도선사는 연안과 항만수역 위해 요소 등 현지 수로 사정에 익숙하지 않은 선 박에 승선하여 안전한 입출항을 도와 주는 선박조종 전문가이다. 우리나라 도 선사는 오랜 해상 근무 경력을 가진 노련한 대형 외항선 선장 출신이 대부분이 지만, 도선사 면허의 응시요건 등 제도의 운영 형태는 각국의 여건과 정책에 따라 다양하게 운영되고 있다. 한편, 주요 해운국인 일본은 해상근무 기피에 따른 해기사와 선장 경력자의 급격한 감소로 인해 수선법(水先法)을 개정하여 2007년부터 도선사 양성제도를 도입하여 운영하고 있다. 특히, 선장 경력이 없는 항해사, 승선경력이 없는 해 사대학 졸업생의 경우에도 양성과정을 통해 도선사가 될 수 있어 대형선의 선 장 경력자만을 대상으로 선발하여 운용 중인 우리나라와 큰 대조를 보이고 있 다. 이처럼 한·일 양국의 도선 제도는 자격요건, 선발절차 및 방법, 강제도선 제도상 상당한 차이점이 존재하고 있지만, 도선사의 민사책임과 면책 등에서는 유사한 부분도 존재한다. 이 논문에서는 한국과 일본의 도선관련 법제, 운영 실태 및 민사책임 사례를 비교법적으로 연구하여 시사점을 도출하였다. 이는 바탕으로 우리나라 도선 법 제상 미비점을 보완하기 위한 발전적 개선방안을 제시하였다.

Super P (SP) is a conductive carbon black that significantly enhances the electrical conductivity of various types of electrodes, making it a widely preferred conductive agent in lithium-ion batteries. By contrast, activated carbon (AC), originally used in capacitors due to its porous structure, is expected to contribute to electrochemical performance through its enhanced interaction with lithium ions. First, the physical properties of both materials were analyzed through various characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm the increase in electrochemical properties through the combination of SP and AC. Furthermore, the microstructure and electrical properties of the LiFePO4 (LFP) electrode were analyzed, to determine the impact on battery performance. With a 1.15 M LiPF6 in an ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC) electrolyte, the results indicated that SP-only electrodes exhibited the highest conductivity and lowest surface resistance, making them the most effective at maintaining stable electrochemical performance. In contrast, electrodes with only AC showed higher resistance, demonstrating that SP remains superior in improving LFP electrode conductivity, ultimately optimizing lithium-ion battery performance.

여객선은 해상운송의 주요 목적물이 여객으로 선박 자체의 안전뿐만 아니라 다수 인명의 안전을 담보해야 한다는 점에서 고도의 안전관리가 필요하다. 이에 따라 여객선은 다른 선박들에 비하여 물적·인적 측면에서 한층 강화된 구조, 설비 및 자격을 갖추어야 하고 엄격한 안전규정을 적용하는 등 사고 예 방을 위한 각별한 주의와 지속적 제도 보완이 요구된다. 그럼에도 불구하고 국내·외에서 끔찍한 대형 여객선 사고는 주기적, 반복적 으로 발생하여 왔으며, 특히 국내 수역에서 운항하는 다수의 연안여객선은 국 제여객선에 비하여 상대적으로 영세하고 안전관리도 취약한 실정이다. 세월호 침몰과 같은 대형 여객선 참사 후 우리나라의 여객선 관련 해사안전 법제는 정비되고 제도개선을 통하여 지속적으로 보완되어 왔으나, 이는 사후 적, 징벌적 조치일 뿐 사전 예방적 차원의 여객선 안전관리 방안의 마련은 미 흡한 실정이다. 이 논문에서는 현행 연안여객선 안전관리 제도를 실무적, 다각적으로 비교 검토하여 문제점을 고찰하고, 연안여객선 선장에 대한 모의 선박조종 교육과정 도입 등 선제적으로 연안여객선의 사고예방과 안전도를 제고하기 위한 구체적 개선방안을 제시하였다.

