본 연구는 새만금 기본계획 중 녹화공간 계획 및 계획변화를 분석하고, 현재 진행 중인 사업에서 발생하는 녹화공간의 문제와 과제를 정리함으로서 개선방안을 모색하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 새만금 기본계획에 나타난 녹화공간의 문제로, 공원녹지는 사업 대상지별 확보에 의해 거점공원의 조성 및 연속적 녹지대 조성의 어려움이, 방재림은 연접한 기반시설과 일체성이 확보되지 못해 초래된 사업비 증대 및 그 사업비의 미확보가, 환경생태용지는 높은 비매립율과 수상태양광 설치로 녹화시기의 장기화가 대두되었다. 진행 중인 사업에 나타난 녹화공간의 문제는, 동서·남북도로는 바다준설토로 매립되고 방수제 역할을 함으로 인한 녹지형성의 어려움, 새만금산업단지는 지속적인 공원녹지율 감소, 수변도시는 단지내 공원녹지율 20%에 방재림이 포함됨으로 인한 녹화면적의 감소 등이다. 이러한 문제로부터 새만금녹화를 위한 개선방안으로, 첫째, 거점공원 확충을 위해서는 도시지역권·광역권 근린공원을 새만금 기본계획 및 예산에 반영할 것을, 둘째, 녹지는 토지이용계획과 정합성을 도모한 확대를, 셋째, 방재림의 빠른 조성을 위해서는 인접지 수상태양광 발전단지 조성 시 발생하는 준설토와 발전수익의 활용을, 넷째, 타 용도로 활용이 계획되어 있는 환경생태용지는 그 위치와 기능의 조정을, 마지 막으로 다양한 사업의 공원녹지를 총괄할 도시공간조성과의 신설을 제안하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 주거지역 녹지공간의 유형별 식재 특성을 분석해봄으로써, 향후 녹지공간 개선 을 위한 대안을 제시함에 있다. 난창시의 5개 주요 주거지역의 녹지를 공공, 도로 및 주택녹지로 구분하고, 전체 30곳을 대상으로 8개 평가항목(①식재 수종의 다양성, ②관상용 식물의 다양성, ③식물 계절별 다양성, ④수종별 성상 다양성, ⑤녹지와 인공환경과의 조화, ⑥녹지와 생활환경 과의 조화, ⑦녹지와 주거 환경 전반과의 조화, ⑧조경공간의 다양성)에 대한 AHP 분석을 수행하 였다. 결과를 정리해보면, 첫째, 난창시 주거지역 녹지경관의 경우 상대적으로 최근에 조성된 주거지역이 구 주거지역보다 우수함을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 공공녹지에 대한 평가 결과 관상용 식물을 포함한 개방, 반개방 및 위요된 공간이 확보된 대상지가 높게 평가되었다. 셋째, 도로녹지 의 경우, 그늘을 줄 수 있는 교목의 식재 및 대교목 및 소교목의 조화를 이루는 층위식재 지역이 상대적으로 높은 값을 나타내었다. 넷째, 주택녹지는 다양한 수종과 지피식물의 식재 등으로 식물 밀도가 높은 곳의 점수가 높게 나타났다. 향후, 주거지역의 녹지경관 개선을 위해서는 식재 수종 및 성상별 다양성, 층위를 고려한 식재, 그리고 최근 식재 설계의 경향이라 할 수 있는 볏과 및 사초과 식물의 식재와 같은 초본류 식재를 확대하여 상대적으로 오래된 주거지역의 개선에 활용 할 수 있다. 또한 이용자들이 개방감을 느끼고, 충분한 채광이 가능하도록 개방공간의 설계가 필 요하며, 필요에 따라 반개방공간 및 위요된 공간의 적절한 배치가 필요하다.

