An unrecorded gall midge was discovered from inflorescence galls on Castanopsis sieboldii (Makino) Hatus. ex T.Yamaz. & Mashiba, which is one of major components in evergreen forests on the Korean Peninsula. The galls occurred on 20 trees out of 230 on Yokiji Island. The gall midge was identified as Schizomyia castanopsisae Elsayed & Tokuda, 2018 (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), using morphological characters and mitochondrial DNA cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) region sequences of gall midge’s larvae. The Barcode sequences of 40 samples collected from Yokji Island were identical, and the individuals from Yokji Island formed a clade with the individuals from Kyushu, with robust bootstrap support in a maximum likelihood tree. This result suggests the gall midges may have migrated from Kyushu, Japan to Yokji Island, South Korea. However, it is too early to determine if the gall midge is truly invasive or not at present due to paucity of distribution data in the country.

The aphid genus Tuberaphis Takahashi belongs to the tribe Cerataphdini (Hemiptera: Hormaphidinae) and comprises 17 valid species. Generally, its species are distributed in East and South East Asia, where they primarily feed on Styrax spp. (Styracaceae) and utilize species within the Loranthaceae family as their secondary hosts. They form various shapes of galls on Styrax, looking coral and broccoli etc. Currently, the only aphid species reported to exclusively produce gall forms resembling broccoli head-shaped is Tuberaphis takeouchii (Takahashi). For the first time in Korea, an aphid species forming gall structures with a broccoli-head-like appearance has been discovered. We confirmed that the species discovered in Korea is a new species through morphological and molecular comparisons with T. takenouchii (Takahashi). To comprehend the life cycle of this new species, we conducted a year-long study investigating how the gall forms change and examined aphid polymorphism across different seasons. The results of this study additionally include as followings: 1) Species identification, 2) DNA barcoding, 3) population genetic analyses, and 4) morphological comparison using SEM

블루베리혹파리(Dasineura oxycoccana)(파리목: 혹파리과)는 국내에서 재배되고 있는 블루베리의 주요해충으로 알려져 있다. 우리는 이 해충을 효과적으로 예찰하기 위한 수단을 개발하고자, 블루베리 휘발성 물질과 성페로몬의 유인 효과를 검정하였다. 블루베리로부터 방출되는 휘발성 물질을 고체상미량추출법(SPME)으로 포집하여 기체크로마토그래피-질량분석기(GC-MS)로 분석한 결과, 꽃의 주요 물질은 cinnamaldehyde와 cinnamyl alcohol이었고, 신초와 어린과실의 주요 물질은 β-caryophyllene, germacrene D, 및 α-farnesene인 것으로 조사되었다. 2019년에 군산에 소재하고 있는 블루베리 포장에서 시판 중인 cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, β-caryophyllene, 및 α-farnesene 의 효능을 시험하였는데, 이 4가지 성분을 단독 또는 혼합물로 처리하였을 때 블루베리혹파리는 유인되지 않았다. 반대로 이 종의 성페로몬으로 알려진 (2R,14R)-2,14-diacetoxyheptadecane은 수컷을 효과적으로 유인하였다. 유인효과에 있어서 성페로몬과 기주식물 휘발성 물질 사이에 시너지 효과는 관찰되지 않았다. 2020년 군산 블루베리 포장에서 블루베리혹파리 성충은 5월부터 8월까지 성페로몬 트랩에 유인되었고, 발생최 성기는 3회로서 5월 중순, 6월 하순, 및 7월 하순으로 나타났다.

최근 경기지역에 민들레 (Taraxacum spp.)에 붉은 보라색 원형 혹을 형성하는 파리목 혹파리과 Cystiphora 속 (屬)의 민들레잎혹파리 (신칭)가 발견되어 이 종의 발생지역, 피해양상 및 발육단계별 형태적 특성을 보고한다.

