1. 본 연구는 한국 재래종 강낭콩 209자원의 phytochemical 및 항산화활성을 평가하였다. 2. 항산화활성은 DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, SOD를 분석하였으며 phytochemical은 kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin, naringenin 함량을 각각 분석하였다. 3. 항산화활성은 강낭콩 자원 간 다양한 분포를 보였으며 DPPH의 경우 62.3~643.9 (IC50), ABTS의 경우 0.28~1.49 mgAAE/g, FRAP의 경우 0.41~5.44 mgAAE/g, SOD의 경우 50.4 ~ 299.8 (IC50)로 나타났다. 4. Relative antioxidant capacity index (RACI)로 강낭콩 자원의 항산화활성을 비교한 결과 IT104587이 가장 높은 항산화활성을 보였으며 IT189598이 가장 낮은 항산화활성을 보였다. 5. 분석된 Phytochemical 중에서 한국 재래종 강낭콩에서는 Kaempferol이 가장 높은 함량을 나타냈다. 6. PCA 분석 결과 209자원은 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘었으며 이중 그룹 III에 속한 46자원의 강낭콩이 낮은 항산화활성 및 phytochemical 함량을 보였다. 7. 본 연구 결과는 한국 재래종 강낭콩의 항산화활성 및 phytochemical 정보를 제공하며 이 정보는 강낭콩 품종 개발을 위한 기초 정보로 사용될 수 있을 것이다.

In the past years, few grain sorghum varieties with limited yield potential have been developed and grown in Korea. Hybrids tend to be more productive and resistive to unfavorable environmental conditions than pure line varieties. However, no hybrid cultivars are available and never have been planted for grain sorghum in Korea. The main aims of this study were to (i) verify if US x Korean and US x US hybrids increase grain yield in Korea; (ii) assess the performance of waxy hybrids in Korea and the US; (iii) estimate general combining ability and specific combining ability for the lines studied; and (iv) identify superior lines and hybrids for future use in breeding. Two distinct sets of waxy-endosperm sorghum hybrids derived from Korean landraces and US lines (Texas A&M University) were tested in the US and Korea. Compared to the parental lines, hybrids derived from US lines and Korean landraces showed yield increase that ranged from 2% to 127%. Hybrids created from US lines showed higher heterosis than US x Korean hybrids. Hybrid vigor was observed in the US and Korea, but shifts in ranks of hybrid performance occurred. The results indicate that it is feasible to develop grain sorghum hybrids adapted to Korean conditions only if delibrate selections take place in Korea. A combination of Korean and US sources could provide an acceptable germplasm base for developing Korean landrace based sorghum hybrids.

본 연구는 농업유전자원센터에 보존되어있는 불가리아 재래종 고추 유전자원 61 점을 대상으로 농업형질을 조사하고, 22개의 분자마커(SSR marker)를 이용하여 불가리아 재래종 고추 유전자원의 유전적 다양성 및 집단분석을 통하여, 자원보존 및 효율적인 작물 육종을 위한 기초정보를 제공하고자 본실험을 수행하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 파종 후 발아까지 소요일수는 최소 11일에서 최대 26 일,평균 16.9 일이었고 개화 소요일수는 최소 48일, 최대 65일, 평균 56.9일이었으며 성숙까지의 소요일수는 최소 73일, 최대 98일, 평균 90.7일이었다. 2. 농업형질의 특성을 바탕으로 PCA 분석을 이용하여 불가리아 고추의 다양성을 분석한 결과, 파종 후 개화까지의 소요일수에 따라 조생종, 중생종, 만생종 3개의 그룹으로 나눌 수있었다. 3. 61점의 고추자원에 대하여 22개 SSR 마커에 의해 나타난 대립유전자 (allele)수는 총 82개였다. 마커당 평균 allele수는 3.7 개였고, allele 수의 범위는 2개에서 5개로 확인되었다. 유전적 다양성을 나타내는 PIC 값의 범위는 0.061-0.636이었으며 평균 PIC 값은 0.349로 확인되었다. 4. 분자마커(SSR)를 이용하여 UPGMA, PCoA, STUCTURE 분석을 통한 고추의 다양성 및 집단 구조를 분석한 결과, 3개의 그룹으로 나뉘어졌다. 결론적으로, 농업형질 특성을 바탕으로 한 불가리아 재래종고추의 다양성과 분자학적 특성을 이용한 다양성 결과와는 차이가 있었다.

