To control western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), a significant pest of peppers, the control effects of eco-friendly agricultural materials were tested when treated alone and in combination. The control effects of yellow sticky roll traps installed on the stem, predatory natural enemy (Hypoaspis miles) inoculated on the stem, and plant extracts (50% custard apple seed oil + 10% cinnamon extract) sprayed on the foliage were 45.3%, 36.6%, and 50.2%, respectively, when treated individually. Meanwhile, when three eco-friendly agricultural materials were comprehensively applied, the control effect was maintained between 62.4% and 80.9% compared to untreated conditions during the pepper harvesting season. These methods can be utilized for the eco-friendly control of western flower thrips in pepper greenhouses.

시설 고추 주요 해충인 꽃노랑총채벌레(Frankliniella occidentalis)의 방제를 위해 유기농업자재들의 단독 처리 및 종합 투입시 방제 효과를 검정 하였다. 황색끈끈이롤트랩은 지제부에 설치하고, 포식성 천적(Hypoaspis miles)은 지제부에 접종하며, 식물추출물(커스터드애플시드 오일 50% + 계 피 추출물 10%)은 경엽살포하는 방식으로써 각각의 단독 처리시 방제 효과는 45.3, 36.6, 50.2%였다. 한편, 3종의 유기농업자재들을 종합 투입했을 경우 고추 수확기 방제 효과가 무처리 대비 62.4~80.9%로 유지되어, 시설 고추 꽃노랑총채벌레 친환경 방제용으로 활용이 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

This study aimed to develop a new eco-friendly control method of B. tabaci using a trap plant treated with systemic insecticide. Due to high preference, tobacco plant was selected as a trap plant among solanaceous plants. Out of all 6 systemic insecticides, dinotefuran WG showed the highest mortality (> 97.3 %) against B. tabaci. The concentrations of dinotefuran in tobacco leaves after systemic treatment showed the sharp increase in the pesticide from 2 hrs until 48 hrs (2 d) and steady increase over 35 d. The mortality of B. tabaci in tobacco leaves was about 80% at 9 hrs after treatment and over 90% at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, and 35 d after treatment. The number of B. tabaci was counted every week after dinotefuran-treated tobacco pots were placed in the tomato greenhouse cultivation. The density of the insects with 3 tobacco plants was app. 75% lower than the control (w/o tobacco plant).

본 연구에서는 동물플랑크톤인 Daphnia magna를 이용하 여 유해조류인 Microcystis aeruginosa, Anabaena variabilis, Limnothrix planctonica에 대한 제어 가능성을 평가하였다. D. magna와 유해조류를 공생배양 시킨 경우, M. aeruginosa (80.2±4.2%), A. variabilis (39.7±4.0%) 그리고 L. planctonica (25.9±10.9%)의 순으로 조류 발생 억제효율을 보였 다. 동물플랑크톤의 섭생에 의한 조류 제어 효과 이외에 D. magna의 대사/분비물질의 조류 제어 가능성을 확인할 수 있 었다. D. magna를 배양한 배지를 유해조류 제어에 이용했을 때, M. aeruginosa와 A. variabilis에 대하여 각각 24.9±9.9% 와 8.9±4.0%의 성장 억제효과를 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만, L. planctonica에 대한 성장 억제효과는 나타나지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과를 통하여 동물플랑크톤인 D. magna를 활용한 친환경적 유해조류 제어기술 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된 다.

Various insect pests and plant disease can outbreak in a field. For the effective control of pests and plant diseases during crop cultivation, farmers simultaneously or sequentially spray various eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM), chemical pesticides and microbial control agents on the same fields. It was reported that many agrochemicals are harmful to entomopathogenic fungi, especially some fungicides with broad spectrum activity that are routinely applied for the control of plant diseases. In addition, some pesticides may antagonize the potential insecticidal activity and efficiency of entomopathogenic fungi. Therefore, sometimes the utilization of fungal entomopathogen in forestry and agricultural production is limited because of the undesirable interference from some fungicides and pesticides. There is little research that examines the compatibility of these EFAMs with entomopathogenic fungi and the influence of EFAMs on the control efficacy of mycopesticides. We conducted a study of influence of pretreated eco-friendly agricultural materials on control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly.