연보라색 장미 ‘Violetta’품종은 2013년 농촌진흥청 국립원예특작과학원에서 육성한 품종이다. 이 품종은 2010년에 수량이 많은 연보라색 품종 ‘Ocean Song’을 모본으로 하고 절화수명이 길고 생육이 우수한 노란색 품종‘Golden Gate’를 부본으로 교배하여 육성되었다. 2011년봄에 인공교배를 실시하였고 수확하여 선별된 종자는 휴면타파를 위해 멸균된 모래와 혼합하여 층적저장 하였다. 101개의 실생 개체를 얻어 2011년부터 2013년까지 3년간 특성검정과 생산성 검정을 실시한 결과 ‘원교 D1-233’을최종 선발하여 ‘Violetta’로 명명하였다. 보라색(P76C)꽃잎은 55.5장이고 만개 했을 때 화폭은 12.8cm, 화고는 4.6cm이다. 잎은 초록색(G137A)으로 난형이다. 절화장은 평균 77.9cm, 절화경경은 평균 6.9cm이고, 무게는35.8g이다. 절화수명은 13.1일이고, 뿌리혹병에 저항성을 가진다. 소비자 선호도와 생산량은 대조품종 ‘Nobless’보다높았다. ‘Violetta’는 2015년에 품종보호권(품종보호: 제5337호)이 국립종자원에 등록되었다.

The mitochondrial COI gene has often been utilized as a molecular marker for species identification. However, it has sometimes caused misidentification for some pairs of closely related species. For detecting complementary barcoding loci, we first screened candidate genes by calculating genetic distances within and between species based on 542 sequences collected from the Genbank by using aphids of the Eriosomatini as an example. Of eight genes analyzed, we selected the ATP6 and ATP8 genes, which exhibited lower intraspecific and higher interspecific genetic divergences than did the COI gene. Secondly, we tested the usefulness of these genes by calculating genetic distances between all the combinations of 44 individuals of 23 eriosomatine species for each of the ATP6, ATP8, and COI genes. In the ATP8 gene, the average intraspecific divergence was lowest (0.6%) and the average interspecific divergence was highest (14.7%). The ATP8 gene evolved more rapidly than did the COI gene if genetic divergence between individuals was sufficiently large, whereas it evolved more slowly than did COI if genetic divergence was less than a threshold (1% in COI distance). As a result, species with intraspecific variation in COI and ATP6 exhibited no genetic variation in ATP8. The pattern of genetic divergence in ATP8 well accorded with the pattern of species delimitation in the present taxonomic system. Thus, we conclude that the use of the ATP8 gene in DNA barcoding could improve the accuracy of species identification in the Eriosomatini and possibly other insect groups.

To compare genetic characteristic and differentiation between Dasineura oxycoccana populations, we collected 20 local samples from Korea and USA between 2012 and 2013. We established population genetics from Principal component analysis (PCA) and STRUCTURE using newly developed 12 microsatellites for 362 individuals. PCA results showed that Korean populations were divided into three genetically different groups. Correspondingly, STRUCTURE results indicated that Korean populations had at least three different genetic origins, which was totally different from USA populations. Among them, two populations occurring in Heongseong and Cheonan seemed to have species-level difference when matching with previous DNA barcoding result.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), which has been recently introduced into Korea, is a notorious pest on blueberries. This invasive insect has rapidly spread throughout Korea including Jeju island. So far, we have no epidemic information, such as invasion routes and subsequent dispersal rates in Korea. To understand population genetics of D. oxycoccana, we have developed 12 novel microsatellite loci. To obtain its sequence data, the next generation sequencing was performed using mixed individuals collected from Korea and USA. The developed loci were polymorphic, with 6 to 16 alleles in 35 individuals from a single population of Hwaseong. The analyses revealed that all 35 individuals had different multilocus genotypes with heterozygosity ranging from 0.568 to 0.790. These markers will facilitate population genetic studies of D. oxycoccana.

The blueberry gall midge, Dasineura oxycoccana (Johnson), was recently invaded into Korea, which causes serious damage to blueberries. In the blueberry production regions, the gall midge affects most blueberry varieties, Vaccinium spp., such as rabbiteye and highbush blueberries, causing substantial yield loss by damaging flower and leaf buds. Last year we investigated and collected the midges in the blueberry farms from Korea and USA (New Jersey and Georgia). To confirm inter- and intra-specifc variations of D. oxycoccana, we tested COI DNA barcode using 180 collective individuals plus 37 GenBank references including other Dasineura species. As results, we found the same haplotype from 126 individuals in Korea, USA, and Canada. Most of the remaining haplotypes were closely related to the former, whereas there were 7 unique haplotypes genetically very distant from the major haplotype. Especially, the two haplotypes in Cheonan, Korea, were genetically farthest from the major, and the existence of two different species in New Jersey and Sunchang were confirmed. We would present haplotype diversity and geographic relationships of D. oxycoccana.