｢산림자원의 조성 및 관리에 관한 법률｣에 의하면 ｢자연 공원법｣ 제 2조의 공원 구역을 제외한 도시에서 국민 보건 휴양·정서함양 및 체험활동 등을 위하여 조성·관리하는 산림 및 수목을 의미한다고 정의 되어 있다. 또한 동 법률에 의하면 도시림이란 도심지에서 집단적으로 자라고 있는 입목·죽(竹)과 그 토지 뿐 만 아니라 임목과 죽이 없어진 토지와 생활림, 가로수 등의 도로변 녹지대, 중앙분리대의 녹지, 천변 식재지, 학교숲, 벽면 녹화지까지 도시림에 속한다고 할 수 있다. 이들 녹지대는 유기적 또는 분리되어 일정한 기능을 하는 녹지대로 구분 할 수 있으며 이러한 녹지대를 완충녹지, 경관녹지, 연결녹지 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 2016년 심림청의 전국 도시림 현황통계에 의하면 1인당 생활권 도시림 면적 은 9.91(m2/인)으로 WTO권고 기준을 넘기고 있으나 도시 개발의 외연 확장으로 인한 지속적인 녹지대의 감소와 초미 세먼지, 황사, 도심지 열섬현상 등의 기후변화에 대응하기 위해서 지속적인 녹지공간의 창출이 필요한 시점이다. 2011년 김동현 등이 연구한 ‘계량경제적 접근을 통한 도시림의 도시열섬 완화효과 분석의 연구’에 의하면 생활권도 시림이 1m2 증가하면 전국 평균소비전력량은 0.02MWH 감소하고, 광역시의 경우 여름철 한낮 온도를 1.15°c 감소 시키는 것으로 연구되었다. 도시림은 이와 같은 기온 조절의 역할 뿐 만 아니라 거주민들의 삶의 질을 향상 시키는 녹색 공간으로서의 기능도 수행 하고 있다. 이완 같은 도시림 중 골목정원은 법적인 지위와 정의는 가지지 못하고 있지만, 도심지 자투리공간의 활용을 통한 녹지공간의 창출, 골목정원 조성으로 인한 지역민의 유대감 강화, 심리적 안정감을 도모 할 수 있는 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있다. 골목정원에 관한 연구는 장철규 등의 골목정원 구성요소 만족도 분석에 대한 논문이 수행 되었으며, 그 시작은 대구광역시 서구청에서 2015년부터 2년 간 조성한 골목정원이 그 시작이라고 할 수 있으며, 이 후 대구 광역시 북구청의 ‘북구 초록도시 만들기’의 일환으로 시작되었다. 2016년에 는 북구 대구광역시 북구청에서는 시범사업을 실시하였고, 2017년 1/4분기와 3/4 분기에 5개소의 골목정원을 조성하 였다. 그 지역은 북구 고성동2가 130번지(고성동), 북구 고 성북로 6길 골목(고성동), 북구 대현남로 9길 11일원 골목 (대현동), 북구 동북로 37길 58-17일원(산격2동), 북구 관음 중앙로 9길 3 일원(관음동) 등을 주성하였다. 사업비는 2,500만원 정도 소요 되었으며, 수목식재는 메리골드 200 본, 페튜니아 300본, 남천 20주, 무늬맥문동 800본, 구절초 1700본 등이 소요 되었다. 이러한 골목정원의 추진을 위한 기본적인 요건은 아파트 밀집지역보다 단독주택 밀집지역에서 더 효과적인 주민 화 합과 참여를 유도할 수 있다고 판단하였다. 또한 기본적으로 단독주택 밀집지역의 정주환경 개선을 위한 마인드 교육 과 골목의 공동체성을 회복하기 위한 인적 네트워크의 구축이 필요하다. 이러한 사업의 성공울 위한 기본적인 전제조 건은 마을공동체의 회복에 있으며, 주민 주도형이어야만이 추가적인 관리가 자율적으로 이루어진다고 판단된다. 이러한 골목정원의 조성 순서는 마을 공동체의 인적 네트 워크를 기반으로 하여, 마을 정주 환경 개선을 위한 공감대가 형성 되어야 한다. 그리고 골목정원 설치 대상지의 발굴 과 이 대상지를 중심으로 한 기본적인 조성 계획이 수반되 어야 하며, 골목정원 조성에 많은 주민이 참여하여 공동체 정신을 회복 하여야 한다. 이러한 일련의 과정은 모두 민주적이고 타당한 협의와 정차를 거쳐서 진행 되어야 한다. 또한 골목정원의 설치 유형은 이웃과의 의사사통을 위한 커뮤니티 텃밭형 골목정원, 미관을 고려한 골목정원, 쓰레기불법투기장소 등의 지저분한 환경을 개선시키기 위한 환경개선형 디자인정원 등으로 구분할 수 있다. 도시림의 일부로 볼 수 있는 골목정원의 기능은 녹지공간의 조성이나 기후조절, 홍수조절 이외에도 비교적 오래된 단독주택 단지의 미관을 개선함으로써 도시 재생의 역할을 충분히 할 수 있으며, 더 나아가 정주여건 개선 운동과 더불어 지역민의 공동체 정신 함양에도 많은 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다. 특히 골목정원을 조성 할 때 유의하여야 할 사항은 반드 시 지역민의 네트워크를 활용한 적극적인 참여가 전제 되어야 한다는 점이다. 그리고 골목의 특성과 지역민의 이해관계에 따른 다양한 의견 수렴을 통한 조정으로 장소에 맞는 적절한 기능을 가진 골목정원으로 조성하여야 할 것이다. 이에 따라 지방자치단체에서는 기본적인 설계의 제공, 수목 의 제공, 그리고 골목 정원에 대한 기본적인 이론 교육과 워커숍과 현장에 맞는 골목정원의 형태 제안, 그리고 주민 들의 자율적 조직을 위한 행정적 편의를 제공하여야 한다.

