 days in females. To study summer diapause, we divided pupae into 4 groups. Both low temperature and short daytime were effective in shortening the pupal stage. The pupal stage was the shortest in group D (122.12 ± 1.24 days), in which the initial condition was 25 ℃-16L:8D and the altered condition was 16 ℃ -12L:12D, and the longest in group A (161.92 ± 3.15 days, 25 ℃-16L:8D). These data could be utilized to propose the optimal timing for controlling the population of P. sinica.

한반도 남부지역에서 점토대토기문화는 청동기시대 후기에 중국 요령지역으로부터 유입된 문화로 유구와 유물에서 재지의 송국리문화와는 이질적이고 단절된 문화상을 보인다. 그러나 점토대토기문화 에서 확인되는 석기를 송국리문화의 석기군과 비교하면 유사점과 차이점을 모두 보이고 있어‘점토대 토기문화의 석기’에 대한 정체성은 명확하게 정의되지 않고 있다. 본고는 점토대토기문화 유적에서 출토된 석기 전반을 검토하고, 재지문화인 송국리문화와의 비교 분석을 통해 점토대토기문화 석기의 범주와 특징을 살펴보았다. 점토대토기문화의 석기는 송국리문화 에서 보이지 않던 새로운 기종의 출현은 확인되지 않지만, 새로운 형식의 출현은 확인되었다. 이러한 새로운 형식을‘점토대토기문화의 석기’로 설정하였다. 점토대토기문화의 석기상은 세 유형으로 분류하였다. Ⅰ유형은 자체적으로 고안한 형식으로, 무경 식석검, 삼각형석촉, 소형 편평양인석부, 단면 장방형의 석제 방추차 등이 있다. Ⅱ유형은 재지문화의 석기를 독창적으로 변형한 형식으로 구하부 직선의 유구석부, 편평유경촉 등이 있다. Ⅲ유형은 재지 문화의 석기를 그대로 수용한 것으로 합인석부, 편평편인석부, 구하부 사선의 유구석부 등이 있다. 이 세 유형은 점토대토기문화 집단이 새로운 환경에 적응하며 발현된 석기상으로 이를 통해 당시 환경에 적응ㆍ정착하는 과정을 유추할 수 있다. 석기상으로 볼 때, 점토대토기문화는 수렵에 비중을 둔 사회였음을 추정할 수 있다.

The subfamily Acronictinae is established by Harris in 1841 based on the type species, Acronicta leporina.. In the Korean penisula, the acronictine moth Acronicta cuspis was initially reported by leech in 1889, and a total 45 species have been recorded to date. This brief overview cover adult and larval morphology, as well as ecological data, for more profound comprehension of the Acronictinae. Additionally, further research direction could involve conducting a phylogenetic analysis and clarifying the evolutionary relationships within the subfamily.

최근 기후변화에 따라 아열대 작물 재배가 증가하면서 경남지역 망고 재배면적도 크게 증가하고 있다. 하지만 망고에 발생하는 병해충 발생 정보가 부족하여 2022년부터 현재까지 경남지역에 있는 망고농장을 조사하였으 며, 그 결과 병해 6종, 해충 8종 발생을 확인하였다. 특히 경남지역 망고 포장에서 꽃노랑총채벌레, 대만총채벌레, 볼록총채벌레 등의 발생을 확인하였고, 통영, 함안, 밀양 등에서 총채벌레류에 의한 피해가 발생하였다. 많은 농가에서 총채벌레류 방제를 위해 화학농약에 의존하고 있으나 총채벌레는 반복적인 약제 노출시 빠른 세대 진전으로 인해 저항성 발달이 쉽기때문에 방제에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 이러한 문제를 해결하고자 색상별 끈끈이 트랩의 총채벌레류 유인효과를 확인하였으며, 꽃노랑총채벌레는 노랑, 주황, 연두, 대만총채벌레는 빨강, 노랑, 파랑, 볼록총채벌레는 파랑, 노랑, 빨강 순으로 유인효과가 높은 것을 확인하였다.