Insect pests on cruciferous crops and their natural enemies were surveyed during 2009~2011 in Daegwallyeong highland region which has been famous for summer Kimchi cabbage production in Korea since 1970s. Totally 15 insect pests have been reported in cabbage field in Daegwallyeong. Diamondback moth (DBM, Plutella xylostella) imported cabbage worm (Artogeia rapae L.), cabbage armyworm (CAW, Mamestra brassicae L.), cabbage looper (CL, Trichoplusia ni), cabbage sawfly (Athalia rosae ruficornis Jakovlev), and turnip aphid (Liphapis pseudobrassicae (Davis)) were the dominant pest species among the 15 species. For monitoring as well as controlling insects with weak flight, yellow sticky cards (10×15㎝) were used in cabbage fields. The sticky cards were hanged on plastic stick and placed at a 2-5 m distance within cabbage field (1,000㎡). Sex pheromone traps were employed for monitoring and controlling insects with strong flight. The survey result showed that there was significantly reduced pest occurrences in treated, compared to untreated condition. Similarly, The results from the sex pheromone traps were coincident with those of sticky trap. DBM, CAW and CL were found less in the treated than untreated fields; by 67.5%, 70.6% and 44.0%, respectively. Although the control efficacy of such traps was less than that of chemical spray, the use of sticky card trap combined with sex pheromone trap could be useful management tools for controlling insect pests in cabbage fields.

본 연구는 친환경적이며 효과적인 시설내 가루이 예방 및 방제를 위해 이류체 포그시스템을 이용하여 올레산을 분무할 때, 올레산의 적정농도를 구명하고 3회 처리시 방제가를 조사하기 위해 수행되었다. 올레산의 적정농도 실험은 부여토마토시험장 단동형 플라스틱온실에서 공시품종으로 도태랑골드를 사용하여 수행했고, 올레산의 3회 처리시 방제가에 대한 실험은 경기도농업기술원 벤로형 유리온실에서 공시품종으로 로쿠산마루를 사용하여 수행했다. 적정농도 실험은 무처리구를 대조구로 하고 올레산 2000ppm과 4000ppm을 각각 처리하고 가루이의 밀도를 조사했다. 3회 처리 실험은 화학살충제 처리와 동일하게 올레산 2000ppm을 2일 간격으로 3회 처리하고, 2일 후에 방제가를 조사했다. 이류체 포그시스템은 실험기간동안 올레산을 처리하지 않을 때에는 오전 8시부터 오후 5시까지 온도가 25℃ 이상이거나 습도가 75% 이하로 내려갈 때 180초 작동 후 30초 휴식을 반복하여 작동했고, 올레산을 처리했을 때에는 오전 11시부터 오후 5시까지 동일한 조건으로 작동했다. 올레산의 농도실험에서는 2000ppm에서 81.6%, 4000ppm에서 93.6%의 방제가를 나타냈다. 즉, 농도를 높게 처리할수록 가루이의 밀도는 크게 감소했다. 올레산 3회 처리 실험에서는 2000ppm을 3회 처리했을 때, 농약등록 기준보다 높은 85.8%의 방제가를 나타냈다. 따라서 올레산을 2000ppm 이상 3회 처리하는 것이 친환경적인 가루이의 예방 및 방제에 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

토마토 시설재배에서 고온기에 온습도를 조절할 목적으로 사용되는 이류체 포그시스템이 가루이 방제에 미치는 효과를 알아보고, 이를 활용한 효과적이고 친환경적인 가루이 예방 및 방제 방법을 모색하기 위해 총 2회에걸쳐실험을수행하였다. 1차실험에서는 포그처리의가루이 방제 효과를 구명하였고, 구역별가루이 분포를조사하였다. 2차실험에서는 이류체 포그시스템이가루이의 수직분포와 운동성에 미치는 영향 및 방제효과를 검증하는 실험을 수행하였다. 1, 2차 실험에서 이류체포그시스템이 가루이의 개체수와 운동성을 감소시키는 효과가 인정되었다. 시설 내에서 가루이는 출구에서 먼쪽의구역에높은 밀도로 분포하며, 이류체 포그시스템을 작동하였을 때 가루이의 수직분포가 달라지는 것이 조사되었다. 따라서 이류체 포그시스템을 가루이의 예방및방제에 사용하되, 밀도가 높은구역의기주식물 중상부에 황색점착트랩을 설치하여 가루이를 더욱효과적으로 방제할수있을 것으로사료된다.

본 연구는 이류체 포그시스템과 천연물을 이용하여 효과적이고 친환경적인 가루이 예방 및 방제 방법을 구명하기 위해 수행되었다. 실험은 단동형 플라스틱하우스에서 공시품종으로 비타미니를 사용하여 총 4회 수행되었다. 1차 실험에서는 별도의 습도조절 없이 이류체 포그시스템을 작동하였다고, 2차 실험에서는 이류체 포그시스템으로 습도를 70% 이상으로 제어하였다. 3차 실험에서는 이류체 포그시스템으로 1.5mg/L Neem Oil을 분무처리하였고, 4차 실험에서는 2mg/L 농도의 Oleic acid를 분무처리하였다. 1차 실험에서 분무처리구의 가루이의 밀도는 크게 감소하였다. 2차 실험에서는 1차 실험보다도 분무효과가 더 크게 조사되었다. 이를 통해 습도를 높게 관리하여 미세수분입자의 양이 많고 또한 오래 공중에 머물게 하는 것이 가루이 방제에 더욱 효과적인 것으로 판단되었다. 3차 및 4차 실험에서 Neem Oil과 Oleic acid의 방제효과는 78%와 76.4%로, 분무만 했을 때의 53%보다 큰 효과를 나타내었다. 따라서 가루이 방제에 화학 살충제 대신에 이류체 포그시스템을 이용하여 두 가지 천연물을 사용하는 것이 매우 좋은 방법이며, 특히 저렴한 Oleic acid를 이용하는 것이 경제적인 것으로 사료된다. 또한 평소에 이류체 포그시스템으로 온도와 습도관리를 하다가, 약제방제시 이류체 포그시스템을 이용하는 것이 악성 노동력 감소, 환경친화성, 생산성 증대 등에 기여하는 방안이 될 것으로 사료된다.