The purpose of this study was to analyze physiological reactions and visual preferences for lawn and flowerbed preferred by mental patients, and green space which is highly related with healing effects. Subjects were 25 mild cases of schizophrenia, who on the recommendation of their doctor, resided in psychiatric hospitals located in Jeollabuk-do, Korea. The survey was carried out in August 2010. The subjects were shown computer graphic simulations by a beam projector, and then brain wave and preferences were measured. In regards to physiological responses, the separate arrangement of tree cluster promoted a sense of stability and vitality, simultaneously. In the aspect of visual preferences, just one mass was preferred. The natural landscape planting pattern was visually preferred. There was a difference in preferences for the planting proportion of evergreen and deciduous trees in the leaf-fall and leaf-color seasons, but when both of them are taken into consideration, it is advisable that 75% of trees planted be occupied by evergreens to encourage emotional stability. The higher the ratio of tree to a lawn, the higher the visual preference. The ratio of 1:1 or 1:0.5 between a lawn and trees is advisable if the physiological effect is considered, but creating a lawn alone should be avoided. With regard to color preferences for the flower bed, orange was visually preferred. Pink was desirable to create a sense of emotional stability, and red to physiologically revitalize the subjects.

녹지의 규모와 녹지내외의 기온저감효과와의 관련성을 명확히 밝히는 것을 목적으로 규모가 서로 다른 4개의 녹지를 대상으로 기온분포를 관측하였다. 그 데이터를 근거로 녹지내외의 기온분포, 녹지주변의 기온저감효과와 그 영향범위, 녹지내의 기온저감효과와 그 강도 및 토지피복비율과 기온, 그리고 녹지의 규모와 기온저감효과와의 관련성을 회귀분석 등에 의해 해석하였다. 그 결과, 토지피복현황의 차이가 기온변화에 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 알았다. 풍상과 풍하쪽의 기온

Due to changes such as those stemming from the onset of the fourth industrial revolution, it is expected that industrial complexes will transform from being spacious structures into smaller, integrated complexes. Green parks, which are also a type of infrastructure within industrial complexes, also require planned direction suited to the changing environment. The planned directions of green parks in new industrial complexes were examined and surveys were conducted on industrial complex workers. Preferred functional arrangement, importance, and satisfaction levels of green ratios, preference of compound facilities linked to parks, appropriate dimensional greening methods were all surveyed across 1,035 businesses. Results of the survey exhibited that there was high awareness on the importance of building green areas, but it was found that current greenery levels were insufficient. There was a high rate of responses indicated that dimensional greening is required in building-type industrial spaces, and preferences for rooftop greenery, stair-type greenery, and atrium greenery were also high. There were many opinions that it is necessary to integrate cultural facilities, exhibition and educational facilities, commercial facilities, parking lots in parks. Furthermore, it was found that it is necessary to provide pathways for bikes and pedestrians, rather than those for vehicles, and to connect them with the green parks. This study stopped short of exploring the directions for which green parks should aim in new industrial complexes with changes in the industrial environment. In the future, more concrete plans on green park planning techniques according to the spatial characteristics and structures of new industrial complexes will be necessary.

