Defense Modeling & Simulation (M&S) techniques are used for developing the efficiency and economics of national defense at operational level so that it maintains interoperability and reusability in sustainability for the following process of the war simulation. However, the lack of conceptual models was one cause of limiting the interoperability and reusability in defense M&S areas. In this paper, the Conceptual Model of the Mission Space (CMMS) is studied as preliminary process for the defense M&S. The conceptual modeling framework called CMMS-K (Conceptual Model of the Mission Space-Korea) is suggested using a case example in consideration of the Korean Army specification and characteristics. The practicality of CMMS-K is evaluated through the ontology development for military scenarios. It is expected that the gap between the theoretical approach and the practical perspective of defense M&S can be diminished through the use of these approaches.

해상 운송 시스템에 사이버 위협이 증가함에 따라, 안전한 운항을 보장하기 위한 사이버 복원력의 필요성이 부각되고 있다. 특 히, 자율운항선박과 같은 고도의 기술 융합이 요구되는 스마트선박은 기존보다 더 광범위한 사이버 공격 표면을 가지게 되어 이에 대한 리스크 관리가 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 스마트선박의 사이버 복원력을 평가하기 위해 국제 표준인 IACS UR E26, E27, IEC 62443, NIST SP 800-160을 분석하고, 이를 통해 스마트선박의 선종과 자율화 수준에 따른 사이버 리스크 평가 및 각각의 리스크에 맞는 복원력 모델 개념을 설계하였다. 특히, 선박의 자율화 수준이 높아질수록 사이버 리스크가 커지므로 이를 반영한 맞춤형 대응 전략을 도출하고 스마트 선박의 사이버 복원력 향상을 위한 성숙도 모델을 제안했다.

이 연구는 중학교 과학 교육과정이 중학생들의 기압 작용 방향에 대한 개념 변화에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 조 사하였다. 이를 위해 중학교 1학년과 3학년의 기압 관련 학습 내용을 토대로 구성된 개념 검사지를 중학교 3학년 학생 들을 대상으로 실시하였다. 분석 결과, 중학교 1학년 과학 1에서 학습한 용기 내 분자 운동과 관련된 기압의 개념과 작 용 방향에 대해 비교적 정확한 개념을 갖고 있음에도 불구하고, 중학교 3학년 과학 3에서 토리첼리 실험을 학습하면서 기압의 작용 방향이 아래쪽으로 향한다는 오개념을 갖게 되는 경우가 많음을 확인하였다. 이는 교육과정 및 교과서 내 용의 구성 방식이 학생들의 기압에 대한 개념 변화에 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 시사한다. 따라서 중학교 과학3 교과서에서 토리첼리 실험을 서술할 때, 기압을 단순히 무게의 관점이나 한 방향으로의 작용만을 강조하기 보다는 기압 이 모든 방향으로 작용할 수 있다는 과학 1의 개념을 다시 한번 명확히 할 필요가 있음을 제안한다. 이러한 노력은 학 생들의 과학적 개념의 내면화와 심화된 이해에 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다. 또한, 교수자들도 이러한 오개념을 사전에 인식하고 이를 고려하여 교수-학습 모형을 설계함으로써 학습자의 인지 갈등과 혼란을 선제적으로 최소화할 수 있을 것이다. 한편, 학습자의 오개념 및 교과서 분석 등에 관한 누적된 연구 결과가 교과서 내용에 반영될 수 있도록 책임 있는 기관의 체계적인 전략 및 지침 개발이 필요할 것이다.

After the permanent shut down of Kori Unit 1, various decommissioning activities will be implemented, including decontamination, segmentation, waste management, and site restoration. During the decommissioning period, waste management is among the most important activities to ensure that the process proceeds smoothly and within the expected timeframe. Furthermore, the radioactive waste generated during the operation should be sent to a disposal facility to complete the decommissioning project. Square and cylindrical concrete re-package drums were generated during the 1980s and 1990s. The square, containing boron concentrates, and cylindrical, containing spent resin, concrete re-package drums have been stored in a radioactive waste storage building. Homogeneous radioactive waste, including boron concentrates, spent resin, and sludge, should be solidified or packaged in high-integrity containers (HICs). This study investigates the sequential segmentation process for the separation of contaminated and non-contaminated regions, the re-packaging process of segmented or crushed cement-solidified boron concentrate, and re-packaging in HICs. The conceptual design evaluates the re-packaging plan for the segmented and crushed cement-solidified waste using HICs, which is acceptable in a disposal facility, and the quantity of generated HICs from the treatment process.