We developed a new oyster mushroom cultivar named 'Dawon-tari', which has a longer stipe and higher yield than those of ‘sootari’.‘Dawon-tari’ was crossed by mating monokaryons isolated from ‘Sootari’ and ‘Daejang2ho’. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was determined to be 20~25°C on potato dextrose agar medium, while the optimal temperatures for primordia formation and fruiting body growth were 15~17°C on a sawdust substrate. During bottle cultivation, the mycelial growth phase required approximately 26 days. Additionally, primordia formation required 5 days, and fruiting body growth took 4 days. The fruiting bodies exhibited a shallow funnel shape; were grayishbrown; and the stipes were characterized by a long, thin structure. The yield of fruiting bodies was 185 g per 1,100 mL bottle, which was 5% higher than that of ‘Sootari’.

The objective of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics of Campbell Early grape-added traditional Korean wines (yakju) prepared with different yeasts and pretreatments. The first pretreatment (A) was prepared by crushing the grapes, the second method (B) was prepared by heating the grapes at 60~70℃ for 30 minutes, and the third method (C) was prepared by freeze-concentrating grape juice. The pH of the fermented wines ranged from 3.77 to 4.10, and the total acidity of the samples ranged from 0.32 to 0.62%. The a value (redness) ranged from –0.40 to 17.89, which was higher in Campbell Early-added samples than in the controls (grapes not added). Total polyphenol content was the highest in samples prepared by crushing or heating Campbell Early grapes with ES22, and the total flavonoid contents were the highest in samples prepared by crushing Campbell Early grapes with ES22. The anthocyanin contents were also the highest in the samples fermented by heating Campbell Early grapes. ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities were also the highest (84.08 and 77.56%, respectively) in samples fermented by heating Campbell Early grapes.

Milky white spots appeared on red bean leaves in a red bean cultivation area located in Jangyeon-myeon, Goesan-gun, Chungbuk Province. After culturing the pathogen in PDA medium, their morphology was observed, and their genes were BLAST-searched in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). The pathogen was identified as a fungus called Rhizopus arrhizus. As a result of reinoculating the isolated pathogen on red beans, the same symptoms as those in the isolated leaves occurred. Characteristic colonies of R. arrhizuson PDA medium initially showed a bright color and then changed to dark gray over time, with mostly spherical sporangia. The sporangiospores were spherical or elliptical, mostly irregular, and small in size. Therefore, based on these results, this disease has not yet been reported in red beans and was called red bean brown leaf blight caused by Rhizopus arrhizus A. Fisch (syn. R. oryzae).

Mulberry fruit is a superior source of polyphenols, especially anthocyanin, and has a long history of use as an edible fruit and traditional medicine. The anthocyanin composition of mulberry fruit from 15 Korean cultivars was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector with quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS) based on a cyanin internal standard. The four glycosides were identified by comparison with authentic standards and published reports. The major anthocyanin was cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (71.7%), followed by cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (26.6%). The minor components (total of 1.7%) were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside. The total anthocyanin content (mg/100 g, dry weight) of mulberry fruit varied by cultivar and ranged from 471.5±4.0 (Su Hong) to 4,700.2±54.0 (Gwa Sang2). Among the 15 cultivars examined, Gwa Sang2 showed the highest level of cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (3,133.4±32.6), which was 9-fold higher than that of Su Hong (351.5±3.4). In conclusion, anthocyanin profiles, including pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin 3-O-rutinoside, were reported for the first time from 15 Korean mulberry fruit cultivars. The results will contribute valuable information on pharmaceutical properties, breeding superior mulberry cultivars, and food industries.