This study was carried out to control the disease of wood-cultivated ginseng(panax ginseng) using natural materials. Four fungi spices such as Pythium ultimum, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizoctonia solani which caused disease of the wood-cultivated ginseng were investigated. The infection of these fungi causes symptom on roots, stems and leaves. The leaves became dry and die. The disease caused by Pythium ultimum can be prevented by using friendly environmental materials like Chamaecyparis obtuse essential oil and Wormstop. Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum might be prevented by using wormstop extracted from Neem tree(Azadirachta indica). No substance tested effectively prevents the growth of Rhizoctonia solani.

For effective control of insect pest which can outbreak in a field during crop cultivation, various control agents such as eco-friendly agricultural materials (EFAM) including microbial control agents and chemical pesticides have been applied at fields and these control agents may be treated simultaneous or sequential in the same field to suppress diverse pests and diseases. The agents may influence each other and control efficacy may also differ from interactions. Therefore we need to test compatibility of microbial control agents with other agricultural agents. In this study, we investigated influence of pre-treated EFAMs, which are registered for whitefly control in greenhouse, on germination, mycelial growth and control efficacy of Isaria javanica isolate against sweet potato whitefly. The results showed that a mixture of paraffin oil+cinnamon oil among 4 EFAMs highly reduced germination (8.9±1.3%~24.5±0.9%) and mycelial growth (0.81±0.01cm~0cm) of I. javanica. To investigate the effects of the treatment interval between EFAMs and I. javanica on sweet potato whitefly control, four different EFAMs were pre-treated 0, 1, 4, and 7 days before applying I. javanica. Pre-treatment of four EFAMs inhibited insecticidal activity of I. javanica against sweet potato whitefly. Therefore when EFAMs and a mycopesticide using I. javanica spray simultaneous or sequential, application of EFAMs need more than 7 days interval after treatment of mycopesticide at field.

This experiment was carried out to determine the treatment interval on neem product for control of Bemisia tabaci on eggplant using eco-friendly agriculture. We have investigated the control effect of B. tabaci, growth characteristics of eggplant, economics according to neem product treatment interval on eggplant. The longer neem processing interval tended to decrease control effect on nymphs of B. tabaci. Control effect of nymph of B. tabaci according to treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, 7 days, 10 days, and 15 days were 96.7%, 89.7%, 76.1%, 73.4%, and 51.0%, respectively. This result was the same tendency in adult of B. tabaci control effects on eggplant. Growth characteristics of eggplant according to neem the treatment interval of 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days, was less damaged on of B. tabaci. However, the 10 days, 15 days, and untreated of neem treatment intervals were badly damaged by B. tabaci. Therefore, neem treatment interval of 3~7 days for control of B. tabaci was high control effect. However, it is considered to be the most suitable to process every seven days considering the economics and so on. The results of economic analysis from income of 7 days neem treatment interval was the most high as 19.505 thousand won per 10a and the most economical treatment for control of B. tabaci.

The mortality was tested to organic control materials to the E. maslovskii adults by the dipping method in laboratory. As the result, in 2014, the extracts of Neem Ⅰ was not shown control effect by 10.2% control efficacy to E. maslovskii adults in laboratory. The extract of Sophora flavescens roots was shown 84.7% mortality. And other 5 materials were shown 100% insecticidal activity to the adults in laboratory. I n 2015, Plant extract+pyrolignous acid Matrine 0.45% and Plant extract Matrine 0.5+paraffin oil 8% were shown 100% and 94.6% control efficacy, respectively. In the Japanese apricot orchards, the fruit damage rate was low on spray at 21th April in Daap, Gwangyang city, and 8th May Hwangjeon, Suncheon city in Jeonnam province in 2014. The fruit damage rate differed from spray timing and materials, but it was considered that the control of E. maslovskii should be in late April to early May. Otherwise, in 2015, the fruit damage was significantly low in late April spray in Daap, but no significant was in between one spray at 21th, 27th April and 2 spray that days. Meanwhile, the control effect was better 2 times spray of the days in Hwangjeon, Suncheon city in Jeonnam province. Therefore, in organic Japanese apricot, the use of insecticidal materials recommended to control over twice spay in from meddle to late April.