리시안셔스 (Eustoma grandiflorum)는 세계적으로 널리 재배되는 경제적으로 중요한 원예작물이지만 다양한 병원균에 의한 피해를 입고 있다. 2023년 12월 김해시에서 재배되고 있는 리시안셔스 잎이 어둡게 변색되고 시드는 병징이 발견되었다. 국내 리시안셔스 재배지에서 현재까지 이러한 질병은 보고된 바 없는 것으로 알려졌다. 본 연구에서는 리시안셔스의 병든 잎에서 병원균을 분리하였고, 형태학적, 분자생물학적 동정을 실시하였다. 병원균의 비교적 느리게 성장하며, 형태학적 특성은 균사가 밀집된 형태의 균총과 얇고 긴 형태의 분생포자(39.6 × 2.82 μm)를 형성하였다. 병원균의 분자생물학적 동정을 위해 ITS, LSU 영역 염기서열 분석을 실시하였고, GenBank 데이터와 비교한 결과 병원균은 Pseudocercospora eustomatis로 동정되었다. 추가적으로 리시안셔스에 대한 P. eustomatis의 병원성 검정을 실시한 결과, 포장에서와 동일한 병징이 관찰되었다. 본 논문은 국내에서 P. eustomatis에 의해 발생한 리시안셔스 점무늬병에 대한 최초 보고이다.

Strains of epiphytic and toxic dinoflagellates were collected from the seawaters surrounding Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands in Korea, and their morphology, molecular phylogeny, and toxicity were analyzed. Each dinoflagellate strain was examined under a microscope for genus-level identification, while species-level confirmation was achieved for Amphidinium operculatum, Ostreopsis sp. (type 1), Protoceratium reticulatum, Coolia canariensis, and C. malayensis through molecular phylogenetic analysis. The genera Gambierdiscus, Heterocapsa, and Prorocentrum were identified based on morphological traits, with Gambierdiscus characterized by a round-flattened shape with distinct thecal plates, Heterocapsa exhibiting a fusiform to oval shape, and Prorocentrum showing an oblong-to-ovate shape. Toxicity assessments for five species involved exposing Artemia salina nauplii to concentration-dependent extracts of the dinoflagellates. At a concentration of 100 ppm, P. reticulatum, A. operculatum, C. canariensis, and Ostreopsis sp. resulted in significant mortality among the nauplii, with survival rates dropping to as low as 0% over a 24-hour period. These findings underscore the potential ecological and toxicological impacts of these species and highlight the necessity for further research to evaluate their behavior under varying environmental conditions. This study marks the first documentation of subtropical epiphytic dinoflagellates in the waters around Ulleungdo and Dokdo islands, encompassing twelve strains from eight epiphytic species. Additionally, we investigated the toxicity of five species, including a toxic planktonic dinoflagellate. The results suggest a potential northeastward shift in their distribution, likely originating from Jeju Island, and being transported by the Tsushima Warm Current through the East Sea. This shift has enabled the successful establishment of populations in these areas under favorable conditions influenced by changes in the oceanic climate.

Rapid morphological changes in fish larvae during growth make adult classification criteria ineffective for identifying larval fishes. Therefore, species identification of fish larvae requires understanding morphological changes during growth stages within and between species. However, for many fish larvae, the lack of morphological trait information, along with physical damage or protein degradation that occurs during specimen collection and preservation in the wild, creates obstacles for morphology-based identification. A fish larva (10.0 mm SL) collected from the coastal waters of the western Korean Peninsula in August 2019 exhibited morphological characteristics and melanophore distribution patterns closely matching those of an unidentified species of the family Platycephalidae (sp.5). Its MT-CO1 amplicon sequences identified it as Cociella crocodilus, through genetic similarity with MT-CO1 reference sequences and phylogenetic analyses of related species. This study provides significant insights into the early life stages of Cociella crocodilus, marking the first identification of this species at the larval stage.

본 연구를 통해 미기록종 Acronicta gigasa (큰뿔무늬저녁나방, 신칭)를 한국에 최초로 보고한다. 이 종에 대한 진단과 분류학적 기재문을 작성 하였고, 성충과 생식기 도해사진을 함께 제공하였다.

본 연구를 통해 국내 미기록속인 그물나비속(Neope)의 검은눈그물나비(Neope muirheadii)를 처음으로 보고한다. 이 종의 채집지 정보와 간단 한 논평을 포함하여, 성충과 생식기의 사진을 함께 제시한다.