본 연구는 농업유전자원센터에 보존되어있는 우리나라 및 불가리아 재래종 강낭콩 유전자원 130점을 대상으로 형태적특성을 조사하고, 155점에 대해 분자마커를 이용하여 우리나라와 불가리아 재래종 강낭콩 유전자원의 유전적 다양성을 분석하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 개화일수는 최소 50일에서 최대 79일, 평균 54.5일이었으며 성숙일수는 최소 25일, 최대 64일, 평균 38.9일 이었고 생육일수는 최소 83일, 최대 123일, 평균 93.4일이었다. 불가리아 재래종 자원들이 한국 재래종 자원보다 개화일수는 3.1일, 성숙일수는 3.6일, 생육일수는 6.7일 늦은 것으로 조사되었다. 2. 공시자원의 100립중은 19~71g 사이에 분포하였고, 평균 100립중은 41.2 g이었으며, 우리나라 재래종 자원은 평균 100립중이 40.9 g, 불가리아 재래종 자원은 42.4 g 이었다. 3. 조사대상 자원의 질적형질 중 생육습성은 한국 자원은 직립형이 87.6%인 반면 불가리아 자원은 덩굴성이 60.0%였으며, 한국 자원의 화색은 보라색 줄무늬가 있는 백색이 80%로 가장 많았으나 불가리아 자원은 백색자원이 52%를 차지하였다. 종피색은 한국 자원은 적색이 61%, 불가리아 자원은 백색이48%를 차지하여 국가간 선호도와 용도에 따른 차이가 있을것으로 보였다. 4. 10개의 SSR 마커를 이용하여 다양성을 분석한 결과 PIC 0.6181을 얻었으며, 국가별 분석 결과 다양성은 gene diversity와 PIC로 볼 때 불가리아 자원이 다양성이 높은 것으로 조사되어 불가리아에서 도입한 강낭콩 유전자원이 강낭콩 수집단의 유전적 다양성 증대에 기여한 것으로 평가된다.

본 연구는 농업유전자원센터에 보존되어있는 우리나라 원산재래종 팥 유전자원 164점을 대상으로 농업기초형질을 조사하고, 팥 근연종을 포함하여 180점을 대상으로 분자마커를 이용하여 우리나라 재래종 팥 유전자원의 유전적 다양성을 분석한결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 기초 특성조사 된 자원의 개화일수는 최소 44일에서 최대 83일, 평균 67.1일이었으며 성숙일수는 최소 27일, 최대 42일, 평균 34.2일 이었고 생육일수는 최소 83일, 최대 118일, 평균 101.2이었다. 조사된 자원들은 북한원산자원들이 남한원산자원들보다 다소 일찍 개화하나 늦게성숙하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 대비품종인 충주팥의 개화일수는 65일, 성숙일수는 42일, 생육일수는 107일로 대비품종에 비해 우리 재래종 팥 자원의 평균개화일수는 약 2일 늦은 반면 성숙일수는 약 8일정도 빨랐고, 생육일수는 약 6일정도 빨라 평가 대상재래종자원은 대비품종인 충주팥에 비해 조숙종이 많은것으로 조사되었다. 3. 본 시험에 이용된 우리나라 재래종 자원은 일본의 기상생태형에 배치해본 결과 비교적 조생종에 속하는 것으로분석되었다. 4. 10개의 SSR 마커를 이용하여 다양성을 분석한 결과 PIC0.70을 얻었으며, 집단별로 분석한 결과 다양성은 야생종집단이 가장 다양성이 높고 남한원산 자원이 가장 낮은것으로 조사되었다.

DPPH(l, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity assay was used to analyze antioxidant activities in 249 Korean rice landraces. Especially, red rice varieties were 13 accessions, showed very strong antioxidant activities more than 95%. Brown rice varieties were 236 accessions, among them G307 showed the highest antioxidant activity of 68%. Most of brown rice varieties showed higher activities than Chucheongbyeo as check variety. 101 accessions were distributed range of 21 - 30% and 71 accessions were distributed range of 31 -40%.

Background : Sclerotinia rot, caused by a fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is one of the serious and unpredictable yield losses in perilla (Perilla frutescens) leaf production in Korea. Screening disease resistant genetic resources is necessary to develop disease-resistant cultivars and conduct related research. Methods and Results : A Total of 150 perilla accessions, including 123 Korean landraces and 27 cultivars developed in Korea, were evaluated for resistance to Sclerotinia rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) using detached leaf inoculation technique. Sclerotinia sclerotiorum isolate KACC40457 was inoculated at the seedling stage (five to six leaves). For detached leaf method, a mycelial plug was placed fungus-side down on the main leaf vain and incubated at 22 ± 1℃ on moistened paper towel in a plastic box. Three Korean landraces, including IT117036, IT117106, and IT117110, and cultivar IT229431 showed 100% of resistance ratio (no. of plants showed below 1 ㎝ of lesion size/total evaluated plants × 100). Seven accessions including five landraces, IT117080, IT117107, IT117048, 117042, 117029, and two cultivaers, IT276225 and IT213781, showed high level of resistance that is higher than 80% of resistance ratio Conclusion : 11 accessions which showed strong and moderate level of resistance to Sclerotinia rot could be possibly used by breeders, farmers, and researchers to produce new disease resistant cultivars and use them commercially. However, research related to the exploration of appropriate materials (accessions) for breeding cultivars with good quality, high functional components, high consumer acceptability, etc. should be continued, considering pathogenicity test was conducted in young stage.