Structural cuticular proteins (CPs) and the liner polysaccharide, chitin, are the primary components of insect cuticle or exoskeleton. A large number of insect CP family proteins are divided into several distinct subfamilies defined by the presence of specific amino acid sequence motifs. One of these subfamilies is composed of Cuticular Protein Analogous to Peritrophins (CPAPs), containing one (CPAP1s) or three (CPAP3s) type-2 chitin-binding domains. In this study, we report a novel function of TcCPAP1-C from Tribolium castaneum in movement of legs. RNAi for TcCPAP1-C at larval stage has no effect on insect molting, growth and development. However, the resulting adults exhibit impaired leg movement, in which internal tendon cuticles are ruptured near the femur-tibia joint. The exoskeletal cuticle, hemiadherens junctions, microtubule array, myotendinous junctions and muscle fibers exhibit normal morphology before the tendon breakage. These results indicate functional specialization of TcCPAP1-C in structural integrity of the internal tendon cuticle, and loss of function of TcCPAP1-C caused breakage of the tendon cuticle, resulting in defective limb movement and locomotion.

Riptortus pedestris has established symbiotic interactions with specific bacteria from soil environment in every generations. The soil environment is extremely heterogeneous with microbial diversity, suggesting that bacterial composition of the R. pedestris can be affected by surrounding environments. Therefore, we investigated spatiotemporal variation of bacterial communities in wild R. pedestris collected from five mainland areas and Jeju Island in South Korea across insect generations. Among the 390 R. pedestris adults collected, we detected a total of 28 bacterial genera from the symbiotic region of insects. Among the bacterial genera, genus Caballeronia bacteria was the most abundantly detected regardless of sampling site and generation. Nevertheless, bacterial richness varied among the insect generations with 10 genera detected in overwintered generation, 15 genera in the 1st generation and 18 genera in the 2nd generation. Moreover, we found five bacterial genera that were exclusively detected from the Jeju island compared to the mainland areas surveyed.

This study studied the characteristics of cultured oyster marketing in Sacheon Bay. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, the GULDAE aquaculture is a unique production method of Sacheon Bay. Second, oysters in Sacheon Bay were low in production, but the price was more than 70% higher than in other producing areas. Third, profit is 12.5% higher and rate of return was 179.8%. Fourth, there were more out-of-market sales than other than other producing areas, and it is a bidding method. Fifth, the marketing cost was higher than the longline hanging aquaculture; however, the advantage of price offseted this point. Although the Sacheon Bay Oyster aquaculture is small, it was confirmed that it was a producing area with high profitability and a unique marketing form from other regions. Although the Sacheon Bay Oyster culture is small, it has been confirmed that it is a producing area with high profitability and shows a unique distribution form.

Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) began to operate in earnest in the early 1980s. Since then, the total catch has shown an increasing trend and the target species are skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacare) and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Based on the operational data of Korean tuna purse seine fishery from 2016 to 2020, the catch rates of target species (skipjack and yellowfin tunas) were analyzed by operation time for set types (free school and FAD sets). In the case of the free school sets, they were usually made from sunrise to sunset, and the catch rate was high before and after sunrise for skipjack tuna and before sunset for yellowfin tuna. On the other hand, for the FAD sets, more than 90% of them were made just before sunrise, and there were few operations during the daytime. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are differences in the catch rate of skipjack and yellowfin tunas by operation time and by school type for Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the WCPO, which could be helpful in understanding its fishing characteristics and providing useful information for developing the stock indices of the target species.