The development of existing radioactive waste (RI waste) management technologies has been limited to processing techniques for volume reduction. However, this approach has limitations as it does not address issues that compromise the safety of RI waste management, such as the leakage of radioactive liquid, radiation exposure, fire hazards, and off-gas generation. RI waste comes in various forms of radioactive contamination levels, and the sources of waste generation are not fixed, making it challenging to apply conventional decommissioning and disposal techniques from nuclear power plants. This necessitates the development of new disposal facilities suitable for domestic use. Various methods have been considered for the solidification of RI waste, including cement solidification, paraffin solidification, and polymer solidification. Among these, the polymer solidification method is currently regarded as the most suitable material for RI waste immobilization, aiming to overcome the limitations of cement and paraffin solidification methods. Therefore, in this study, a conceptual design for a solidification system using polymer solidification was developed. Taking into account industrial applicability and process costs, a solidification system using epoxy resin was designed. The developed solidification system consists of a pre-treatment system (fine crush), solidification system, cladding system, and packing system. Each process is automated to enhance safety by minimizing user exposure to radioactive waste. The cladding system was designed to minimize defects in the solidified material. Based on the proposed conceptual design in this paper, we plan to proceed with the specific design phase and manufacture performance testing equipment based on the basic design.

Even though a huge amount of spent nuclear fuels are accumulated at each nuclear power plant site in Korea, our government has not yet started to select a final disposal site, which might require more than several km2 surface area. According to the second national plan for the management of high-level radioactive waste, the reference geological disposal concept followed the Finnish concept based on KBS-3 type. However, the second national plan also mentioned that it was necessary to develop the technical alternatives. Considering the limited area of the Korean peninsula, the authors had developed an alternative disposal concepts for spent nuclear fuels in order to enhance the disposal density since 2021. Among ten disposal concepts shown in the literature published in 2000’s, we narrowed them to four concepts by international experiences and expert judgements. Assuming 10,000 t of CANDU spent nuclear fuels (SNF), we designed the engineered barriers for each alternative disposal concept. That is, using a KURT geological conditions, the engineered barrier systems (EBS) for the following four alternative concepts were proposed: ① mined deep borehole matrix, ② sub-seabed disposal, ③ deep borehole disposal, and ④ multi-level dispoal. The quantitative data of each design such as foot prints, safety factors, economical factors are produced from the conceptual designs of the engineered barriers. Five evaluation criteria (public acceptance, safety, cost, technology readiness level, environmental friendliness) were chosen for the comparison of alternatives, and supporting indicators that can be evaluated quantitatively were derived. The AHP with domestic experts was applied to the comparison of alternatives. The twolevel disposal was proposed as the most appropriate alternative for the enhancement of disposal efficiency by the experts. If perspectives changes, the other alternatives would be preferred. Three kinds of the two-level disposal of CANDU SNF were compared. It was decided to dispose of all the CANDU spent nuclear fuels into the disposal holes in the lower-level disposal tunnels because total footprint of the disposal system for CANDU SNF was much smaller than that for PWR SNF. Currently, we reviewed the performance criteria related to the disposal canister and the buffer and designed the EBS for CANDU SNF. With the design, safety assessment and cost estimates for the alternative disposal system will be carried out next year.

