This study compared the climatic conditions and fruit quality of the ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin. This variety is expanding to inland areas due to climate change and global warming. The main producing area of ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin is Jeju Island. In the inland areas where ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarin is grown, the average temperature is 12.9-13.9℃, which is 3-4℃ lower than the temperature in Seogwipo (16.9℃) on Jeju Island. In these inland areas, there are frequent critical minimum temperatures (below –3℃) in January or February, making the open field temperatures unsuitable for growing ‘Shiranuhi’ mandarins. However, farmers in these areas have managed to mitigate this risk by maintaining an average temperature of 18.3℃ inside plastic houses, which are actively heated from December to March. The earliest full bloom of ‘Shiranuhi’ was recorded in Jindo, Jeollanam-do on April 10. The earliest harvest date was observed in Seogwipo, Jeju on January 9, which indicates the shortest maturity period of 272 days. The cumulative temperature inside the greenhouse was highest in Wanju, Jeollabuk-do at 5,755℃. Buan, Jeollabuk-do (5,517℃) and Seogwipo, Jeju (5,518℃) had nearly identical temperatures. Significant differences in fruit quality were observed between the inland areas and Jeju Island. These differences were observed in fruit length, summit length, firmness, and the CIE b* value of the peel. The climate differences seem to have a greater influence on the factors that determine the fruit shape among the fruit quality characteristics. The yield per tree was higher in Seogwipo, Jeju (38.3kg) compared to the inland areas (30 to 34kg). Inland areas predominantly featured medium to small fruits (251-300g), while Jeju Island had a higher proportion of larger fruits (over 350g).

송국리문화의 핵심적 요소인 송국리형주거지는 알려진 바와 같이 내부시설로서 爐가 확인되지 않는 매우 특이한 주거형태이다. 이러한 노부재에 대한 의견은 구체적인 형태는 알 수 없지만 노가 존재하였다는 ‘노존재설’과 노가 주거지시설에서 사라지거나 야외로 이동했다고 보는 ‘노부재설’로 크게 나누어 진다. 필자는 후자의 입장에서 송국리형주거지의 발생으로 대표되는 송국리문화의 발생 원인으로는 청동 기시대 기원전 10세기 이후 중기 한랭화라는 기후변화와 관련성이 있는 것으로 판단한다. 기온의 하강은 생계에 있어서는 농경에 대한 집중력을 높이고, 생활에 있어서는 주거규모를 축소함과 동시에 주거지 내부의 노를 외부로 이동하는 대신 공동취사를 통해 조직의 효율성을 높이려 했다. 상대적으로 잔존상태가 양호한 영남지방 충적지취락의 사례로 살펴볼 때, 노는 주거와 일대일이 아닌 공동취사를 위한 일정한 곳에 밀집된 방식으로 운영하였음이 그 증거이다. 이렇게 주거내 노를 제거한 상태에서 겨울 추위에 대한 대비로 일부지역의 경우 주거지의 깊이를 깊게 하는 방식으로 해결하려 한 행위도 확인된다. 청동기시대 중기 송국리문화라는 새로운 문화가 출현하게 된 배경에는 기후변화라는 현실적인 환경적 변화가 직면하여 당시인들은 주거 내부에서 노를 과감하게 외부로 이동시킨 송국리형주거로서 위기를 극복하려고 하였다.

In this study, we hypothesized that the size of wintering crane population would change due to the climate factors. We assumed that wintering population size would differ by climate values in January, which is the coldest period in year. Especially, White-naped cranes were able to choose wintering site between Cheorwon and other alternative place where snow coverage had low influence, differing from Red crowned cranes. For this reason, we predicted the population size of White-naped cranes would fluctuate according to the extent of snow coverage in Cheorwon. Therefore we used snow coverage data based on MODIS and climate data from KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) that are generally used. We analyzed the crane’s population size in Cheorwon in January from 2002 to 2014. The temperature in the Cheorwon increased from 2002 to wintering period in 2007~ 2008 and went down, showing the lowest temperature in 2011~ 2012. With this phenomenon, warmth index showed the similar pattern with temperature. Amount of newly accumulated snow (the amount of snow that fallen from 0:01 am to 11:29 pm in a day) was low after 2002, but rapidly increased in 2010~ 2011 and 2011~ 2012. The area of snow coverage rapidly declined from 2002 to 2005~ 2006 but suddenly expanded in wintering period in 2009~ 2010 and 2010~ 2011. Wintering population size of the White-naped cranes decreased as snow coverage area increased in January and the highest correlation was found between them, compared to the other climatic factors. However, the number of individuals of Red crowned cranes had little relationship with general climate factors including snow cover range. Therefore it seems that population size of the Red crowned crane varied by factors related with habitat selection such as secure roosting site and area of foraging place, not by climatic factors. In multiple regression analysis, wintering population of White-naped cranes showed significant relationship with logarithmic value of snow cover range and its period. Therefore, it suggests that the population size of the White-naped crane was affected by snow cover range n wintering period and this was because it was hard for them to find out rice grains which are their main food items, buried in snow cover. The population size variation in White-naped cranes was caused by some individuals which left Cheorwon for Izumi where snow cover had little influence on them. The wintering population in Izumi and Cheorwon had negative correlation, implying they were mutually related.