The occurrence of eggs and adults of Pochazia shantungensis, Lycorma delicatula, and Lymantria dispar was investigated in 11 cities in the Chungcheongbukdo region. The results showed that the overwintering eggs of P. shantungensis occurred in 24.2% of the region in 2021 and 22.1% in 2022, while adults occurred in 25.2% in 2021 and 24.3% in 2022, indicating the highest occurrence among the pests studied. The occurrence of overwintering eggs of L. delicatula was relatively low, with 2.6% of the region affected in 2021 and 1.9% in 2022. Adult L. delicatula occurred in 3.2% of the region in 2021 and 3.6% in 2022. Overwintering eggs of L. dispar occurred in 4.1% of the area in 2021 and 1.7% in 2022, showing a decreasing tendency compared to the previous year, and their occurrence was only low to middle in terms of the degree of occurrence. Adult L. dispar occurred in 4.6% of the region in 2021 and 2.7% in 2022, showing occurrences that were insignificant compared to L. delicatula. According to a survey of host preferences, both the wintering eggs and adults of P. shantungensis were found in apples and peaches between 2021 and 2022. In both 2021-2022, adult L. delicatula had a high incidence in peaches, apples, and grapes, and winter eggs were the highest in grapes. However, the incidence in apples and peaches was low. A high incidence density of L. dispar moth adults and overwintering eggs was found in apples in both 2021 and 2022.

Reported positive ion fragmentation of phenolic acid derivatives in rice (Oryza sativa L.) were summarized based on the literature. A total of eight phenolic acids (4 derivatives of ferulic acid, 3 derivatives of sinapic acid and p-coumaric acid) were isolated and identified from rice (raw and steamed) using UPLC-DAD-QToF/MS. Results revealed that 6-O-feruloylsurose was the major component with 3'-O-sinapoylsucorse being tentatively identified in Oryza sativa L. for the first time as a new hydroxycinnamoyl derivative in rice grains. In our study, raw brown rice had the highest phenolic acid contents with Samkwang showing higher phenolic acid content than Saeilmi and Sindongjin (12.41 vs. 7.89 and 3.10 mg/100 g dry weight, respectively). Of all varieties, brown rice had higher phenolic acid contents than white rice. These contents decreased considerably when rice was steamed whereas, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid contents were increased. Additionally, contents of rice (raw and steamed) can be used as a fundamental report for new rice varieties.

A new brown variety of Flammulina velutipes, referred to as ‘Asakgold,’ was bred by crossing two monokaryons isolated from the “Geumhyang2ho” and “Garlmoe” varieties. The pileus color of the new variety is light brown and its shape is hemispherical. During bottle cultivation, the period necessary for mycelial growth was 40 days, 9 days for primordia formation and 15 days for fruiting body growth. The total cultivation period was 64 days, which was similar to that of the control variety “Yeoreumhyang1ho.” The pileus of the new variety was similar and the stipe was thinner and longer than that of the control. The number of valid stipes per bottle was 495, which was 37 % higher than that of the control (362), and the yield was 214 g, 16 % higher than that of the control (185 g). The -glucan content was 28.69 %, which was observed to be 1.6 times more than that of the control.

A new dark brown variety of Flammulina velutipes, referred to as ‘Asakchoco’, was bred by crossing two monokaryons isolated from the ‘Yeoreumhyang2ho’ and ‘Guemhyang2ho’ varieties. The pileus color of the new variety is dark brown and the stipe color is ivory, with uniformity from the upper section to the base. In addition, the primordia formation is uniform compared to that of the control, and the advantage of this is that the pileus does not become deformed after the primordia formation. During bottle cultivation, the period necessary for mycelial growth was 40 d, for primordia formation was 8 d, and for fruiting body growth was 16 d. The total cultivation period was 64 d, which was 2 d shorter than that of the control. The pileus was smaller and thicker and the stipe diameter was the same, but the stipe length was longer than that of the control. The number of valid stipes per bottle was 441, 24% higher than that of the control (357), and the yield was 197 g, 19% higher than that of the control (166 g).