This study was conducted to characterize the amylose and protein contents of 4,948 rice landrace germplasm using the NIRS model developed in the previous study. The average amylose content of the germplasm was 20.39% and ranged between 3.97 and 37.13%. The amylose contents in the standard rice were 4.99, 18.63 and 20.55% in Sinseonchal, Chucheong and Goami, respectively. The average protein content was 8.17% and ranged from 5.20 to 17.45%. Protein contents in Sinseonchal, Chucheong and Goami were 6.824, 6.869 and 7.839%, respectively. A total of 62% germplasm were distributed between 20.06% and 27.02% in amylose content. Germplasm of 81.60% represented protein content of 6.78-9.75%. The distinguishable ranges of amylose contents according to origin were 16.58-20.06% in Korea, 20.06-23.25% in Japan, 23.25-27.02% in North Korea, and 27.02-37.13% in China. In the protein content, approximately 30% of Chinese resources ranged from 9.75 to 17.45%, whereas less than 10% were detected in other origin accessions. Fifty resources were selected with low and high amylose ranging from 3.97-6.66% and 30.41-37.13%, respectively. Similarly, fifty resources were selected with low and high protein ranging from 5.20-6.09% and 13.21-17.45%, respectively. Landraces with higher protein could be adapted to practical utilization of food sources.

This study was investigated to develop mass evaluation system for the contents of crude protein, oil and fatty acid in soybean germplasm using NIRS. NIRS equations were created with 345 soybeans, multiple correlation coefficients of crude protein, oil, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid between data obtained from NIRS and quantitative analysis were 0.983, 0.969, 0.592, 0.514, 0.978, 0.961 and 0.957, respectively. Equation statistics indicated that contents of crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid except palmitic and stearic acid in soybean seed were suitable for determination by NIRS. Those NIRS equations were applied to examine crude protein, oil and unsaturated fatty acid of 854 soybean landraces from Korea. The average contents and ranges of crude protein and oil were 39.2% with a range of 33.7-47.0% and 15.0% with a range of 9.8-20.3%, individually. In addition, those of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid were 21.4% with a range of 12.1-30.2%, 55.6% with a 47.8-62.3% and 8.1% with a range of 5.9-10.7% respectively. We conducted quantitative analysis to reconfirm with IT154552 (45.1%) and IT023955(46.9%) above 45% of crude protein, the results were similar from NIRS (45.2%, 47.0%). NIRS data for protein from this study made no difference with lab data, which would be useful for mass evaluation. There was negative correlation (-0.203) between crude protein and oil, positive correlation (0.379) between crude oil and oleic acid, and significantly negative correlation (-0.879) between oleic and linoleic acid.

Salt stress is one of major restrictions for the production of lettuce. In order to identify promising lettuce genotypes having tolerance against salt stress, effect of different sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mM) on electrolyte leakage and growth of thirty-two lettuce landraces from Korea was evaluated. Screening salt tolerant genotypes based on cluster analysis using data of electrolyte leakage discriminated 'IT105183' and 'IT195057' as the most salt tolerant landraces. More importantly, salinity significantly reduced growth of lettuce, but the reduction rates of growth caused by salt stress in salt-tolerant genotypes were much smaller than those in salt-sensitive genotypes. These results indicate that 'IT105183' and 'IT195057' have high potential for being used as parents to improve salt tolerance in other lettuce cultivars.

Understanding the genetic variation among landrace collections is important for crop improvement and utilization of valuable genetic resources. The present study was carried out to analyse the genetic diversity and associated population structure of 621 foxtail millet accessions of Korean landraces using 22 EST-SSR markers. A total of 121 alleles were detected from all accessions with an average of 5.5 alleles per microsatellite locus. The average values of gene diversity, polymorphism information content, and expected heterozygosity were 0.518, 0.594, and 0.034, respectively. Following the unweighted neighbor-joining method with arithmetic mean based clustering using binary data of polymorphic markers, the genotypes were grouped into 3 clusters, and population structure analysis also separated into 3 populations. Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) explained a variation of 13.88% and 10.99% by first and second coordinates, respectively. However, in PCoA analysis, clear population-level clusters could not be found. This pattern of distribution might be the result of gene flow via germplasm exchanges in nearby regions. The results indicate that these Korean landraces of foxtail millet exhibit a moderate level of diversity. This study demonstrated that molecular marker strategies could contribute to a better understanding of the genetic structure in foxtail millet germplasm, and provides potentially useful information for developing conservation and breeding strategies.