The thermal evaluations for the conceptual design of the deep geological repository considering the improved modeling of the spent fuel decay heat were conducted using COMSOL Multiphysics computational program. The maximum temperature at the surface of a disposal canister for the technical design requirement should not exceed 100°C. However, the peak temperature at the canister surface should not exceed 95°C considering the safety margin of 5°C due to several uncertainties. All thermal evaluations were based on the time-dependent simulation from the emplacement time of the canister to 100,000 years later. In particular, the heat source condition was set to the decay heat rate and axial decay heat profile of the PLUS7 fuel with 4.0wt% U-235 and 45 GWD/MTU. The thermal properties of the granitic rock in South Korea were applied to the host rock region. For the reference design case, the cooling time of the SNF was set to 40 years, the distance between the deposition holes 8 meters and that between the deposition tunnels 30 meters. However, the peak temperature at the canister surface at 10 years was 95.979°C greater than 95°C. This design did not meet the thermal safety requirement and needed to be modified. For the first modified case, when the distance between the deposition tunnels was set to 30 meters, three cooling time cases of 40, 50 and 60 years and five distances of 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 meters between the deposition holes were considered. The design with the distances of 9 and 10 meters between the deposition holes for the cooling time of 40 years and all five distances for 50 and 60 years were less than 95°C. For the second modified case, when the distance between the deposition holes was set to 8 meters, three cooling time cases of 40, 50 and 60 years and five distances of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 meters between the deposition tunnels were considered. The design with the distances of 35 and 40 meters between the deposition tunnels for the cooling time of 40 years, the distances of 25, 30, 35 and 40 meters for 50 years and all five distances for 60 years were less than 95°C. As a result, the peak temperature at the canister surface decreased as the cooling time and the distance between the deposition holes and the tunnels increased.

본 연구의 목적은 시뮬레이션 실습 교육에서 임상수행능력에 대한 명확한 개념의 속성을 규명 하고 이를 조직화하여 임상수행능력에 대한 이론적 근거를 마련하기 위해 시도되었다. 연구 방법으로는 Walker And Avant의 개념분석 방법을 사용하였다. KISS, KMbase, DBpia, RISS, PubMed, CINAHL, Medline의 데이터베이스에서 보건의료인 교육을 위한 시뮬레이션 교육이 권고된 시점인 2000년부터 2023 년 4월까지 보고된 논문을 수집하였다. 연구 결과 임상수행능력의 속성은 (1) 지식, 판단, 기술의 종합적인 능력, (2) 의료 환경 변화에 능숙히 대처하는 능력, (3) 간호 대상자의 요구에 적절하게 대응하여 간호 역할 을 수행하는 능력이다. 본 연구는 시뮬레이션 실습 교육에서 임상수행능력에 대한 연구가 활발한 상황에서 간호학적 관점의 중요성을 인식하고, 개념분석을 한 연구로서 의의가 있다. 본 연구에서 나타난 시뮬레이 션 실습 교육에서 임상수행능력 속성을 포함한 훈련 프로그램 및 도구를 개발하고 이를 활용하여 프로그램 의 효과를 측정하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

Based on conceptual metaphor theory and speech act, this study aims to examine the communicative functions of language use by analyzing texts used in Seoul’s urban design. Considering that life in a modern society is based on the ecosystem of its cities, the importance of urban design in increasingly felt by modern individuals who share limited space and move along predetermined routes. According to El-Khoury and Robbins (2004), urban design is both an abstract and relative concept, and the purpose of a city can be interpreted differently according to differences in experience and perspective. Conceptual metaphorical language expressions not only have a communicative function but also provide the hearer with a certain perspective by concretizing the events or phenomena indicated by the speaker. Metaphorical language expressions based on metaphors created by the speaker perform speech acts by serving as an effective means of persuasion and communication (Searle 1979). We examine the linguistic aspects based on the metaphor of the development of illocutionary forces in Seoul’s urban design texts.

Food waste is a major sustainable development problem in the world, and the promotion of ugly food may help address this issue. According to cue utilization theory and the VAB model, the primary purpose of this research is to investigate the role of green packaging in ugly food with multiple internal and external cues. A conceptual model with eight hypotheses are proposed. Conclusion, contributions of study and research limitations are finally shown.

Food waste is a major sustainable development problem in the world, and the promotion of ugly food may help address this issue. According to cue utilization theory and the VAB model, the primary purpose of this research is to investigate the role of green packaging in ugly food with multiple internal and external cues. A conceptual model with eight hypotheses are proposed. Conclusion, contributions of study and research limitations are finally shown.

This research aims to understand how academic articles stimulate knowledge progress by addressing two questions: Does the level of contribution vary between different methods of research (e.g., conceptual, theoretical, and empirical)? How do we assess the potential of scholarly articles to impact and further innovate the field?

The objective of this research is to analyze the importance of Virtual Reality (VR) in digitally promoting perceived online trust toward green brands. We propose a conceptual framework based on Stimulus-Organism-Response to understand whether VR can increase cognitive and affective experiential state and customers' perceived trust toward green brands.