2023년 경상남도 함안 소재 재배중인 팥의 땅가 줄기에서 흰비단병 증상이 발생하였다. 병징은 팥의 땅가 줄기 아랫부분에 수침상 현상을 보이다가 이후 물러지고 부패되어 서서히 시들어 포기 전체가 말라 죽었다. 땅가 줄기에서 병반부와 토양 표면에 흰색의 곰팡이가 발생하였고 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵이 많이 형성되었다. 순수 분리 및 배양을 통해 얻은 곰팡이는 감자한천배지에서 흰색을 띈 매끈한 비단결 균사를 잘 뻗었고 균총 위에 갈색의 작은 둥근 균핵을 많이 형성하였다. 균핵의 크기는 1-3 mm이고 균사의 폭은 4-9 μm였다. 또한 균사에서 clamp connection이 관찰되었다. 병원성 검정을 통해 최초 포장에서 발견한 동일한 병징이 발달하였고 코흐의 가설에 근거한 재분리를 수행하였다. 곰팡이를 처리하지 않은 팥에서는 병징이 발달하지 않았다. 원인 곰팡이의 동정을 명확하게 위해 ITS rRNA 영역 염기서열 및 유전적 유연관계를 분석하였다. 또한 종-특이적 PCR 검정을 수행하여 팥에 발생한 흰비단병 증상의 원인 곰팡이를 Athelia rolfsii로 동정하였다. 본 연구는 국내 팥 흰비단병의 최초 보고이다. 또한, 흰비단병의 발생은 국내 팥 생산에 큰 위협이 될 수 있을 것이고 본 연구는 향후 팥 흰비단병 방제를 위한 전략 수립에 기초자료로 사용되리라 여겨진다.

The genus Anaclasiger which is one of the myrmecophilous beetle (Clavigeritae) was described by Raffray in 1890 with the type species, A. sinuaticollis. Since then, only one species, A. zhudiae, had been added in this genus. The former species has known to distribute in Singapore (type locality), Taiwan (Raffray, 1914), Malaysia (Nomura & Idris, 2005), Thailand and Japan (Nomura et al., 2006), and the latter has been reported only in China (Yin et al., 2012). During specimens research of Korea National Arboretum, we were recognized one species, A. sinuaticollis, collected by pitfall trap in Mt. Geombong. Therefore, we are going to report this unrecorded genus and species for the first time from Korea. Both the information of the species including diagnosis, habitus and male genitalia, and that of the genus distribution on the map are going to be provided.

서부마른나무흰개미(신칭)는(Incisitermes minor) 미국 서부와 멕시코 북부를 포함하여 북미 서부가 원산인 종이며 주택을 포함한 목조 구조물에 치명적인 해충이다. 국내에선 2023년 9월 외래생물신고센터를 통해 경남 창원시 진해구의 한 가정집에서 흰개미 유시충이 발견되었다는 민원 신고로 처음 확인되었다. 그 이후 주변 지역 조사 결과 민원인 주택 주변에서 군집비행하는 흰개미 유시충 및 목재 피해 흔적을 통해 군체를 발견 확인하였다. 또한, 최초발견지에서 약 1km 떨어진 한 아파트 단지의 정자 및 그 일대에서 추가 군체가 확인되었다. 본 연구에서 는 채집된 흰개미의 형태와 유전자 정보를 통해 대상종을 확인하였고, 발견 및 피해 상황 정보를 통해 향후 해당 종의 관리를 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다.

케타민은 진단을 위한 시술과 수술에 사용하는 마취제이다. 하지만 해리성 마취를 일으키고 환각을 유발할 수 있어 유희적인 목적으로 남용되는 경향이 있다. 만성적인 케타민 사용은 케타민 유발 담관병증, 궤양성 방광염 등 많은 부작용을 일으킬 수 있다. 케타민 유발 담관병증은 1980년대부터 보고되었으며 대부분의 증례는 서구 국가와 남아시아에서 보고되었다. 이에 저자들은 국내에서 케타민 유발 담관병증이 발생한 증례를 처음으로 보고하고자 한다. 국내에서 유희적인 목적의 약물 남용이 증가하고 있는 점을 감안하여 젊은 환자에서 원인을 알 수 없는 담관염이 발생한다면 케타민 유발 담관병증을 감별 진단으로 고려해야 한다.