Research to reduce urban temperatures and mitigate the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect has focused primarily on the role of large urban green spaces as cool islands (Oke, 2004;Park et al., 2017). However, the role of small green spaces (SGs) such as street trees and pocket parks has not been fully investigated. The purpose of this research is to assess the mitigating effect of SGs on micro-UHI through a comparative analysis of air temperatures of SGs and non-green spaces (NGs), that include building-shaded spaces (BS) and non-shaded, impervious, paved spaces (PS) completely exposed to sunlight. Six urban blocks were the study site and in a highly developed area, Jongnogu and Junggu, Seoul, 37°34′N 126°58′E, South Korea and also located in the same micro-climatic zone. They had SGs which were vegetation patches presented as distinct areas of tree cover. And they were mapped through aerial images analysis and field survey. The experiment was conducted across six urban blocks in a highly developed area in Seoul, South Korea during daytime in summer. Two researchers at each block simultaneously recorded air temperatures at 1.5 m above the ground level using mobile loggers at one-minute intervals for an hour. Measurements were repeated three times, and 1,296 temperature readings were collected in total and made 174 mean temperature data. ArcGIS was used to perform solar radiation analysis to highlight SGs, BSs, and PSs on a thermal map. The highest air temperatures and the lowest air temperatures of each block were extracted and classified. ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis H test utilizing SPSS statistics were used to verify the significant differences in mean air temperatures between SGs (TSG), PSs (TPS), and BSs (TBS). As a result, ΔTPS-B (the thermal effect of PSs on a block‘s air temperature) ranged from –1.38 ℃ to 2.28 ℃ with fifty-six points, ΔTBS-B (the thermal effect of BSs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –2.38 ℃ to 2.38 ℃ with fifty-eight points and ΔTSG-B (the thermal effect of SGs on a block’s air temperature) ranged from –1.98 ℃ to 1.62 ℃ with sixty points. 68% (N = 41) of SGs were a negative number of ΔTSG-B while 50% of BSs shows a negative number. The result means that SGs contribute to reducing microscopic UHI than BSs which have much more shade area than SGs have. The results showed that SGs contributed to significantly reducing TBi up to 2.9 ℃ while BS reduced TBi up to 2.7 ℃. The highest TBi was on a PS. The air temperature difference between SGs and NGs over all the blocks ranged from 0.9 ℃ to 2.9 ℃. The air temperature difference between PS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.2 ℃ to 2.0 ℃, while the difference between BS and SG was significant and ranged from 0.1 ℃ to 1.2 ℃.

In this study, green design introducing nature into the commercial place is viewed how it gives not only psychological and emotional values to the customers but also economic value to commercial business self. Because economic value is to be difficult, complex and inaccurate in figure, this study was investigated for economic values of introduction of naturality by conversions of brand values. Also this study investigated how customers give economic benefits to the brand attitude and brand royalty when they were conscious of the introduction of the naturality in family restaurant and how customers expressed brand loyalty by revisits and recommended to others. For the analogical interpretation, it were clarified with three hypotheses. The first hypothesis was visual factors will have positive effects to brand attitude and brand loyalty and the second hypothesis was that, among customer evaluation factors, introductions of naturality will affect more to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than visual factors. The third hypothesis was family restaurants of natural stlye would have introduced green design factors which were represented by plants and naturality. The results of this study were as follows: The first hypothesis was verified that visual factor was influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. The second hypothesis was investigated that recognition of natural elements were influenced for positive effect on higher brand attitude and brand loyalty of customers. Thirdly, the restaurants of natural stlye were explained by natural elements factors and has more positive relations to the brand attitude and brand loyalty than other type for introducing plants. Finally, this study was propsed that introducing natural plants in commercial family restaurant was to estimate brand asset values and to have motive to practice green design with natural elements, speciality natural plants.