Giant pacific octopus, Enteroctopus dofleini, is a large mollusk distributed in the East Sea of Korea. In this study, the catch status of giant pacific octopus by drift line fishery and the effect of sea temperature on fishing ground were investigated in Goseong-gun, Gangwon-do, which is the central coast of the East Sea. The average catch of giant pacific octopus in Gangwon-do was 1,570 tons over the past ten years, and it accounted for 21% in 2008 and 44% in 2021 compared to the total catch in the East Sea during the same period. Such data indicates that the catch in Gangwon-do has recently increased. In this study area, giant pacific octopus weighing 1.1-5.0 kg dominated accounting for 56% of the total individuals, and followed by those weighing 1 kg or less. However, the ratio of catch of giant pacific octopus over 5.1 kg tended to increase in 2021, which is thought to be related to the sea temperature that affected the fishing ground. The main depth of fishing ground was from 21 m to 50 m in this area and fishing grounds were widely distributed throughout the season except summer. Fishing ground was formed with the conditions of bottom sea temperature under 10℃ and was diminished by moving of giant pacific octopus to deeper depth with conditions of bottom sea temperature over 18℃.

The effect of change in exchange rates on an economy is very important, especially, to a small open economy like South Korea. I explore whether Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) have positive influences on exchange rate-pass through import price of import market for fishery products in South Korea. Competition among FTA partners is enhanced after FTAs are effective. I expect that the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through (hereafter, ERPT) into import price of fishery products (in terms of Korea currency) would be reduced since the import market for fishery products in South Korea is an oligopolistic market. Specifically, I　investigate two research questions with six South Korea’s FTA partners─Norway, Thailand, Peru, U.S., China and Vietnam. First, whether the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through into import price of fishery products from six FTA partners would decrase in the post-FTA era; seconds, the size of reduction has a negative relation with the size of their market share in the import market for fishery products in South Korea if it decreases. The empirical results indicate that the degree of ERPT into import price from other FTA partners than Norway has been reduced after FTA, statistically and significantly; however, I do not find the evidence that the size of reduction is related to their market share. The findings in this study imply that FTAs have negative effects on producers’ economic welfare in South Korea’s fishery industry by reducing the extent to which are exchange rate pass-through as well as reducing tariff barriers.

In this study, the vertical distribution of giant jellyfish analyzed echo counting method and such survey methods as sighting and trawl were used to compare its density estimates. In May and July 2021, surveys were conducted in the East China Sea and the coastal waters of Korea. As a result, Nemopilema nomurai were evenly distributed in all water layers in East China Sea in May and July. When considered the correlation by each survey methods, it is possible to identify jellyfish in the surface area by sighting method and using sampling net; however, it has a low correlation with acoustic estimates due to marine environmental factor such as weather condition, wind and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, the result can be utilized by basic data when estimating jellyfish’s distribution patterns and density estimates from each survey methods hereafter.

보구치는 난류성으로 전 세계적으로 널리 분포하며 해양 저층에 주로 서식하는 어종이다. 광양만에 서식하는 보구치의 미토콘드리아 DNA에서 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) 유전자를 발굴하고 해양 어류종에서의 계통유전학적인 위치를 분석하였다. 발굴된 미토콘드리아 DNA 내 605 bp COI 시컨스의 다중배열 결과 광양만 보구치들 에서는 높은 염기서열 상동성을 확인하였다 (98~100%). 하지만 광양만 내해와 외해의 어획지점에 따라 염기서 열 변이가 다르게 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 외해지점의 보구치들에서 COI 내 염기서열 변이가 높게 나타났다 (43.2~70.3%). 나아가 13종 어류의 COI 계통유전학적 분석결과 광양만 보구치는 타이완에서 보고된 보구치와 하나의 계통군 (clade)으로 묶이고 진화적 거리는 0.036으 로 나타났다. 또한 민어 (M. miiuy)와 대두이석태 (Pennahia Macrocephalus)에 속한 어종과 진화적 거리가 가까운 것으로 나타났다 (0.041~0.048). 본 연구의 결과는 국내산 보구치의 분자 계통유전학적 정보를 제공함으로 연안환경에 따른 어류자원 모니터링 및 종다양성 관리에 주요한 유전 적 자료로 활용될 것이다.