In order to assess the genetic diversity, phylogenetic relationships and population structure of Korean rice landraces, 76 accessions were estimated using agronomical traits and SSR markers. Among 11 agronomical traits, amylose content (AC) was the trait with the largest variance with values ranged from 4.9 to 28.39 %, while grain length (GL) was the lowest variance ranged from 4.4 to 5.9 cm. In the result of PCA, the first PC with Eigen value of 217.5 explained 60.3% of the total variance. Culm length (CL) was the variable with the largest positive loadings. Growth period (GP) was the positive variances, while AC was the negative variance. The second PC with Eigen value of 80.6 explained an additional 22.4% of the total variance. Growth period (GP) was variable with highest positive loading. Amylose content (AC) was variable with high positive, while CL was the negative variance. The 49 SSR markers produced a total of 473 alleles with an average of 9.6 alleles. The polymorphism information content (PIC) was in the range 0.11 to 0.93. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.12 to 0.39, with an average of 0.61. 76 rice accessions showed two subpoplations and three groups based on SSR markers. Group I and Gropu II appertained Pop-2 and Pop-1 subpopulation, respectively. They showed similar agronomical traits. Group III consisted 7 rice accessions predominantly appertained to Pop-1. These results provide insight into the characters of Korean rice landraces and help to improve our knowledge of rice breeding

CMA banding patterns of chromosomes of eleven Jeju citrus landraces were characterized and compared by means of sequential staining using fluorochromes of chromomycin A3 (CMA) and 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). The somatic metaphase chromosomes examined in this study were all diploids (2n = 18). Chromosomes were classified into five types based on the number and distribution of CMA positive bands; A: two telomeric and one proximal bands, B: one telomeric and one proximal bands, C: two telomeric bands, D: one telomeric band, E: no band. Four to five types of chromosomes and unique chromosome compositions were observed from each accession. The CMA banding patterns of Jeju citrus landraces were 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jinkyul, 1A+1B+1C+8D+7E in cheongkyul, 1B+1C+10D+6E in hongkyul, 2A+1B+3C+6D+6E in sadoogam, 1A+2B+1C+8D+6E in dangyooza, 1A+1B+3C+7D+6E in dong-geongkyul, 2B+2C+7D+7E in pyunkyul, 2A+2B+2C+6D+6E in gamza, 1A+2B+1C+7D+7E in byungkyul, 1A+1B+1C+9D+6E in jigak, 1A+1C+10D+6E in binkyul. Type D and E chromosomes were predominant in all Jeju citrus landraces. The chromosome composition with an even number distribution in gamza was observed, hence it could be recognized as a non-hybrid species. The results indicated all Jeju citrus landraces except gamza seemed to be hybrids, but might be diverged from species originated or cultivated in Jeju, Korea and other countries.

Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines has been a rich source of genetic diversity of untapped rice landraces in the mountainous region of Cordillera. Although some may have been included into modern breeding programs, significant indica-japonica differentiation among landraces cultivated in the region is not well known. Thus, Cordillera landraces differentiation across different altitude gradient (458 m to 1830 m) will provide great opportunities for improvement on rice genetics. We analyzed the genetic variation among 166 accessions collected in 17 towns in 6 provinces across different altitudes using Subspecies Specific Sequence Tagged Site (SS-STS) and Insertion-Deletion (InDel) markers. Subspecies Prototype Index (SPI) degree of each landrace was used to calculate the genomic inclination of each variety towards subspecies. The 50 molecular markers (24 SS-STS and 26 InDel) that assayed variation in 166 accessions revealed 116 alleles. Gene diversity ranged from 0.04 (R3M23) to 0.50 (S04058) with an average of 0.40. Polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.04 (R3M23) to 0.37 (S12030, S07047, R10M40, S10001, S04058 and S09040B) with an average of 0.31. Using the control varieties to assign groups, the larger group of 114 Cordillera landraces corresponds to 71% japonica type while the smaller group of 42 corresponds to 26% indica and 3% intermediates. A total of 7 (4%) indica and 9 (6%) japonica type accessions were found above 1500 m. Results of this study suggested that majority of japonica type rice landraces were grown in high altitudes of Banaue Rice Terraces and nearby provinces, and interestingly, indica type rice landraces were cultivated in areas at much higher altitudes (>1500 m) than those categorized by the traditional methods.