Obesity affects various kinds of adult diseases and is a principal cause of injuring people's health. Physical activities are very important to solve the obesity problem and green spaces are good place to take physical activities. In order to examine the utilization of green spaces for physical activities to improve health, the survey was implemented in regards to recognition of health, forms of use of green spaces for physical activities. Only 8.1% of respondents didn't care about health, but 91.9% of them were interested in health more than ‘commonness’. 95.2% of respondents knew that obesity has an effect on various adult diseases, and 93.1% of respondents cognized that it's possible to prevent obesity by doing physical activities. More than half of respondents replied that the types of green spaces utilized for physical activities were small-scale neighborhood parks and mini parks around house. About 70% of respondents took walking as a type of physical activities. 53% of respondents utilized green spaces one or two times a week, while 25% of them utilized the places at least three times a week to take physical activities. 91.8% of respondents took exercise for more than 30 minutes. These results are expected to promote health because many experts encourage people to take physical activities at least three times a week because fats of human body begins to burn after 30 minutes from start of physical activities. In the utilizing time of green spaces, evening or after work(56.7%) was higher than morning or before work(35.1%). 71% of respondents usually visited green spaces by walking. This study shows green spaces are good places for physical activities and have boundless potentialities improving people's health.

The present study examined the relation between land cover condition and temperature in various types of urban green spaces. The diagram of temperature distribution showed that high-temperature zones are formed around paved areas, and low temperature zone around planted areas and grassy areas. Even in planted areas where low-temperature zones were formed, temperature was different according to hierarchical structure. That is, temperature was relatively low in areas covered with arbor + sub-arbor. With regard to land cover ratio, the increase of planted areas and grassy areas had an effect on the fall of temperature and the effect was higher in order of planted areas and grassy areas. On the contrary, paved areas and bare areas had an effect on the rise of temperature. According to the results of factor analysis, in case of the highest temperature, planted area and grassy area were put together into a factor lowering temperature, paved area and temperature into a factor raising temperature, and bare area alone into a factor of low significance. In case of the lowest temperature, grassy area and bare area were put together into a factor, and the validity of the factor analysis was proved by the analysis of urban heat islands. An increase in the number of trees by height was effective in lowering temperature, and the effect was high in order to arbor and sub-arbor, and the source of coldness in planted area was tall trees.

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate pedestrians and commercial business men and employers' recognition on management of street trees and green spaces along street sides. The followings were main results of this study. Both pedestrians and commercial business men and employers mostly perceived positive influence of street trees on urban environment and their business. In addition, pedestrians gave higher scores of positive influence of trees function than those of commercial business men and employers. Pedestrians showed strong intention to participate management activities of street trees or green spaces. This study indicated that negative perception on street trees came from improper management rather than existence of street trees. Therefore, more intensive management actions are needed.

This study has attempted to verify the methods of analyzing green space by selecting real space and by applying a new index to classify green space type according to the published results (Song, 1998). Most of studies that have been done so far had biased points of views by focusing on the utilizing aspects of green space, by quantifying the surface amount of green space, and by lacking the distinction between bare space and green covered space. Thus, this study tried to establish a new index for green space by taking the presence or absence of green covered space and the characteristics of human utilization into consideration. The new index that classified green space into three categories such as green space for existence, green space for utility, and green space for both existence and utility was applied for analyses in combination with the ratio of green space, the ratio of green covered surface, and the amount of green volume. And it was verified as an useful index to understand the environment of green space. The results showed that higher ratio of green space was not corresponding to higher ratio of green covered space for a given green space located at a primary school site. In addition, green space area and green covered area was not proportional with the amount of green volume. These results showed that green space panning should be combined with afforestation plan to secure more pleasant environment of green space. It was expected that these results would effectively contribute to the stereoscopic analysis in the environment of green space and the demand of requiring various green spaces in a limited land.