Mine and gall makers among Lepidoptera are found in the family Gracillariidae. The genus Borboryctis Kumata et Kuroko, 1988, have 2 species B. euryae Kumata et Kuroko and B. triplaca (Mayrick). B. euryae is known a gall maker of Eurya spp. In this study, Borboryctis euryae Kumata et Kuroko, 1988 feeding on Eurya japonica Thunb. and E. emarginata Makino (Theaceae), is reported for the first time from Is. Jeju and Geoje, Korea. The host plant, Eurya spp. an evergreen tree, is widely distributed in East Asia including Korea. The early instar larva makes linear mine near the surface of the leaves and mature larva makes gall on the leaves of the host plant. Larval frass ejected behaviour were not observed. The mature larva makes a light brown spindle-shape cocoon on the somewhere of the host plant, mainly edge of the leaf. The descriptions and figures of the male and female genitalia, mine, gall, larvae and pupae in immature stages, are provided.

Occurrence of Japanese gall-forming thrips, Ponticulothrips diospyrosi was surveyed from 143 orchards at 11 cities or counties in 6 provinces, Korea from 2008 to 2009. Occurrence of P. diospyrosi was not observed from Jeju (4 persimmon orchards) in Jeju-do and Wanju (12 persimmon orchards) in Jeollabuk-do. However, P. diospyrosi occurred newly in the orchards in Sanchung, Gyeongsangnam-do and in Gangreung, Gangwon-do. Rate of damaged orchards by P. diospyrosi in Gumi, Mungyeong, Sangju and Euseong in Gyeongsangbuk-do (73.3%) was higher than that of in Gyeongsangnam-do or Youngdong areas in Chungcheongbuk-do. A maximum rate of damaged trees by P. diospyrosi was 23.5% in Gumi, while the damage was lower in Sancheong and Jinju representing 0.2 and 1.6%, respectively. Rate of damaged leaves by P. diospyrosi was the highest in Sangju (0.12%). P. diospyrosi occurred between N35°07′50″ and 35°51′24″ and between E127°38′36″ to 128°53′02″. Persimmon orchards close to mountain were more damaged by P. diospyrosi. Edge parts of persimmon orchards were more damaged by P. diospyrosi than inner parts, especially in orchards close to mountain. Also, the middle and lower parts of tree canopy were more damaged by P. diospyrosi than the upper parts of canopy.

The most effective methods against pine wilt disease (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, PWD), black pine bast scale (Matsucoccus thunbergianae), pine needle gall midge (Thecodiplosis japonensis) is the trunk injection of insecticides. The period of trunk injection that was considered with ecology and physiology of pests such as pine wilt disease, black pine bast scale and pine needle gall midge, was applied from Dec. to next Feb. and June, Dec. respectively. And there are differences in quantities of being injected chemicals to pine trees by the period of trunk injection. Thus, we investigated to prevent the effect of insecticides, to estimate the effect under the trunk injection of insecticides for pine trees against pests by the injecting period and time, boring site, opening and shutting of injection site. On Pinuns thunbergii, it was examined to figure out the effect of insecticides by the injecting period, twice a month on a sunny day around 10 AM from January to September. Injecting of insecticides was tested at a dose of 5ml per cm dbh of a pine tree after boring with hand drill at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, abmectin 1.8% EC and phospamidon 50% SL were injected over 90% of mortalities from the end of January to the middle of March but as time goes by, injecting insecticides tended to decrease. To compare the volume of injecting insecticides in a day, between 10 AM and 2 PM on February 23rd, abamectin 1.8% EC was injected at a dose of 5ml per pine trees with micro pipette after boring with a drill machine at 50 cm high from the ground. As a result, injecting insecticide of a pine which was injected around 10 AM was completely injected and about 90% of the insecticide was injected in case of a pine that was injected around 2 PM. Trunk injection of insecticides was examined to figure out differences of the volume of injected insecticides before and after rain. There was no difference not only the rainfall but also the bored direction.