Rock bream iridovirus (RBIV) is a megalocytivirus widely infected in various fish species in Korea, causing symptoms of acute inflammation and enlargement of spleen. In our previous study, RBIV induced the initial upregulation but later down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and IFN1 gene expression. Signal transducers and activators of transcriptions (STAT) are transcription factors involved in the regulation of immune genes including IFNs. This study was conducted to analyse the expression of STAT2. The expressional study of STAT2 gene was performed in head kidney and spleen upon RBIV infection and immune stimulants like LPS or poly I:C in vitro. Consequently, STAT2 gene expression pattern was different in head kidney and spleen as it was significantly up-regulated by LPS from 4 h to 8 h but down-regulated at 24 h while up-regulated by poly I:C at 8 h in head kidney while, in spleen, STAT2 gene expression was down regulated by LPS but significantly up-regulated by poly I:C. Upon RBIV stimulation, STAT2 gene expression was significantly down-regulated by high dose RBIV at 4 h but up-regulated at 8 h and 24 h in head kidney. In spleen cells, it was up-regulated by medium dose RBIV at 4 h and by high dose RBIV at 4 h and 8 h but down regulated later then. In vivo, STAT2 gene expression was not significantly affected by RBIV infection while significant up-regulated by vaccination at day 7 post-vaccination, indicating STAT2 gene can be involved in adaptive immune response in rock bream.

This study is the process of finding answers to the following questions. Cultural content is needed to study Vietnamese language? Do Vietnamese language learners feel the need for classes using cultural content? Do Vietnamese teachers use cultural contents in class? In order to find out the answer, I conducted a questionnaire survey on Vietnamese students in Chungnam Foreign Language High School, interviewed teachers and analyzed the case examples. As a result of the questionnaires and interviews, it was found that the necessity of cultural contents development in Vietnamese language education is a requirement for both teachers and learners. Based on these results, we developed a case study on cultural education contents for Vietnamese language education. However, the model of teaching Vietnamese language utilizing cultural contents needs to be developed through more diverse academic analysis. Its effectiveness should also be investigated in depth. We will propose this as a future research project.

Basing on analyzing the linguistic material in Quốc âm thi tập (􀊆􂙌􆜴􅦪 􆘇􀊇) written by Nguyễn Trãi 􆕯􂸍 (1380-1442), this article conducts a research on Chinese-borrowed words in ancient Vietnamese, and develops several concepts to classify Chinese-borrowed words. Due to the author’s viewpoint, ‘Vietnamese Chinese-loaned word’ refers to all Vietnamese words borrowed from Chinese language and Chinese scripts that were used in the 15th century Vietnamese language. This article then argues, the influence of Chinese scripts and language on the 15th century Vietnamese is so strong that it could help to contribute 63.37% rate of the Vietnamese vocabulary.

콩과(Fabaceae) 작물 해충인 팥나방(Matsumuraeses phaseoli)과 어리팥나방(M. falcana) (나비목: 잎말이나방과)은 형태적으로 매우 유사하여 종 구별이 힘든 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 PCR-SSP(PCR with Sequence Specific Primers) 방법으로 두 종을 빠르고 정확하게 구별할 수 있는 판별법을 찾고자 두 종의 미토콘드리아 시토크롬 옥시다제 I(mtCOI) DNA 부분영역(439 bp)의 염기서열을 해독하였다. 그리고 다른 나방 종의 mtCOI 염기서열과 함께 나열하여 비교한 후 팥나방과 어리팥나방에서 종 특이적으로 차이가 나는 단일 뉴클레오티드를 프라이머의 3ʹ말단으로 하는 염기서열 특이 프라이머 조합을 만들었다. PCR 산물들을 전기영동 한 결과, 어리팥나방은 245 bp, 팥나방은 409 bp와 245 bp의 특이적 밴드 패턴을 보여 두 종을 구별할 수 있었다.