후기 홀로세 동안의 지형발달과 기후환경변화를 고찰하기 위해 함평천 유역의 충적평야에서 채취된 퇴적물 시료에 대한 탄소연대측정(AMS, Accelerated Mass Spectrometry), 토양유기탄소와 휴무스분석을 실시하였다. 최하부인 토탄층은 온난 습윤한 기후환경에 형성되었으며, 후빙기 중 Atlantic기에 해당되는 것으로 사료된다. 황갈색 사질점토층은 자연제방성 퇴적물이며, 대체로 온난하고 건조한 기후 환경에서 퇴적된 것으로 생각된다. 그 형성시기는 1,879-1,532 BC 이며, 이 시기는 후빙기 중 Sub-boreal기에 해당된다. 담갈색 점토층은 자연제방에서 배후습지로 이행되는 환경에 퇴적되었을 것으로 추측된다. 기후 환경은 온난하고 습윤하였으며, 후빙기 중 Sub-boreal에서 Sub-Atlantic으로 이행되는 시기에 형성된 것으로 유추된다. 상부의 담황갈색 점토층과 담갈색 점토층은 배후습지의 퇴적물로 생각된다. 담황갈색 점토층이 퇴적된 환경은 냉량하고 습윤한 기후환경이었을 것으로 생각되며, 이 시기는 후빙기 중 Sub-Atlantic에 대비될 가능성이 있다. 담갈색 점토층이 퇴적된 환경은 온난하고 건조한 기후환경이었을 것으로 생각된다. 그 형성 시기는 211-427 AD이며, 이 시기는 Post Roman Warm Period에 해당되는 것으로 유추된다.

There is a critical need for research and developmentin the area of correlation between the climatic change and vector-born diseases in terms of global point of view. The statistics (1907~2000) for about a century showed the average temperature in Korea was increased to 1.5℃, twice higher than that of global average (0.74℃). The average precipitation for the past decade also showed 10% increase per year up to 1,485.7mm. The A1B scenario of NIMR reported the future estimate of average temperature at the end of this century (21 C) would be increased to 4.0℃ compared with that of years (1971~2000). There appeared close correlation between the breeding disease vector populations and climatic change, even though the occurrence pattern of diseases transmitted by insect vectors and/or reservoir animals in Korea had been rather included in category of the developed countries till 20th century. However, the disease outbreaks for the past 10 years showed significant increase in the vector-born diseases such as Tsutsugamushi disease, Leptospirosis and Epidemic Hemorrhagic fever. There appeared many different factors involved in causing foregoing disease increase, however, the warmer temperature change might have accelerated the more favorable breeding habitats for the disease vectors and medically important insects. The insect-born disease transmission inclusive of medically important insects and rodents involves wide range of different and/or compounded factors or situations such as human population and housing habitats, sanitary standards, vector control schedules, etc. in different areas and districts. Duane, et al.(2001) reported and well illustrated the correlations among climatic change and humans host, insect vectors, reservoir animals, disease agents. The importance of local outbreaks of insect vector population increase was mainly caused by temperature and precipitation (humidity) increase (Mellor and Leake, 2000) by the increase of fecundity and frequency of biting activities. Martens (2008) also indicated that climatic change affected the increases of survival rate, density, fecundity duration and the resistance to microbial pesticides more favorably against disease agents such as bacteria and fungi, etc. The influences or effects of climatic change against human pest control activities, susceptibility, immunity to insect vector-born diseases will be elaborated.

연구지역의 지형은 해안과 인접한 소규모의 곡저평야에 속한다. 이 곡저평야는 낮은 구릉지 사이 개석된 곳에 충적물이 매적되어 형성되었다. 본 연구에서는 탄소안정동위원소비 분석과 토양유기탄소 분석을 이용하여 과거의 기후환경 복원을 시도하였다. I 시기(약 6,600±60 yr B.P.-5,350±60 yr B.P.)는 전반적으로 온난하고 습윤한 기후환경이었으나, 건습변화에 있어서는 약건조(또는 약습윤)→습윤의 미변화가 감지된다. II 시기(약 5,350±60 yr B.P.-2,200 yr B.P.)는 현재와 비슷한 온난습윤한 기후환경을 나타낸다. 4,720±60 yr B.P.와 4,210±50 yr B.P. 사이는 전체 퇴적층 중 가장 습윤했던 것으로 파악된다. 4,210±50 yr B.P. 이후에는 점차 습윤에서 약습윤(또는 약건조)환경으로 이행하는 과정이 나타난다. III 시기(약 2,200 yr B.P.-210±60 yr B.P.)는 앞선 두 시기와 확연히 구분되며, 약습윤(또는 약건조)의 기후환경을 나타낸다.