Air conditioner filters purify the air of indoor environments by removing air pollutants and supporting the efficiency of the unit’s cooling function. However, an air conditioner filter can become a microenvironment in which some fungi can grow as dust continues to accumulate and favorable humidity conditions are formed. Fungal growth in air conditioner filters could lead to fungal allergies or fungal diseases, in addition to emitting a foul odor. In an effort to understand what species causes this malodorous problem, we investigated the diversity of fungi found in air conditioners. Fungi were sampled from the collected air conditioner filters and grown on DG18 agar media. After purification for pure isolates, species identification was undertaken. Colony morphology was observed on PDA, MEA, CYA, and OA media. Microstructures of fruiting body, mycelia, and spores were examined using a light microscope. Molecular identification was performed by PCR and sequencing of PCR amplicons, and molecular phylogenetic analysis of sequenced DNA markers, including the Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS), the 28S large subunit of the nuclear ribosomal RNA (LSU rDNA), the β-tubulin (BenA) gene, the Calmodulin (CaM) gene, and the DNA-directed RNA polymerase II subunit 2 (RPB2) gene. Through this identification process, we found two fungal species, Aspergillus miraensis and Dichotomopilus ramosissimus, which are unrecorded species in Korea. We will now report their morphological and molecular features.

Milky white spots appeared on red bean leaves in a red bean cultivation area located in Jangyeon-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk Province. After culturing the pathogen in PDA medium, their morphology was observed, and their genes were BLAST-searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The pathogen was identified as a fungus called Rhizopus arrhizus. As a result of reinoculating the isolated pathogen on red beans, the same symptoms as those in the isolated leaves occurred. Characteristic colonies of R. arrhizuson PDA medium initially showed a bright color and then changed to dark gray over time, with mostly spherical sporangia. The sporangiospores were spherical or elliptical, mostly irregular, and small in size. Therefore, based on these results, this disease has not yet been reported in red beans and was called red bean brown leaf blight caused by Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch (syn. R. oryzae).

The genus Kurahashiodes is a monotypic genus that only recorded in Japan with Kurahashiodes suenagai. This species was first known by Wohlfahrtiodes suenagai in 1994, but reorganized with the new genus Kurahashiodes by Verves in 2001. Kurahashiodes was close to genus Wohlfahrtia but can be distinguished by R1 haired, surstylus narrow, phallus without ventral protuberance. This genus is reported for the first time in Korean fauna. The diagnosis and photographs of the Kurahashiodes suenagai are provided herein.

A survey of plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) was carried out in medicinal crop cultivated fields from July to August in 2023. Three-leaf ladybell, Adenophora triphylla var. japonica is a highly valued medicinal plant that is used to treat or prevent bronchitis, cough, cancer, and obesity in Korea. A. triphylla plants with small root-galls were observed in a field of Yeongju Agricultural Technology Center, which were identified as a root-knot nematode. Additional morphological and molecular analyses studies were performed and identified as Meloidogyne hapla, Northern root-knot nematode. Population densities of M. hapla ranged from 20~30 nematodes per 100 cm3 of soil. M. hapla was detected at lower densities in soil compared to other infected host crops, but there are concerns about damage to M. hapla since A. triphylla is cultivated for more than two years once planted. Our results indicate that A. triphylla roots damage by M. hapla were identifed, it is necessary to prepare control methods such as registration of applicable nematicides and crop rotation.

The bitterling (Cyprinidae, Acheilongnathinae) is a temperate freshwater fish with a unique spawning symbiosis with host mussels. Female bitterlings use their extended ovipositors to lay eggs on the gills of mussels through the mussel's exhalant siphon. In the present study, in April of 2020, we investigated spawning frequencies and patterns of three bitterling fish species in host mussel species in the Nakdong River basin (Hoecheon). During field surveys, a total of four bitterling and three mussel species were found. We observed bitterling's spawning eggs/larvae in the three mussel species: Anodonta arcaeformis (proportion spawned: 45.5%), Corbicula fluminea (12.1%), and Nodularia douglasiae (45.2%). The number of bitterlings’ eggs/larvae per mussel ranged from 1 to 58. Using our developed genetic markers, we identified the eggs/ larvae of each bitterling species in each mussel species (except for A. macropterus): A. arcaeformis (spawned by Acheilognathus yamatsutae), C. fluminea (A. yamatsutae and Tanakia latimarginata), and N. douglasiae (A. yamatsutae, Rhodeus uyekii, and T. latimarginata). Approximately 57.6% of N. douglasiae mussel individuals had eggs/ larvae of more than one bitterling species, suggesting that interspecific competition for occupying spawning grounds is intense. This is the first report on bitterling’s spawning events in the Asian clam C. fluminea from Korea; however, it should be ascertained whether bitterling’s embryo undergoes successful development inside the small mussel and leaves as a free-swimming juvenile. In addition, the importance of its conservation as a new host mussel species for bitterling fishes needs to be studied further.