In this research were used observation meteorological data and meteorological model to understand an influence of rising ocean temperature on climate change in Korean Peninsula. In the case of meteorological data, were examined inland ocean temperatures as mean annual temperature change during 28 years period (1980-2006) on six shore sites and four inland sites. Also, it have been used MM5 meteorological model to study climate change due to rising ocean temperature and simulate increasing ocean temperature of Korean Peninsula by 2oC. Results shows that the temperature on the shore sites were increasing two times more than temperature on the inland sites. The meteorological model shows similar result and the highest temperature appears on the south shore sites.

Weather is an important variable to form the characteristic natural ecosystem of the region along with topography and soil. Since the ecosystem change is expected by the global warming, the preparation for the change has to be made to accumulate the investigative data for the relationship on local weather and ecosystem. As the study method, the measurement data and sea surface temperature data were analyzed and the atmospheric model was performed. As the result, the weather characteristics, changing patterns and the causes of the weather change in Ulreungdo and Dokdo regions could be analyzed. For the last 67 years since the weather measurement was started in Ulreungdo, annual temperature elevation rate was 0.013oC and 0.88oC was elevated for 68 years, and the temperature elevation rate during the winter season recorded the highest elevation rate of 0.024oC/year. The amount of rainfall in Ulreungdo has been significantly increased recently. The strength of a typhoon that had affects on the peninsula and the increase of rainfall was mainly attributable to the increase of sea surface temperature alleviation at the East Sea. Sea surface temperature near Ulreungdo and the weather of the Ulreungdo weather station has high correlation each other. The acute sea surface temperature elevation could be assumed to cause the temperature elevation in Ulreungdo. According to the weather model of MM5, the simulated effect of sea surface temperature elevation on the atmospheric temperature resulted the average 1.3oC temperature increase in Ulreungdo as the sea surface temperature was increased 2oC. Therefore, it was able to confirm that the major reason of temperature elevation at the Ulreungdo weather station was attributable to sea surface temperature elevation.

기후변화에 따른 도시하천의 건천화 현상은 앞으로 더욱더 심각해질 것으로 예상되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 건천화의 적응전략으로서 하수처리수 재이용을 선정하였고 어느 지영기 우선적으로 선정되어야 하는가를 결정할 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 평가기준은 수문학적인 요소뿐만 아니라 인문·사회적인 요소도 포함하였다. 평가치와 가중치의 불확실성을 고려하기 위해 퍼지 이론을 사용하여서 기후변화로 인해 변화된 평가치와 평가기준에 대한 가중치의 불확실성을 완화하고자 하였다. Fuzzy TOPSIS 방법을 이용하여 각 대안을 평가하였다. 또한 로버스트한 의사결정을 위해서 통계적인 기법과 maximin, maximax, Hurwicz, equal likelihood criterion 방법을 사용하였다. 그 결과 Fuzzy TOPSIS를 통한 대안의 순위 선정과 로버스트 의사결정기법을 통해 불확실성과 순위의 애매모호함을 완화시켰다. 본 연구에서 제시한 방법은 하수처리수 재이용의 위치선정 뿐만 아니라 다양한 기후변화 시나리오를 고려한 수자원 사업의 우선순위를 결정하는데 사용될 수 있다.

고 고형분함량 감자 생산을 위한 수확시기를 예측하는 데 있어 에너지 소모량의 추정에 대한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 각 지역별로 포장의 파종시기부터 수확시기까지 최근 5년간(2005년~2009년) 평균기온, 강수량, 상대습도, 일조시간, 바람, 지중온도 등의 농업환경을 조사한 결과 파종기 저온피해와 괴경비대기 장마기간을 회피한다면 가공용 원료감자는 가공품 생산에 필요시마다 물량을 수급하기 때문에 만숙재배를 하지 않아 품종의존도가 낮아 수확시기의 환경에 대한 비중이 큰 것으로 판단되었다. 2. 파종시기부터 출현까지에는 지중온도에 영향을 많이 받아 지역별 편차가 심해 시뮬레이션에서는 출현시기를 기준으로 감자의 수확적기를 예측하는 것이 바람직하였다. 3 수확시기를 예측하기 위한 생장모형은 Tp=Tm~cdotWmTpWmTm를 사용하고, 생장량 Wm을 계상하는 기본 생장모형은 Wm=~intmtf(x)dt 를 사용하였다. 4. 기본 생장모형을 통해 Wm을 계상할 때는 광합성율(δA )과 식물체내 에너지 소모(δE ) 개념을 적용해야 보다 정밀한 수확시기를 예측할 수 있었으며, 식물체내 에너지 소모에 대한 정의는 기후변화에 대응하여 농업환경에 대처하는 식물체내 에너지 소모를 계상하는 것으로 최근 5년간(2005년~2009년) 수확시기에 따라 고형분함량을 측정한 결과 광합성율만 계상할 때 보다 에너지 소모개념을 적용한 것이 효과적이었다.